Heat Transfer

Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical

University
Najaf Technical College
Power Mechanics Department
Third Stage
By Dr. Basil N. Merzah
 Steady heat conduction
1) Steady heat conduction in a plane wall
Consider a plane wall of thickness x and
average thermal conductivity k. The two
surfaces of the wall are maintained a constant
temperatures of T1 and T2. For one-dimensional
steady heat conduction through the wall, we
have T(x). Then Fourier's law of heat
conduction for the wall can be expressed as:

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Where the rate of conduction heat transfer and the surface area A are constant.
Thus we have dT/dx=constant, which means that the temperature through the wall varies
linearly with x. That is, the temperature distribution in the wall under steady conditions is
a straight line.
Performing the integration for Fourier's law and rearranging gives:

𝑅 :is the thermal resistance of the wall against heat conduction or simply the conduction

resistance of the wall. Note that the thermal resistance of a medium depends on the geometry
and thermal properties of the medium.
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The equation above for heat flow is analogous to the relation for electric current flow I,
expressed as:

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Now consider convection heat transfer from a solid surface of area and temperature Ts
to a fluid whose temperature sufficiently far from the surface is , with a convection
heat transfer coefficient h, Newton's law of cooling for convection heat transfer rate
can be rearranged as:

Is the thermal resistance of the surface against

heat convection, or simply convection resistance
of the surface.
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Heat transfer (third stage ) by dr. Basil N.Merzah ( Lecture No.7)
 When the wall is surrounded by a gas, the radiation effects, which we have ignored so far,
can be significant and may need to be considered. The rate of radiation heat transfer
between a surface of emissivity and area As at temperature Ts and the surrounding
surfaces at some average temperature Tsurr can be expressed as:

𝑇 − 𝑇
𝑄̇ =𝜀𝜎𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇 = ℎ 𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇 =
𝑅
is the thermal resistance of a
1
𝑅 = (𝐾 𝑊 ) surface against radiation, or the
ℎ 𝐴 radiation resistance .

𝑄̇ =𝜀𝜎𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇

By factoring the term 𝑇 − 𝑇

𝑄̇ =𝜀𝜎𝐴 𝑇 + 𝑇 𝑇 + 𝑇 𝑇 − 𝑇

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 𝑄̇ 𝑊
ℎ = = 𝜀𝜎 𝑇 + 𝑇 𝑇 + 𝑇
𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇 𝑚 .𝐾

Is the radiation heat transfer coefficient. Note that both

Ts and Tsurr must be in K in the evaluation of hrad.
A surface exposed to the surrounding air involves convection and
radiation simultaneously, and the total heat transfer at the surface is
determined by adding(or subtracting, if in the opposite direction) the
radiation and convection components. The convection and radiation
resistances are parallel to each other as shown in Figure, and may
cause some complication in the thermal resistance network. When
Tsurr =𝑇 the radiation effect can properly be accounted for by
replacing h in the convection resistance relation by:

Where hcombined is the combined heat transfer coefficient.

This way all the complications associated with radiation are
avoided.
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Thermal Resistance Network

Now consider steady one-dimensional heat flow through a plane wall of thickness
( and thermal conductivity (k) that is exposed to convection on both sides to fluids at
temperature ( and ( with heat transfer coefficients h1 and h2, respectively, as
shown in Figure. Assuming ( and ( , the variation of temperature will be as
shown in the figure. Note that the temperature varies linearly in the wall, and
asymptotically approaches ( and ( in the fluids as we move away from the wall.

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14/02/2021 Heat transfer (third stage ) by dr. Basil N.Merzah ( Lecture No.7) 9
Under steady conditions

rate of heat rate of heat rate of heat

convection conduction convection
into the wall through wall from the wall

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 And be rearranging these equations, we get:

By adding these equations together, we obtain

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Where

Note that in this case the heat transfer area is constant for a plane wall.
It is sometimes convenient to express heat transfer through a medium in an analogous
manner to Newton's law of cooling as:

Where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient.

Or

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Multilayer Plane Walls

Consider a Plane wall that

consists of two layers (such as
a brick wall with a layer of
insulation). The rate of steady
heat transfer through this two
layer composites wall can be
expressed as:

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Where Rtotal is the total thermal resistance, expressed as:

Once is known, an unknown surface temperature Tj at any surface or interface j can be

determined from:

where Ti is a known temperature at location i and Rrotal,i-j is the total thermal resistance
between location i, and j.
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To find T1

To find T2

To find T3

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Thermal Resistances in Parallel
The thermal resistance concept can be used to solve steady state heat transfer problem in
parallel layers or combined series‐parallel arrangements.

It should be noted that these problems

are often two‐ or three dimensional, but
approximate solutions can be obtained
by assuming one dimensional heat
transfer (using thermal resistance
network).

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 𝟏 𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝟏 𝟐

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Now consider the combined series-parallel arrangement shown in Figure. The total rate of
heat transfer through this composite system can again be expressed as

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2) Steady heat Conduction In Cylinders
Consider a long cylindrical layer (such as a circular pipe) of inner radius r1, outer radius r2,
length L, and average thermal conductivity k shown in Figure. The two surfaces of the
cylindrical layer are maintained at constant temperatures T1, and T2. There is no heat
generation in the layer and the thermal conductivity is constant. We have T(r). Then
Fourier's law of heat conduction for heat transfer through the cylindrical layer can be
expressed as:

Where is the heat transfer surface area at

location r.

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Note that A depends on r, and thus it varies in the direction of heat transfer. Separating
the variables in the above equation and integrating from r=r1, where T(r1)=T1, to r=r2,
where T(r2)=T2, gives

substituting , then

Since , is constant the integration becomes:

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by rearranging this equation, we get that

this equation can be rearranged as:

𝟐
𝟏
𝒄𝒚𝒍

Is the thermal resistance of the cylindrical layer against heat conduction, or simply the
conduction resistance of the cylinder layer.
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Now consider one-dimensional heat flow
through a cylindrical layer that is exposed
to convection on both sides to fluids at
temperatures and with heat
transfer coefficients h1 and h2, respectively,
as shown in Figure. The thermal resistance
network in this case consists of one
conduction and two convection resistances
in series, just like the one for the plane
wall, and the rate of heat transfer under
steady conditions can be expressed as:
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 ,

, ,

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 Multilayered Cylinders
Steady heat transfer through
multilayered cylindrical shells
can be handled just like
multilayered plane walls
discussed earlier by simply
adding an additional
resistance in series for each
additional layer. For example,
the steady heat transfer
through the three-layered
composite cylinder of length L
shown in Figure,

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with convection on both sides can be expressed as

, , , , ,

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Once is known, we can determine any
intermediate temperature Tj by applying the
relation:

across any layer or layers such that Ti is a

known temperature at location i and j (as shown
in Figure)

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For example, once has been calculated, the interface temperature T2 between the
first and second layers can be determined from:

, ,

We could also calculate T2 from:

, , ,

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3) Steady heat Conduction In Spheres
Consider a spherical layer of inner radius r1, outer radius r2, , and average thermal
conductivity k as shown in Figure. The two surfaces of the spherical layer are maintained at
constant temperatures T1, and T2. There is no heat generation in the layer and the thermal
conductivity is constant. We have T(r).

Then Fourier's law of heat conduction for heat transfer through the
spherical layer can be expressed as:

Where is the heat transfer surface area at

location r.
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Note that A depends on r, and thus it varies in the direction of heat transfer. Separating
the variables in the above equation and integrating from r=r1, where T(r1)=T1, to r=r2,
where T(r2)=T2, gives

substituting , then

Since , is constant the integration becomes:

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by rearranging this equation, we get that

this equation can be rearranged as:

𝟐 𝟏
𝒔𝒑𝒉
𝟏 𝟐

Is the thermal resistance of the spherical layer against heat conduction, or simply the
conduction resistance of the spherical layer.
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Now consider one-dimensional heat flow
through a spherical layer that is exposed to
convection on both sides to fluids at
temperatures and with heat
transfer coefficients h1 and h2, respectively,
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
as shown in Figure. The thermal resistance , ,

network in this case consists of one

conduction and two convection resistances
in series, just like the one for the plane
wall, and the rate of heat transfer under , ,

steady conditions can be expressed as:

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 ,

, ,

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 Multilayered Cylinders
Steady heat transfer through
multilayered spherical shells
can be handled just like
multilayered plane walls
discussed earlier by simply
adding an additional
resistance in series for each
additional layer. For example,
the steady heat transfer
through the three-layered
composite cylinder of length L
shown in Figure,
𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅 ,

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with convection on both sides can be expressed as

, , , , ,

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