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NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS)

The document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS) including its history, components, operation, accuracy, errors and future developments. It describes how GPS uses a constellation of satellites and triangulation of signals to determine location. It also discusses improvements over time such as the deactivation of Selective Availability leading to increased civilian accuracy from 100m to 20m. Future plans include additional GPS and GLONASS satellites to provide more coverage.

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Aboody AL-ghamdy
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138 views

NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS)

The document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS) including its history, components, operation, accuracy, errors and future developments. It describes how GPS uses a constellation of satellites and triangulation of signals to determine location. It also discusses improvements over time such as the deactivation of Selective Availability leading to increased civilian accuracy from 100m to 20m. Future plans include additional GPS and GLONASS satellites to provide more coverage.

Uploaded by

Aboody AL-ghamdy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS)

Agenda
- GPS Lineage
- What is GPS
- How Does It Work
- Errors and Accuracy’s in the GPS system
- Future Initiatives

GPS Lineage
Ø Phase 1: 1973 – 1979
CONCEPT VALIDATION
1978 – First Launch of Block 1 SV
Ø Phase 2: 1979 – 1985
FULL DEVELOPMENT AND TESTS
Ø Phase 3: 1985 – present
Production and deployment
1993 – IOC 1994 – FOC

What is GPS
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a Constellation of Earth – Orbiting Satellites
Maintained by the United States Government for the Purpose of Defining Geographic
Positions On and Above the Surface of the Earth. It consists of Three Segments:
- Space Segment
- Control Segment
- User Segment

Space Segment Description


Ø 24+ Satellites
- 6 planes with 55° Inclination.
- Each plane has 4 or 5 satellites.
- Broadcasting position and time
information on 2 frequencies.
- Constellation has spares

Ø Very high orbit


- 20, 200 km
1 Revolution in approximately 12 Hrs.
- For accuracy
- Survivability
- coverage

1
Control Segment

Use Segment
Ø over $19 Billion invested by DoD
Ø Dual Use System Since 1985
(civil & military)
Ø Civilian community was quick to take
advantage of the system
- Hundreds of receivers on the market
- 3 billion in sales, double in 2 years
- 95% of current users
Ø DoD/DoT Executive Board sets GPS policy PLGR

2
Common Uses for GPS

Military Specific:
Ø Navigation
Ø Surveying
Ø Target acquisition and destruction
Ø Missile Guidance Systems
- Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM)
- Tomahawk III
- Joint Stand Off Weapon (JSOW)
Ø Data Collection
Ø Integration with INS for High dynamic environment
Ø Search & Rescue Ops

How the system works

Distance Measuring
The whole system revolves around time!
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 × 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
- Rate = 186, 000 miles per second (Speed of Light)
- Time = time it takes signal to travel from the SV to GPS receiver

Triangulation

3
Distance Measuring

Signal Structure

4
Measuring Travel Time
SV Clocks
! 2 Cesium & 2 Rubidium in each SV
! $100,000-$500,000 each
Receiver Clocks
! Clocks similar to quartz watch
! Always an error between satellite and receiver clocks ( D t)
! Require 4 satellites to solve for x, y, z, and D t

3 vs 4 Satellites

5
Satellite Locations

Cartesian Coordinate System


- Three dimensional right coordinate system with an origin at the center of
the earth and the X axis oriented at at the Prime Meridian and the Z at
the North Pole
Ø X Axis Coordinate Distance in meters from the
the prime meridian at the origin; positive from
90º E Long to 90º W Long
Ø Y Axis Coordinate Distance in meters
from 90º E longitude at the origin;
positive in the eastern hemisphere
and negative in the western
Ø Z Axis Coordinate Distance in meters
from the plane of the equator;
positive in the northern Hemisphere
negative in the southern

Common Problems – Errors

6
Selective Availability (S/A)
! Implemented on Block II satellites, but turned off 2 May 2000 for the
foreseeable future:
l Requires military to develop Direct Y Code receivers and local
jamming capability
! Introduces deliberate errors into satellite ephemeris (SV location) and
clock parameters on the C\A code
! Degrades horizontal positional accuracy to 100m 2DRMS (95% of the
time.)

Anti-Spoofing (A-S)
• Protects military receivers from receiving a “fake” P-Code
• P-Code modulation on both L1 and L2
P-Code
+W-Key
Y-Code
• No plans to phase out
• Continuously on since January 31, 1994

Resistance to Jamming
• Low power signal is vulnerable to jamming
– Intentional or unintentional jamming
– Theater wide jamming
– Local area jamming
• The P-Code is phase modulated to provide better resistance to
jamming
• DoD working on electronic warfare enhancements to deny disruption
and spoofing.
– Direct Y-Code Receivers
– Theater jamming capability

Common Problems – Errors


Pseudo-Ranging Errors
! Satellite clock (S/A)
! Ephemeris/orbit (S/A)
! Atmospheric delays
Ionosphere
Troposphere
! Receiver computation & noise

7
Common Problems – Errors
! Errors Caused By GPS Multipath Reflections
l Use Ground Plane On Antenna
l Move Away From Reflective Surfaces
! Influences on the GPS Signal
l Radar
l Microwave
l ILS or Radio NDB Equipment
l ATC Radio Traffic
! Misidentification of Thresholds and Other Features

GPS Multipath Errors

Effects of Multipath on the


GPS Signal
• Avoid Reflective
Surfaces
• Use A Ground Plane
Antenna
• Use Multipath
Rejection Receiver

Dilution Of Precision (DOP)


A Measure of The Geometry Of The Visible GPS Constellation

8
Dilution Of Precision (3)
! PDOP = Position Dilution Of Precision (Most Commonly Used)
! VDOP = Vertical Dilution Of Precision
! GDOP = Geometric Dilution Of Precision
! HDOP = Horizontal Dilution Of Precision
! TDOP = Time Dilution Of Precision

QUALITY DOP
Mission Planning
Very Good 1-3 Is Critical to Obtain
Good 4-5 Good DOP
Fair 6
Suspect >6

sa
System Accuracy
Standard Positioning Service (SPS)
! Available to all users
! Accuracy was degraded by Selective Availability until 2 May 2000
l Horizontal Accuracy: 100 meters 2 DRMS (40 meters CEP)
! Now has roughly the same accuracy as PPS
! Used by military receivers before Y-code lock is established

Scatter plot of horizontal accuracy 2 May 2000

9
System Accuracy
Precise Positioning Service (PPS)
! Only available to authorized DoD users
! Decryption device and crypto key are required to decode A-S and remove
SA
l GUV Key (1 year)
l CVW Key (1 week)
! Accurate to 21m 2DRMS (8 m CEP)
l 95% of the time, a receiver's computed horizontal position will be
within 21 meters of its actual location

GPS Accuracy – PPS


Specifications and Derived Values

Error and Map Problems

10
Error and Map Problems
Types of Differential Coverage
! Coverage:
l Local Area (Coast Guard)
l Wide Area (INMARSAT)
! Methods:
l Real-Time
(navigation/mapping)
l Post Processing (survey)

DGPS Positioning

DGPS Navigation
Coast Guard Differential GPS System
! Initial Operational Capability on 30 Jan 96
! Provides pseudo-range corrections over existing radio beacons
! Corrections to NAD-83 (WGS-84)
! Observed accuracy 1 to 3 meters out to 150 nautical miles from
base station
! Station sites available on the internet
(WWW.NAVCEN.USCG.MIL)

11
DGPS Positioning

Future Developments
Planned Replenishments - Block IIR
• Some IIR improvements over Block II/IIA SVs:
– More power/better batteries (Life EST 7.8 years)
– More fuel
– Two Atomic clocks on at all times
– Re-programmable CPU, more autonomous
– Cross Link Ranging - 180 day autonomy with no
degradation
• 21 SVs purchased from Lockheed Martin at $30M each
• Launches began Jan 97

12
GLONASS
! 8 SVs in each of 3 inclined circular orbits
l 11.25 hour period
l 19,900 km altitude
! Life time of SVs is 3 years
! Uses SGS-85 Datum (within 20m of WGS-84)
! Five Satellites visible at all points on the globe
! Satellites broadcast 2 signals
l Standard Precision Navigation Signal (Civil)
l High Precision Navigation Signal (military)

Summary
– History
– GPS Applications
– Three Segments of GPS
– 5 Principles of GPS Operations
– System Accuracy
– Other Satellite Navigation Systems
– Future Developments

13

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