STRUCTURAL DESIGN MANUAL

PART A - GENERAL

SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION

SECTION 2 - PRELIMINARY DESIGN

SECTION 3 - PERMANENT AND IMPOSED LOADS

SECTION 4 - WIND LOADS

SECTION 5 - EARTHQUAKE LOADS

SECTION 6 - MISCELLANEOUS LOADS

SECTION 7 - LOAD DISTRIBUTION AND ANALYSIS

SECTION 8 - SERVICEABILITY

SECTION 9 - ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 1 – Introduction Rev. 1

1.0 Introduction
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Guidelines ........................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Changes .............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 File Locations and Hard Copies ........................................................................................................... 2

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 1 – Introduction Rev. 1

1.1 Guidelines
• The Structural Design Manual is a guide to aid the engineer in design. The engineer is not required to adopt
any of the information contained in this manual, rather it should be used at their discretion.
• It is the responsibility of the design engineer to ensure the accuracy of the information used.
• Information in this manual has been collated from a number of sources and may not agree with every
engineers opinion, any discrepancies should be resolved with the project director for each particular job.
• The engineer should take care when using this manual and understand all the stated assumptions and
limitations. Engineering judgment should be used, especially when extrapolating beyond the stated scope.

1.2 Changes
• This document is changeable and will be updated as new information becomes available, or changes occur to
codes, materials or products.
• Please inform the author of any information that you believe is incorrect or requires clarification, or if you
have any additional information that may be used in this manual.

1.3 File Locations and Hard Copy

• The manual has been saved as Word documents in the following location:

RBS2\………….

• A controlled hard copy will be kept in the office library and updated as required.

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

2.0 Preliminary Design

2.0 Preliminary Design.................................................................................................................................. 1
2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Typical Spans ...................................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 Span – Depth Ratios and Maximum Spans ........................................................................................... 3
2.3.1 Concrete ...................................................................................................................................... 3
2.3.2 Steel ............................................................................................................................................ 5
2.3.3 Composite ................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.4 Timber......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.5 Retaining Walls ........................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Rates .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.1 Concrete Reinforcement Rates.................................................................................................... 10
2.4.2 Steelwork Tonnages ................................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Sensibility Checks ............................................................................................................................. 12
2.5.1 Concrete .................................................................................................................................... 12
2.5.2 Steel .......................................................................................................................................... 12
2.6 End Notes ......................................................................................................................................... 13

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

2.1 Introduction
• The Preliminary Design section provides simple guidelines and checks to assist the engineer in design and
documentation.
• The details provided in this section should only be used for preliminary or tender purposes only.
• Full detailed calculations should be completed for documentation to be issued AFC.

2.2 Typical Spans

• The following table provides the typical efficient range of spans for various systems:

Material System Typical Span (m)

2 4 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 30 40 50

One-way • • •
RC slabs Two-way • • •
Flat plate • • •
Flat slab • • • •
RC beams Beams • • • •
Bands • • • •
One-way • •
PT slabs Two-way • • •
Flat plate • •
Flat slab • • •
PT beams Beams • • • • •
Bands • • • • •
Purlins • • • • •
Steel Beams • • • • • •
Portal frames • • • • • • • • • • •
Trusses • • • • • •
Composite Floor • • • • •
Timber Beams • • •
Trusses • • • • • •
Ultrafloor Floor • • • •
Hebel Floor • • •
Wall • • •
Hollow Core Floor • • •
Wall • • • •

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

2.3 Span – Depth Ratios and Maximum Spans

2.3.1 Concrete

2.3.1.1 Reinforced Concrete Slabs and Beams

System L/D (g = 1 kPa, q = 3 kPa, Non-Brittle Finishes)

Simply Supported End Span Internal Span Cantilever

One-way slabs 25 28 33 10
Two-way slabs 30 38 42 10
Flat plates 26 32 36 10
Flat slabs 30 36 40 10
Beams 12 16 20 6
Bands 18 20 24 8

Notes: - Reduce above values by 25% for slabs supporting masonry or brittle finishes.
- Span is clear span between supports or band edges.
- Drop panels lengths approx. third of span & depth approx. 1.75 slab depth.

2.3.1.2 Post Tensioned Slabs and Beams

System L/D (g = 1 kPa, q = 3 kPa, Non-Brittle Finishes)

Simply Supported End Span Internal Span Cantilever

One-ways 30 32 40 12
Two-ways 35 42 48 12
Flat plates 30 38 44 12
Flat slabs 32 42 48 12
Beams 8
Bands 20 24 28 10

Notes: - Reduce above values by 25% for slabs supporting masonry or brittle finishes.
- Span is clear span between supports or band edges.
- Drop panels lengths approx. third of span & depth approx. 1.75 slab depth.

2.3.1.3 Reinforced Concrete Columns

• The approximate minimum cross-sectional area of a short square, circular or rectangular (1 : 2 max) column
with minimum bending moments is:

2300 N *
A≥
f c' + f sy p

where: N* = ultimate axial load (kN)

f′c = 28 day concrete strength (25 – 60 MPa)
fsy = reinforcement grade (400 or 500 MPa)
p = reinforcement ratio (0.01 – 0.04)

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

2.3.1.4 Concrete Stairs

• Simply supported stairs without topping: L/Dt = 25

2.3.1.5 Ultrafloori

Maximum Simply Supported Span (m)

Ultrafloor Construction and Lightweight Construction Masonry Walls
System (1.0 kPa SDL, 4.0 kPa LL) (3.5 kPa SDL,
Beams Free Spanning Beams Propped Midspan 4.0 kPa)

130R-400 4.25 4.98 4.25

130C-400 4.75 5.27 4.75
150R-400 4.75 5.53 4.75
150C-400 5.79 6.03 5.41
200C-400 7.50 7.56 6.62
250C-400 8.50 9.08 8.43

2.3.1.6 Hebel Panelsii

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

2.3.2 Steel

2.3.2.1 Sheetingiii

Profile Maximum Span (mm)

Type BMT Roofs Walls
Internal Span End Span Internal Span End Span

Custom Orb 0.42 1200 900 1800 1350

0.48 1600 1200 2400 1800
Custom Blue 0.60 1200 900 1800 1350
Orb 0.80 2400 1800 2800 2100
Trimdek 0.42 1700 1000 2200 1800
Hi-Ten 0.48 2300 1700 2800 2050
Spandek 0.42 2100 1500 2900 2100
Hi-Ten 0.48 2800 1950 3100 2200
Klip-Lok 0.42 1300 1200 2400 2100
Hi-Ten 0.48 2100 1800 2900 2700
0.60 2700 2300 3000 2900
Brownbuilt 305* 0.70 2500 2000 2900
Spanrib 820 0.42 2500 2000 2850 2500
Quickrib 900 0.42 1850 1100 2400 2000

2.3.2.2 Purlinsiv

Span Purlin Spacing (End Span/ Internal Span)

900/1200 1000/1700 1500/2100 1900/2700

3000 C10010 C15012 C15012 C15012

3600 C15012 C15012 C15012 *C15012
4200 *C15012 **C15012 **C15012 **C15012
4800 *C15012 **C15012 **C15012 **C15015
5400 *C15015 *C20015 **C15015 *C20015
6000 *C20015 *C20015 *C20015 **C20015
6600 *C20015 **C20015 **C20015 **C20019
7200 *C20019 **C20015 **C20019 **C25019
7800 *C25019 **C20019 **C25019 **C25019
8400 *C25019 **C25019 **C25019 **C25024
8700 **C25019 **C25019 **C25024 -
10000 **C25019 **C25019 **C25024 -

Notes: - W41 wind load criteria (Vp = 41 ms-1), no ceiling.

- Table applied to canopies, awnings and carports adjacent to closed buildings. Cp = -0.9.
- * denotes one row bridging, ** denotes two rows of bridging.

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

2.3.2.3 Steel Beams, Trusses and Portal Frames

Roof Beams
System L/D (Vu = 50m/s, TC3, q = 0.25 kPa)
Simply Supported End Span Internal Span Cantilever

Metal Deck 40 48 58 20
Tiled Roof 30 36 43 15

Trusses
System L/D (Vu = 50m/s, TC3, q = 0.25 kPa)
Simply Supported End Span Internal Span Cantilever

No Ceiling 40 48 58 20
Suspended Ceiling 26 29 33 12
Fixed Ceiling 24 27 30 11

Notes: - Truss depth is distance between chord centrelines.

Portal Frames
Type L/D (Vu = 50m/s, TC3, q = 0.25 kPa)
Rafters Columns
Ceiling Haunches L/D W/D (kg/m) I W
25m Span 35m Span 25m Span 35m Span

None Haunched 65 85 430 580 4IRAFTER 1.4WRAFTER

None IRAFTER WRAFTER

Suspended
Fixed

Note: - Values assume no gantry crane.

Floor Beams (Non-composite)

System L/D (g = 1 kPa, q = 3 kPa, Non-Brittle Finishes)
Simply Supported End Span Internal Span Cantilever

Floor Grating
Timber Flooring 25 30 36 12
Concrete Deck

Notes: - Reduce above values by 25% for slabs supporting masonry or brittle finishes.

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

2.3.3 Composite

2.3.3.1 Floor Beams

System L/D (g = 1 kPa, q = 3 kPa, Non-Brittle Finishes)

Simply Supported End Span Internal Span Cantilever

Primary Beams 16
Secondary Beams 20

Notes: - Reduce above values by 25% for slabs supporting masonry or brittle finishes.

2.3.4 Timber

2.3.4.1 “Chippies Rule of Thumb”

• Minimum size of F11 hardwood timber members:

Depth: D= 1
24
L + 25mm

Width: B = 38 mm Rafters
50 mm Floor joists
75 mm Bearers

2.3.4.2 Maximum Span

• Maximum spans: 6m Rafters

16 m Roof trusses
5m Floor joists
7m Bearers

2.3.5 Retaining Walls

2.3.5.1 Cantilevered

Maximum Retaining Height (H)

Blockwork Concrete
140 190 150 200

Maximum Height 1200 2400 2000 2800

Notes: - Values assume granular backfill with drainage (no hydrostatic pressure).

Minimum Base Slab Width (B)

Soil over base: B ≥ 0.65H , D = 250 mm
Soil not over base: B ≥ 0.80H , D = 250 mm

2.3.5.2 Contiguous Pile

2.3.5.3 Gravity

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

2.4 Trusses

Hand Calculation Method

Serviceability

Maximum deflection of bottom chord: δb = βωL4/EIeff

Maximum deflection of top chord: δt = δb + Nsh/EAb
where β = 5/384 Simple spans
= 1/185 External spans
= 1/384 Internal spans

Ieff = k1. ½Ach2

where k1 = truss efficiency factor (refer graphs)

Ac = cross-sectional area of top and bottom chords
Ab = cross-sectional area of brace and strut members
n = number of bracing bays
h = distance between truss chord centrelines

Ns = ωL/n (axial force in middle strut)

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

Warren Pratt Truss

30 Degree Brace Angle 30 De gree Brace Angle

1.6 1.6
20 20
1.4 1.4
16 16
1.2 1.2 12
12
1.0 10 1.0 10

k1
0.8 8
k1

0.8 8
0.6 6 0.6 6
4 0.4 4
0.4
2 0.2 2
0.2
0.0 0.0

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

Ab/Ac Ab/Ac

45 De gree Brace Angle 45 De gree Brace Angle

1.6 1.4
20 20
1.4 1.2
16 16
1.2 12 12
1.0
1.0 10 10
0.8
k1

k1

0.8 8 8
0.6
0.6 6 6
4 0.4 4
0.4
0.2 2 0.2 2

0.0 0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

Ab/Ac Ab/Ac

60 De gree Brace Angle 60 De gree Brace Angle

1.4 1.2
20 20
1.2 1.0 16
16
1.0 12 12
0.8
0.8 10 10
k1

k1

0.6 8
0.6 8
6 0.4 6
0.4
4 4
0.2 0.2
2 2
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

Ab/Ac Ab/Ac

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

2.5 Rates

2.5.1 Concrete Reinforcement Rates

2.5.1.1 Reinforced Concrete Slabs and Beams

Element Usage Tender Reinforcement Rate (kg/m3)

One-way slabs Residential 110

Office / Car Parks 100
Two-way slabs Residential / Retail 125
Roofs 140
Flat plates Office / Car Parks 120
(No drop panels) Residential / Retail 145
Roofs 155
Flat slabs Office / Car Parks 110
(Drop panels) Residential / Retail 135
Roofs 150
Beams 180
Bands 150
Transfer beams 240 (To be assessed based on transfer
geometry and loads)

Notes: - Slab reinforcement rates based on 8.4m x 8.4m grid.

- Beam reinforcement rates based on overall dimensions.

2.5.1.2 Post Tensioned Slabs and Beams

Element Usage Tender Rates

PT (kg/m2) , Reo (kg/m3)

One-way slabs Office / Car Parks 4.5 , 15

Office / Car Parks 5.0 , 35
Two-way slabs Residential / Retail 6.0 , 40
Roofs 7.0 , 55
Flat plates Office / Car Parks 5.5 , 30
(No drop panels) Residential / Retail 6.5 , 35
Roofs 7.5 , 55
Flat slabs Office / Car Parks 5.5 , 30
(With drop panels) Residential / Retail 6.5 , 35
Roofs 7.5 , 55

Notes: - Slab post tensioning and reinforcement rates based on 8.4m x 8.4m grid.
- One and two-way slab post tensioning rates include band and edge beams.

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

2.5.1.3 Columns, Walls and Retaining Walls

Element Usage Tender Reinforcement Rate (kg/m3)

Top 5 levels 150

Columns Next 10 levels 250
Remaining levels 350
Top 10 levels 200
Core walls / shear walls Next 10 levels 250
Remaining levels 350
Walls (no lateral load) 150
Retaining walls 180
Contiguous pile walls 125
Soldier pile walls

Notes: - Column reinforcement rates exclude earthquake detailing requirements.

2.5.1.4 Footings

Element Usage Tender Reinforcement Rate (kg/m3)

No uplift, < 500 kPa bearing 100

Pad footings No uplift, > 2500 kPa bearing 160
With uplift, < 500 kPa bearing 120
Strip footings 80
Ground beams
Supporting < 10 levels 80
Piles / piers Supporting 10 ~ 20 levels 150
Supporting 20+ levels 250
Pile caps 100
Core caps 150

Notes: - Assumed concrete strength: 25 MPa.

2.5.1.5 Miscellaneous

Element Usage Tender Reinforcement Rate (kg/m3)

Stairs 70

Notes: - Assumed concrete strengths: 25 MPa stairs.

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

2.5.2 Steelwork Tonnagesv

Structure Type or Span Tonnage (kg/m2)

Steelwork Purlins & Girts

Light Industrial (1) up to 15 m 15 2.7

20 ∼ 30 m 18 2.7
Heavy Industrial (2) up to 15 m 16 ∼ 18 2.7
20 ∼ 40 m 22 ∼ 25 2.7
Single storey braced frame (3) Office 16 4.0
Retail 18 ∼ 22 4.5

Notes: - Design assumptions: Vu = 50m/s, TC3.

1. Pinned bases, metal clad, no gantry cranes, 6.0m eaves height, 5° roof pitch, 8m frame spacing.
2. As in (1) with additional allowance for 5T gantry crane.
3. 15m x 10m grid, metal clad roof, bracing, masonry walls and light cross-bracing.

2.6 Sensibility Checks

2.6.1 Concrete

Element Action Minimum Maximum Preferred

RC slabs M*/bd2 0.65 MPa (min. reo) 6.0 MPa (non-ductile) 0.65 ∼ 2.5
*
V /bd 0.31 MPa (conc. cap.) 4.5 MPa (crushing) 0.31 ∼ 1.5
* 2
RC beams / bands M /bd 1.1 MPa (min. reo) 6.0 MPa (non-ductile) 1.1 ∼ 3.0
*
V /bd 0.97 MPa (min. ties) 4.5 MPa (web crush.) 0.97 ∼ 2.0
*
RC columns N /A - 0.51f′c (squash load) 0.3 ∼ 0.5f′c
* 2
M /bD - 6.0 MPa (non-ductile) 1.4 ∼ 3.0
PT slabs P/A 0.8 MPa (min. PT) 3.0 MPa (axial short.) 1.0 ∼ 1.8
PT beams / bands P/A 1.0 MPa (min. PT) 4.5 MPa (axial short.) 1.5 ∼ 2.5

Notes: - Assumed concrete strengths: 32 MPa slabs, 32 MPa beams.

2.6.2 Steel

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 2 - Preliminary Design Rev. 1

2.7 End Notes

i
Ultrafloor Technical Manual (September 2000)
ii
Hebel Technical Handbook – Edition 6 (CSR)
iii
Roofing, Walling and Domestic Products Manual (Lysaght)
iv
Structural Industrial Products (Lysaght)
v
Steelwork tonnages

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 3 – Permanent and Imposed Loads Rev. 1

3.0 Permanent and Imposed Loads

3.0 Permanent and Imposed Loads ................................................................................................................................................... 1
3.1 Material Self-weights .............................................................................................................................................................. 2
3.2 Roofs ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
3.2.1 Coverings........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
3.2.2 Insulation ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
3.2.3 Roof Structure ................................................................................................................................................................ 4
3.2.4 Ceilings ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.2.5 Services........................................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.2.6 Imposed Loads ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.2.7 Correction for Sloped Roof Members .......................................................................................................................... 5
3.2.8 Typical Roof Loads ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.3 Floors ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.3.1 Finishes ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.3.2 Floor Structure ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.3.3 Ceiling ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
3.3.4 Services........................................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.5 Walls ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.6 Imposed Loads ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.7 Plant Room Equipment Loads ...................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.8 Industrial Plant and Storage Loads ............................................................................................................................. 10
3.3.9 Typical Floor Loads ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
3.4 Ceilings .................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
3.4.1 Plaster, Cement and Render Finish ............................................................................................................................. 12
3.4.2 Tongue and Groove Lining Boards ............................................................................................................................ 12
3.4.3 Fixed ............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
3.4.4 Suspended ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.4.5 Suspended Screw-up .................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.4.6 Miscellaneous............................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.4.7 Typical Ceiling Loads ................................................................................................................................................. 12
3.5 Services .................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.5.1 Hydraulic and Fire Services ........................................................................................................................................ 13
3.5.2 Mechanical Services .................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.5.3 Electrical Services........................................................................................................................................................ 14
3.5.4 Typical Services Loads................................................................................................................................................ 14
3.6 Walls ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
3.6.1 Light-weight Partitions ................................................................................................................................................ 15
3.6.2 Masonry Walls ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
3.6.3 Typical Wall Blanket Loads........................................................................................................................................ 19
3.7 Facades ................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
3.7.1 Components .................................................................................................................................................................. 20
3.7.2 Typical Facades............................................................................................................................................................ 20
3.8 Accessways ............................................................................................................................................................................ 21
3.8.1 Walkways and Platforms ............................................................................................................................................. 21
3.8.2 Stairs ............................................................................................................................................................................. 21
3.9 End Notes............................................................................................................................................................................... 23

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 3 – Permanent and Imposed Loads Rev. 1

3.1 Material Self-weights

Metals: Steel: 77.0 kN/m3 7850 kg/m3
Stainless steel: 77.4 kN/m3 7900 kg/m3
Aluminum: 26.7 kN/m3 2700 kg/m3
Brass 83.5 kN/m3 8520 kg/m3
3
Copper 86.3 kN/m 8800 kg/m3
Zinc 70.0 kN/m3 7140 kg/m3
Concrete: Normal concrete: 23.5 kN/m3 2400 kg/m3
Lightweight concrete: 19 kN/m3 1900 kg/m3
Rein. concrete (beams/slabs): 25 kN/m3 2550 kg/m3
Rein. concrete (columns): 26 kN/m3 2650 kg/m3
Timber: Hardwood: 11 kN/m3 1120 kg/m3
Softwood: 8 kN/m3 815 kg/m3
3
Masonry: Brickwork: 19 kN/m 1950 kg/m3
Blockwork (normal): 21.4 kN/m3 2180 kg/m3
Blockwork (light-weight): 17.5 kN/m3 1750 kg/m3
Calsil bricks/blocks: 17.9 kN/m3 1825 kg/m3
Hebel (Grade I, II, III): 4.9, 5.9, 6.9 kN/m3 500, 600, 700 kg/m3
Terracotta (hollow): 20.4 kN/m3 2080 kg/m3
Glass blocks:
Glass: Window: 27 kN/m3 2750 kg/m3
3
Plaster: Cement plaster: 22 kN/m 2260 kg/m3
Lime plaster: 18 kN/m3 1880 kg/m3
Plasterboard: Gyprock: 8.0 kN/m3 815 kg/m3
Fyrchek: ?? kN/m3 ?? kg/m3
Fibre cement: Uncompressed: 14.2 kN/m3 1450 kg/m3
Compressed (CFC): 17.0 kN/m3 1735 kg/m3
Fire resistant lining sheet: 9.1 kN/m3 930 kg/m3
Insulating sheet: 6.9 kN/m3 700 kg/m3
Toppings: Terrazzo: 27 kN/m3 2750 kg/m3
3
Rock: Sandstone: 22.5 kN/m 2300 kg/m3
Shale: ?? kN/m3 ?? kg/m3
Granite: 26.4 kN/m3 2700 kg/m3
Marble: 26.4 kN/m3 2700 kg/m3
Soil: Sand: 16 kN/m3 1600 kg/m3
Clay: 18 kN/m3 1800 kg/m3
Landscape 18 kN/m3 1800 kg/m3
Water: Fresh water: 9.8 kN/m3 1000 kg/m3
3
Sea water: 10.1 kN/m 1030 kg/m3
Cork: Normal: 1.7 kN/m3 170 kg/m3
Compressed: 3.7 kN/m3 380 kg/m3
Asphalt: Paving: 21.2 kN/m3 2160 kg/m3

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 3 – Permanent and Imposed Loads Rev. 1

3.2 Roofs

3.2.1 Cladding

3.2.1.1 Tiles

Terracotta: 0.59 kPa Monier: 0.53 kPa

Decramastic: 0.072 kPa Concrete: 0.53 kPa
Slate: 0.34 kPa (4.7 mm), 0.68 kPa (9.5 mm)

3.2.1.2 Sheetingi

Steel Deck: 0.054 kPa (0.5 mm), 0.078 kPa (0.6 mm), 0.098 kPa (0.8 mm), 0.12 kPa (1.0 mm)
Spandek: 0.057 kPa (0.55 mm)
Trimdeck: 0.049 kPa (0.49 mm)
Custom Orb: 0.043 kPa (0.42 mm), 0.048 kPa (0.48 mm),
V Crimp: 0.048 kPa (0.50 mm zincanneal), 0.050 kPa (0.53 mm galvanised)
Klip Lock: 0.060 kPa (0.55 mm), 0.074 kPa (0.67 mm), 0.085 kPa (0.77 mm)
Aluminum: 0.024 kPa (0.63 mm), 0.029 kPa (0.79 mm), 0.039 kPa (0.99 mm), 0.041 kPa (1.26 mm)

3.2.1.3 Sandwich Panelsii

Equideck: 0.10 kPa (50 mm), 0.10 kPa (75 mm), 0.10 kPa (100 mm)

3.2.1.4 Miscellaneous

Fibre cement: 0.137 kPa 6 mm thick, corrugated including lap and fastenings
0.161 kPa 6 mm thick, deep corrugated or Hardies Super Six
0.20 kPa Asbestos cement slates
Acrylic resin : 0.044 kPa 3mm standard corrugated
0.063 kPa 3mm deep corrugated
Bituminous felt: 0.43 kPa 5 ply and gravel

3.2.2 Insulation

Material Density Thickness Weight (kPa)

3
(kN/m ) (mm) Plain Foil one side & Foil each side
mesh bottom & mesh bottom

50 0.030 0.036 0.040

Rockwool 0.6 75 0.045 0.051 0.055
100 0.066 0.066 0.070
50 0.020 0.026 0.030
Glasswool 0.39 75 0.030 0.036 0.040
100 0.040 0.040 0.050
Foil and mesh 0.060 - -

Fibre cement: 0.054 kPa (4.7 mm), 0.11 kPa (6.3 mm), 0.069 kPa (6.0 mm softboard)

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3.2.3 Roof Structure

3.2.3.1 Timber

Conventional Framing
Domestic: 0.02 kPa Tile battens
0.15 kPa Rafters (150 x 50 @ 600 cts)
0.03 kPa Struts (200 x 50 @ 3000 cts)
0.10 kPa Ceiling joists (150x38 @ 600 cts)

0.30 kPa TOTAL

Cathedral Roof
Domestic: 0.02 kPa Tile battens
0.13 kPa Rafters (200 x 38 @ 600 cts)

0.15 kPa TOTAL

Roof Trusses
Domestic: ?? kN/m
Office and Retail: ?? kN/m

3.2.3.2 Steel

Purlins: 0.05 kPa C15015 @ 1200 cts

Beams:
Type Span (m) Blanket Load (kPa)

Domestic 5 0.10
Office 6 ∼ 10 0.16
Retail 6 ∼ 10 0.18 ∼ 0.22
Light industrial 10 ∼ 15 0.15
15 ∼ 30 0.18
Heavy industrial 10 ∼ 15 0.16 ∼ 0.18
20 ∼ 30 0.20 ∼ 0.22

Roof trusses:
Span Blanket Load (kPa)
(m) 3.0 m Spacing 4.5 m Spacing

7.5 0.095 0.072

9.0 0.120 0.072
12.0 0.132 0.084
15.0 0.144 0.108
18.0 0.203 0.144
25.0 0.239 0.168

Bracing: 0.03 kPa (Rod-bracing), 0.05 kPa (Angle-bracing)

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3.2.3.3 Concrete

Concrete: 25 kN/m3 x D Concrete SW where D = depth of concrete

3.2.3.4 Bondek

Bondek: 25 kN/m3 x D Concrete SW where D = depth of concrete

+ 70% midspan deflection during construction

3.2.4 Ceilings

Refer to Ceilings Section 3.4.

3.2.5 Services

Refer to Services Section 3.5.

3.2.6 Imposed Loadsiii

Timber and metal deck: q = (1.8/A + 0.12) ≥ 0.25kPa

or Q = 1.1 kN for flat roofs
= 0.5 kN when roof slope is such that ladders are required as a working platform

Concrete and Bondek: q = 3.0 kPa Trafficable roofs

= 1.5 kPa Non-trafficable roofs (provide signage to indicate non-traffic.)
or Q = 1.8 kN

3.2.7 Correction for Sloped Roof Members

Effective permanent load: geff = g/cosα

g
Effective imposed load: qeff = q

Design actions are determined based on horizontal span (L).

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3.2.8 Typical Roof Loads

• The following typical roof loads should be used as a guide or for preliminary purposes only:

3.2.8.1 Domestic

Tiled Normal Timber

Permanent load: 0.590 kPa Tiles (Terracotta)
0.020 kPa Insulation (50 Glasswool)
0.300 kPa Structure
0.080 kPa Ceiling (10 mm gyprock)
0.025 kPa Services
1.0 kPa TOTAL
Imposed load: 0.25 kPa or 1.1 kN

Tiled Cathedral Timber

Permanent load: 0.590 kPa Tiles (Terracotta)
0.020 kPa Insulation (50 Glasswool)
0.150 kPa Structure
0.150 kPa Timber lining (20mm)
0.110 kPa Correction for 26½° roof slope
1.0 kPa TOTAL

Imposed load: 0.25 kPa or 1.1 kN

Metal Deck
Permanent load: 0.060kPa Roof sheeting (0.55 mm Kliplok)
0.020 kPa Insulation (50 Glasswool)
0.05 kPa Purlins (C15015 @ 1200 cts)
0.10 kPa Beams
0.03 kPa Bracing
0.08 kPa Plasterboard ceiling (10mm gyprock)
0.025 kPa Services
0.4 kPa TOTAL
Imposed load: 0.25 kPa or 1.1 kN

3.2.8.2 Office, Retail and Residential

Tiled Timber
Permanent load: 0.590 kPa Tiles (Terracotta)
0.020 kPa Insulation (50 Glasswool)
0.300 kPa Structure
0.200 kPa Ceiling (Suspended)
0.200 kPa Services
1.3 kPa TOTAL
Imposed load: 0.25 kPa or 1.1 kN

Metal Deck
Permanent load: 0.06 kPa Roof sheeting (0.55 mm Kliplok)
0.02 kPa Insulation (50 Glasswool)
0.05 kPa Purlins (C15015 @ 1200cts)
0.22 kPa Beams
0.03 kPa Bracing
0.20 kPa Ceiling (Suspended)
0.20 kPa Services
0.8 kPa TOTAL
Imposed load: 0.25 kPa or 1.1 kN

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Concrete
Permanent load: 0.2 kPa Waterproofing
25 kN/m3 x D Slab SW
1.5 kPa Insulation
0.20 kPa Ceiling (Suspended)
0.20 kPa Services
2.1 kPa + Slab SW TOTAL
Imposed load: 3.0 kPa or 1.8 kN Trafficable
1.5 kPa or 1.1 kN Non-trafficable (provide signage to indicate not trafficable)

3.2.8.3 Industrial

Metal Deck
Permanent load: 0.06 kPa Sheeting (0.55 mm Kliplok)
0.05 kPa Purlins (C15015 @ 1200cts)
0.18 kPa Beams
0.03 kPa Bracing
0.10 kPa Services
0.4 kPa TOTAL
Imposed load: 0.25 kPa or 1.1 kN

Concrete
Permanent load: 0.2 kPa Waterproofing
25 kN/m3 x D Slab SW
0.1 kPa Services
0.3 kPa + Slab SW TOTAL
Imposed load: 3.0 kPa or 1.8 kN Trafficable
1.5 kPa or 1.1 kN Non-trafficable (provide signage to indicate not trafficable)

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3.3 Floors
iv
3.3.1 Finishes

3.3.1.1 Light-weight

Carpet 0.1 kPa

Vinyl Tiles: 0.07 kPa (3 mm)

3.3.1.2 Tiles

Quarry tiles: 0.35 kPa

Clay Tiles: 0.27 kPa (13 mm), 1.2 kPa (13 thick with 38 bed)
Terrazzo: 0.43 kPa (16 mm)
(Note: typically adopt 1.2 kPa for 50 total tiles plus mortar)

3.3.1.3 Flooring

Particleboard: 0.13 kPa (19 mm), 0.15 kPa (22 mm), 0.18 kPa (25 mm)
CFC (Hardipanel): 0.08 kPa (4.5 mm), 0.17 kPa (9 mm), 0.22 kPa (12 mm), 0.27 kPa (15 mm),
0.32 kPa (18 mm), 0.43 kPa (24 mm), 0.54 kPa (30 mm), 0.73 kPa (40 mm),
0.91 kPa (50 mm)
Timber boards: 0.16 kPa (20 mm)
Pine T & G: 0.06 kPa (12 mm), 0.12 kPa (19 mm), 0.13 kPa (21 mm)
Hardwood T & G: 0.11 kPa (12 mm), 0.18 kPa (19 mm)

3.3.1.4 Miscellaneous

Asphalt: 0.55 kPa (25 mm)

3.3.2 Floor Structure

3.3.2.1 Timber

Domestic: 0.20 kPa 200 x 38 joists @ 450 cts

0.05 kPa 250 x 50 bearers @ 3000 cts
0.25 kPa TOTAL

3.3.2.2 Concrete

Concrete: 25kN/m3 x D where D = depth of concrete

3.3.2.3 Bondek

Bondek: 0.1 kPa Bondek

25kN/m3 x D Concrete SW where D = depth of concrete
70% weight of mid-span deflection during construction
v
3.3.2.4 Ultrafloor

130R-400: 3.18 kPa 130R-500: 3.09 kPa

130C-400: 3.28 kPa 130C-500: 3.18 kPa
150R-400: 3.09 kPa 150R-500: 2.97 kPa
150C-400: 3.50 kPa 150C-500: 3.34 kPa
200C-400: 3.99 kPa 200C-500: 3.76 kPa
250C-400: 4.38 kPa 250C-500: 4.10 kPa
(Note: loads include 100 thick slab and form self-weights)

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3.3.2.5 Hebel Floor Panels

3.3.3 Ceiling

Refer to Ceiling Section 3.4

3.3.4 Services

Refer to Services Section 3.5

3.3.5 Walls

Refer to Walls Section 3.6

3.3.6 Imposed Loads

3.3.6.1 Typical Imposed Loadsvi

Domestic: 1.5 kPa generally, 3 kPa stairs and balconies, 3 kPa parking and driveways
Residential: 2.0 kPa generally, 4 kPa stairs and lobbies, 3 kPa parking and driveways
Office: 3 kPa generally (4 kPa for quality or government), 4 kPa lobbies & stairs, 7.5 kPa compactus
Add 0.5 ~ 1.0 kPa to permanent load for light-weight moveable partitions
Retail: 5 kPa minimum
Plant rooms: 5 kPa minimum around equipment. Plant self-weight to be calculated from manufactures data.
Refer to Section 3.3.7.
Substations: 15 kPa plus topping slab (typically ??? thick).
Industrial: Refer to Section 3.3.8.

3.3.6.2 Imposed Load Reductionvii

Restrictions
• Imposed load reduction is not permitted for one-way slabs, balconies, roofs, or on areas with imposed load
greater than 5 kPa.
• Reduced imposed load: qr = ψaq
viii
Slabs
Reduction: ψa = 3/√A + 0.3 ≥ 0.5 for q ≤ 5 kPa and A ≥ 23.0 m2
ψa = 3/√A + 0.3 ≥ 0.8 for compactus where q ≤ 10 kPa and A ≥ 23.0 m2

Beamsix
Reduction: ψa = 1.0 for L ≤ 9.5 m
ψa = 0.9 for 9.5 < L ≤ 12.5 m
ψa = 0.8 for 12.5 < L ≤ 15 m

3.3.7 Plant Room Equipment Loads

• Plant room equipment self-weights should be calculated from manufacturers data.

• Plant loads are generally line or point loads rather than blanket loads. Refer to manufactures data.
• Following are typical blanket loads for plantroom equipment to be used as a guide only:
Air handling equipment: 5 kPa
Boilers and Chillers: upto 20 kPa
Diesel generators: upto 30 kPa
Cold water storage: 10 kPa/m storage height

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3.3.8 Industrial Plant and Storage Loads

• Industrial plant and storage loads should be determined based on requirements outlined in the client brief.

3.3.8.1 Pallet Loads

Typical pallet size: 1.16 m x 1.16 m Typical pallet stacking height: 1.2 m ∼ 1.4 m
Maximum pallet load: 1.0 Tonne

3.3.8.2 Racking Loadsx

Typical Base Plate

2500 Size: 90 mm x110 mm
Load: 4.5T (Working)

840 380 840

3.3.8.3 Fork Lift Loads

Approximate Maximum Front Axle Load

• Approximate maximum front axle load = 2.5 x Rated Capacity

Typical Fork Lift Sizes and Loads

150 ~ 180 mm

Y
Plan – Wheel Layout

Max. Weights Dimensions Maximum Axle Load (kN)

Type SW Load X Y Unloaded Loaded
(T) (T) (mm) (mm) Front Back Front Back

Toyota 7FDK25 3.8 2.5 940 1410 12 25 53 9

Notes: -

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3.3.9 Typical Floor Loads

• The following typical floor loads should be used as a guide or for preliminary purposes only:

3.3.9.1 Domestic

Permanent load: 0.10 kPa Carpet

0.16 kPa Timber boards (20 mm)
0.25 kPa Structure
0.08 kPa Plasterboard ceiling (10 mm Gyprock)
0.025 kPa Services
0.6 kPa TOTAL
Walls: 0.22 kPa (2400 high timber stud partitions @ 3000 cts)
Imposed load: 1.5 kPa

3.3.9.2 Office and Residential

Permanent load: 0.10 kPa Carpet

25 kN/m3 x D Slab SW
0.20 kPa Ceiling (Suspended)
0.20 kPa Services
0.5 kPa + Slab SW TOTAL
Partitions: 1.0 kPa (Light-weight partitions)
Imposed load: 3.0 kPa General office
4.0 kPa Quality or government offices
7.5 kPa Compactus
2.0 kPa Residential rooms
4.0 kPa Stairs and lobbies

3.3.9.3 Retail

Permanent load: 24 kN/m3 x 0.050m Topping (50 total tiles and screed)
25 kN/m3 x D Slab SW
0.20 kPa Ceiling
0.20 kPa Services
1.6 kPa + Slab SW TOTAL
Wall loads: 1.0 kPa Light-weight walls
Imposed load: 5.0 kPa General
3.3.9.4 Industrial

Permanent load: 25 kN/m3 x D Slab SW

1.2 kPa Hobs and plinths (100 concrete over 50% area)
0.20 kPa Ceiling
0.10 kPa Services
1.5 kPa + Slab SW TOTAL
Imposed load: Refer to Section 3.3.6.
Equipment load: Refer to Section 3.3.7.
Storage load: Refer to Section 3.3.8.

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3.4 Ceilings
xi
3.4.1 Plaster, Cement and Render Finish

Normal plaster: 0.12 kPa

Fibrous plaster: 0.08 kPa (10 mm), 0.11 kPa (13 mm), 0.13 kPa (16 mm)
Lime plaster: 0.25 kPa (13 mm)
Gypsum plaster: 0.22 kPa (13 mm)
Portland cement: 0.29 kPa (13 mm)
Render: 0.28 kPa (13 mm)

3.4.2 Tongue and Groove Lining Boards

Pine: 0.06 kPa (12 mm), 0.12 kPa (19 mm), 0.13 kPa (21 mm)
Hardwood: 0.11 kPa (12 mm), 0.18 kPa (19 mm)

3.4.3 Fixed

Gyprock: 0.08 kPa (10 mm), 0.10 kPa (13 mm)

Fyrchek: 0.09 kPa (10 mm), 0.11 kPa (13 mm), 0.14 kPa (16 mm)
Pinus plywood: 0.69 kPa (12 mm)
Hardwood plywood: 0.59 kPa (8 mm)
Villaboard: 0.083 kPa (6 mm), 0.131 kPa (9 mm)

3.4.4 Suspended

Bondor: 0.11 kPa (50 mm), 0.11 kPa (75 mm), 0.12 kPa (100 mm), 0.12 kPa (125 mm),
0.12 kPa (150 mm), 0.13 kPa (200 mm), 0.14 kPa (250 mm)
Acoustic tiles: 0.25 kPa
Exposed grid: 0.11 kPa (13 mm gyprock and steel suspension system)

3.4.5 Suspended Screw-up

Gyprock: 0.09 kPa (10 mm and steel suspension system)

0.11 kPa (13 mm and steel suspension system)
Fyrchek: 0.14 kPa (No FRL - 1x16 mm and steel suspension system)
0.26 kPa (60 FRL - 2x16 mm and steel suspension system)
0.51 kPa (120 FRL - 4x16 mm and steel suspension system)
Metal lath: 0.38 kPa (Suspended metal lath and gypsum plaster)
Metal pan: 0.08 kPa (Metal pan and lightweight)

3.4.6 Miscellaneous

Bituminous felt: 0.43 kPa (5 ply)

Hardboard: 0.049 kPa (4.8 mm), 0.54 kPa (5.5 mm)
Fibreboard: 0.098 kPa (50 mm low density), 0.196 kPa (50 mm high density)

3.4.7 Typical Ceiling Loads

Domestic: 0.08 kPa (10 mm Gyprock)

Residential: 0.20 kPa (Suspended)
Office: 0.20 kPa (Suspended)
Retail: 0.20 kPa (Suspended)
Car Park: None

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3.5 Services

3.5.1 Hydraulic and Fire Services

3.5.1.1 Steel Sprinkler Pipes to AS1074xii

Nom. Dia Pipe Self-weight Only (kg/m) Pipe Self-weight & Water (kg/m) Add For
Screw &
(mm) Light Medium Heavy Light Medium Heavy
Socket

15 0.95 1.22 1.45 1.18 1.42 1.62 0.01

20 1.41 1.58 1.94 1.79 1.94 2.23 0.01
25 2.01 2.44 3.02 2.63 3.02 3.49 0.02
32 2.58 3.14 4.16 3.65 4.16 4.77 0.03
40 3.25 3.61 4.99 4.65 4.99 5.70 0.04
50 4.11 5.10 7.30 6.40 7.30 8.23 0.07
65 5.80 6.51 10.21 9.54 10.21 11.42 0.12
80 6.81 8.47 13.57 12.05 13.57 15.00 0.17
100 9.89 12.10 20.76 18.73 20.76 22.76 0.30
125 - 16.20 29.50 - 29.50 30.80 0.50
150 - 19.20 38.10 - 38.10 39.90 0.60

3.5.1.2 Miscellaneous Sprinkler Pipesxiii

Nom. Dia Pipe Self-weight Only (kg/m) Pipe Self-weight & Water (kg/m)
(mm) Steel Copper PVC Steel Copper PVC
(ANSI Std Wt) (Type B, AS 1432) (Class 12, AS1477) (ANSI) (Type B, AS 1432) (Class 12, AS1477)

15 1.27 0.30 - 1.47 0.39 -

20 1.69 0.51 0.17 2.03 0.74 0.61
25 2.50 0.82 0.32 3.06 1.23 1.02
32 3.39 1.04 0.43 4.36 1.72 1.53
40 4.05 1.26 0.57 5.36 2.25 2.01
50 5.44 1.69 0.88 7.60 3.52 3.14
65 8.65 2.12 1.27 11.73 5.04 4.89
80 11.29 3.41 1.92 16.05 7.57 6.83
90 13.47 3.98 - 19.93 9.72 -
100 16.07 4.56 3.33 24.27 12.12 11.45
125 21.77 5.71 4.75 34.67 17.71 17.38
150 26.26 8.37 6.33 46.86 25.57 22.31
200 42.55 - 11.16 74.75 - 43.56
250 60.31 - 17.33 111.1 - 67.56
300 73.88 - 22.17 146.7 - 85.72
350 81.33 - 28.16 170.1 - 108.89

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3.5.2 Mechanical Services

3.5.3 Electrical Services

Cable Tray Self-weight (kg/m) Max. Cable Load (kg/m) Max. Total Load (kg/m)

300W
450W
600W
900W

3.5.4 Typical Services Loads

Type Typical Services Loads (kPa)

Domestic Residential Office Retail Car Park Industrial

Ductwork - 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 (0.1)

Sprinklers* - 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
Lighting 0.025 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.03

Total 0.025 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10 – 0.20

Note(*): Check for large point loads due to sprinkler mains.

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3.6 Walls

3.6.1 Light-weight Partitions

3.6.1.1 Components

Cladding
Gyprock: 0.08 kPa (10 mm), 0.10 kPa (13 mm)
Fyrchek: 0.09 kPa (10 mm), 0.11 kPa (13 mm), 0.14 kPa (16 mm)
Weatherboard: 0.06 kPa (?? mm)
External AC: 0.12 kPa (?? mm)
Villaboard: 0.083 kPa (6 mm), 0.131 kPa (9 mm)
CFC: 0.08 kPa (4.5 mm), 0.11 kPa (6 mm), 0.17 kPa (9 mm), 0.22 kPa (12 mm),
0.27 kPa (15 mm), 0.32 kPa (18 mm), 0.43 kPa (24 mm), 0.54 kPa (30 mm),
0.73 kPa (40 mm), 0.91 kPa (50 mm)

Studwork
Timber studwork: 0.12 kPa (100 x 38 @ 450 cts, top & bottom plates, noggings & bracing)
Steel studwork: 0.07 kPa (??)

3.6.1.2 Typical Timber Stud Partitions

Fyrchek FRL Width (mm) Weight (kPa)*

16 mm ef 60 107 0.27
16 mm ef 60 132 0.31
2/16 mm ef 120 214 0.53

Note: * denotes weight over a vertical area and includes stud self-weight.

3.6.1.3 Typical Steel Stud Partitionsxiv

System Fyrchek FRL Width (mm) Weight (kPa)*

F1 13 mm ef 30 77, 90 0.21
F2 16 mm ef 60 83, 96, 108, 124, 182 0.25
F3 2x16 mm 60 83, 96, 108, 124 0.25
F4 2x13 mm & 1x13 mm 90 103 0.29
F5 2x13 mm ef 120 103, 116, 128, 144, 202 0.40
F6 2x16 mm ef 120 115, 128, 140, 156, 214 0.48

Note: * denotes weight over a vertical area and includes stud self-weight.

3.6.1.4 Typical CFC Stud Partitionsxv

Hardipanel: 0.15 kPa (4.5 mm CFC each face and steel studwork)
0.20 kPa (6.0 mm CFC each face and steel studwork)
0.40 kPa (9.0 mm CFC each face and steel studwork)

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3.6.1.5 Sandwich Panelsxvi

Equitilt: 0.12 kPa, (75 mm), 0.13 kPa (100 mm), 0.13 kPa (150 mm),
0.14 kPa (200 mm), 0.15 kPa (250 mm)

3.6.1.6 Hebel Wall Panels

3.6.1.7 Washroom Partitions

3.6.1.8 Cold Room Partitionsxvii

Bondor: 0.11 kPa (50 mm), 0.11 kPa (75 mm), 0.12 kPa (100 mm), 0.12 kPa (125 mm),
0.12 kPa (150 mm), 0.13 kPa (200 mm), 0.14 kPa (250 mm)

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3.6.2 Masonry Walls

3.6.2.1 Uncladded Masonry

Brickwork
Type Weight Over Vertical Area (kPa)
Masonry Only 15 Render One Face 15 Render Each Face

110 brick 2.1 2.4 2.8

230 brick 4.2 4.5 4.9
270 brick 4.2 4.5 4.9

Blockwork
Type Width Weight Over Vertical Area (kPa)
(mm) Normal Light-weight

90 1.50 1.14
Concrete (hollow) 140 1.70 1.38
190 1.95 1.76
90 - -
Concrete (grout filled) 140 3.07 2.54
190 4.19 3.39
90 2.11 1.39
Concrete (solid) 140 2.82 1.91
190 3.74 2.64
Calsil 90 1.63 -
110 2.00 -
3
Hebel (8.2 kN/m ) -
75 0.67 -
Terracotta (hollow) 90 1.00 -
140 1.39 -
Glass blocks 80 1.0 -
100 1.5 -

Notes: Add 0.33 kPa for 15mm render one face, or 0.66 kPa for 15mm render each face.

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Section 3 – Permanent and Imposed Loads Rev. 1

3.6.2.2 Cladded Masonry

Gyprock Cladded Masonryxviii

System Blockwork Gyprock FRL Width (mm) Weight (kPa)*

85 140 hollow 10 mm ef 60 170 1.68

86 90 solid 10 mm ef 120 120 1.91
87 90 calsil 10 mm ef 120 120 1.67
88 90 calsil 10 mm ef 120 145 1.67
89 140 calsil 10 mm one face 180 178 2.28
90 100 hebel 10 mm ef 240 130 0.64
90.1 150 hebel 10 mm ef 240 180 1.10

Note: * denotes weight over a vertical area and includes stud self-weight.

Fyrchek Cladded Masonryxix

System Fyrchek FRL Width (mm) Weight (kPa)*

113 1 x 16 mm ef 60 Masonry + 90 mm Masonry +

114 2 x 13 mm ef 120 Masonry + 110 mm Masonry +
115 2 x 16 mm ef 180 Masonry + 122 mm Masonry +

Note: * denotes weight over a vertical area.

Miscellaneous Masonry Paneling

Hardiflex: 0.069 kPa (4.5 mm), 0.096 kPa (6 mm)
Villaboard: 0.083 kPa (6 mm), 0.131 kPa (9 mm)
(Note: weights do not include steel studwork framing (typ. 0.1 kPa) and masonry self-weight)
Glass blocks: 1 kPa (80 mm), 1.5 kPa (100 mm)

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Section 3 – Permanent and Imposed Loads Rev. 1

3.6.3 Typical Wall Blanket Loads

3.6.3.1 Light-weight Moveable Partitionsxx

Blanket load: w = W/3 ≥ 0.5 kPa where W = Weight of partition per linear metre

3.6.3.2 Masonry Walls

Wall Type Wall Blanket Load per Unit Height (kPa/m)

Size Core Filling Domestic Residential Retail

110 Brick - 0.93 1.40 0.71

90 Block - 0.92 1.39 0.70
Hollow 0.79 1.18 0.59
140 Block Partially Filled 0.86 1.30 0.65
Fully Grout Filled 1.24 1.86 0.93
Hollow Block 0.87 1.31 0.65
190 Block Partially Filled 0.99 1.48 0.74
Fully Grout Filled 1.59 2.36 1.18
Hebel

Notes: - loads based on 3m (domestic), 2m (residential) & 4m (retail) average wall spacing.
- loads include 15mm render each face of masonry.
- partially filled blockwork weights based on cores grout filled at 1200 cts.

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Section 3 – Permanent and Imposed Loads Rev. 1

3.7 Facades

3.7.1 Components

3.7.1.1 Glass

Glass: 0.08 kPa (3 mm), 0.16 kPa (6 mm), 0.27 kPa ( 10 mm)

3.7.1.2 Frame

Timber studwork: 0.12 kPa (100 x 38 @ 450 cts, top & bottom plates, noggings & bracing)
Aluminum frame: 0.03 kPa (??)
Steel frame: 0.07 kPa (??)

3.7.1.3 Masonry

Refer to Walls Section 3.6.2

3.7.2 Typical Facades

Glass Façade: 27 kN/m3 x 2 x 0.010 m Double glazing

0.03 kPa Aluminum frame
0.57 kPa TOTAL

Curtin Wall: Typ. 0.3 kPa ∼ 0.5 kPa. (Refer to manufacturers data).

Cavity Brick: 2 x 2.1 kPa Brickwork

22 kN/m3 x 0.015 m 15 mm render inside face only
4.5 kPa TOTAL

Blockwork: Refer to Walls Section 3.6.2

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Section 3 – Permanent and Imposed Loads Rev. 1

3.8 Accessways

3.8.1 Walkways and Platforms

3.8.1.1 Manufactured Walkways

xxi
Webforge : 0.18 kPa (WA203/1), 0.22 kPa (WB203/1), 0.29 kPa (WA205/1), 0.32 kPa (WB205/1),
0.22 kPa (WA253/1), 0.25 kPa (WB253/1), 0.36 kPa (WA255/1), 0.38 kPa (WB255/1),
0.28 kPa (WA323/1), 0.31 kPa (WB323/1), 0.45 kPa (WA325/1), 0.47 kPa (WB325/1),
0.34 kPa (WA403/1), 0.37 kPa (WB403/1), 0.55 kPa (WA405/1), 0.58 kPa (WB405/1),
0.62 kPa (WA455/1), 0.64 kPa (WB455/1), 0.69 kPa (WA505/1), 0.71 kPa (WB505/1),
0.75 kPa (WA555/1), 0.77 kPa (WB555/1), 0.88 kPa (WA655/1), 0.91 kPa (WB655/1).
0.14 kPa (WA203/2), 0.17 kPa (WB203/2), 0.22 kPa (WA205/2), 0.25 kPa (WB205/2),
0.17 kPa (WA253/2), 0.20 kPa (WB253/2), 0.27 kPa (WA255/2), 0.30 kPa (WB255/2),
0.21 kPa (WA323/2), 0.24kPa (WB323/2), 0.34 kPa (WA325/2), 0.36 kPa (WB325/2),
0.26 kPa (WA403/2), 0.29 kPa (WB403/2), 0.41 kPa (WA405/2), 0.44 kPa (WB405/2),
0.46 kPa (WA455/2), 0.49 kPa (WB455/2), 0.51 kPa (WA505/2), 0.54 kPa (WB505/2),
0.56 kPa (WA555/2), 0.58 kPa (WB555/2), 0.65 kPa (WA655/2), 0.68 kPa (WB655/2).
0.19 kPa (WB205/3), 0.15 kPa (WB253/3), 0.22 kPa (WB255/3), 0.18 kPa (WB323/3),
0.26 kPa (WB325/3), 0.21 kPa (WB403/3), 0.32 kPa (WB405/3), 0.35 kPa (WB455/3),
0.38 kPa (WB505/3), 0.42 kPa (WB555/3), 0.48 kPa (WB655/3).
Expamet: 0.14 kPa (WK4514), 0.20 kPa (WK4519), 0.15 kPa (WK4505A), 0.20 kPa (WK4507A),
0.22 kPa (WK4509A)
xxii
Floor plate : 0.25 kPa (3 mm), 0.40 kPa (5 mm), 0.48 kPa (6 mm), 0.64 kPa (8 mm), 0.79 kPa (10 mm),
0.94 kPa (12 mm)

3.8.1.2 Imposed Load

Access walkways: 4.0 kPa

Maintenance walkways: 2.5 kPa

3.8.2 Stairs

30 ∼ 45°

3.8.2.1 Concrete

Permanent load: 25 kN/m3 x D / cos35° Stair SW (where D = throat thickness @ 35°)

2.5 kPa SLD (250 tread / 190 rise @ 35° angle ⇒ 95 mm concrete)
2 x 0.075 kN/m Handrail each side
Imposed load: 4.0 kPa

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Section 3 – Permanent and Imposed Loads Rev. 1

3.8.2.2 Steel

Treads and Stringers

Maximum Weights (kN/m)
Span Stringers Stringers Treads
(mm) (@ 35°) 750 Wide 1050 Wide 1200 Wide
(WA203) (WA205) (WA323)

4000 180 x 10 FL 0.71 0.98

5700 200 x 10 FL 0.76 1.02
8500 250 x 10 FL 0.87 1.13
200 PFC 0.96 1.22
10200 300 x 10 FL 0.98 1.24
250 PFC 1.31 1.57
11200 300 x 12 FL 1.68 1.37
300 PFC

Handrails
Typical weight: 0.075 kN/m/side Hand and knee rails

Typical Stair Load

Permanent load: WA205 Treads (1050 wide)
?? 2x200PFC stringers @ 35°
2x0.075 kN/m Handrail
?? kN/m TOTAL
Imposed load: 4.0 kPa

3.8.2.3 Aluminum

• Aluminum stairs typically weigh 0.35 times that of steel stairs.

3.8.2.4 Timber

Treads and Stringers

Maximum Weights (kN/m)
Span Stringers Stringer Treads
(mm) (@ 35°) 750 Wide 1050 Wide 1200 Wide

Handrails

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Section 3 – Permanent and Imposed Loads Rev. 1

3.9 End Notes

i
Roofing, Walling and Domestic Products Manual (Lysaght)
ii
??? James Hardie
iii
AS1170.1 Cl. 4.8.1.1
iv
Steel Designers Handbook (6th Edition), Table 3.5, p29 (Gorenc, at al)
v
Ultrafloor Technical Manual (September 2000)
vi
AS1170.1 Appendix B
vii
AS1170.1 Cl. 4.9.2
viii
New Loading Code Cl. 3.4.2
ix
????
x
Aldi Distribution Centre, Michinbury NSW
xi
Steel Designers Handbook (6th Edition), Table 3.5, p29 (Gorenc, et al)
xii
??
xiii
??
xiv
Gyprock Steel Stud Wall Systems Manual No. 544 (CSR)
xv
??? (James Hardie)
xvi
??? (James Hardie)
xvii
Bondor???
xviii
???
xix
???
xx
AS1170.1 Cl. 4.2
xxi
Webforge Manual (Webforge Ph: 9997 8555)
xxii
BHP Beam Handbook

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Section 7 – Load Distribution and Analysis Rev. 1

7.0 Load Distribution and Analysis

7.0 Load Distribution and Analysis ................................................................................................................ 1
7.1 Slabs ................................................................................................................................................... 2
7.1.1 One-way Slabs ............................................................................................................................. 2
7.1.2 Flat Slabs and Flat Plates .............................................................................................................. 2
7.1.3 Two-way Slabs ............................................................................................................................ 3
7.2 Beams and Bands ................................................................................................................................ 5
7.2.1 Load Distribution ......................................................................................................................... 5
7.2.2 Concrete Beams ........................................................................................................................... 8
7.2.3 Steel Beams ................................................................................................................................. 9
7.2.4 Trusses ...................................................................................................................................... 10
7.2.5 Cold Formed Sections ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.2.6 Natural Frequency...................................................................................................................... 11
7.3 Columns............................................................................................................................................ 13
7.3.1 Requirements ............................................................................................................................. 13
7.3.2 Columns in Flat Slabs or Flat Plates............................................................................................ 13
7.4 Beam – Columns ............................................................................................................................... 14
7.5 Footings ............................................................................................................................................ 15
7.5.1 Pad Footings .............................................................................................................................. 15
7.5.2 Pile Caps ................................................................................................................................... 16
7.6 Buildings........................................................................................................................................... 17
7.7 End Notes ......................................................................................................................................... 19

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7.1 Slabs

7.1.1 One-way Slabs

7.1.1.1 Distributed Loads

• Treat as a beam of unit width (refer section 7.2.1.1)

i
7.1.1.2 Point Loads

Effective Bandwidth
b = c + 2.4a(1.0 – (a/Ln))
c b
Treat as a beam of unit width (refer section 7.2.1.1)

Ln

7.1.2 Flat Slabs and Flat Plates

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7.1.3 Two-way Slabs

7.1.3.1 Load Distributionii

Application

Requirements

Load Distribution
• Unit width of slab spanning the short direction taking the following proportion of total load:

L4y
αL4x + L4y

Edge Condition Coefficient (α)

1. Four edges continuous 1.0

2. One short edge discontinous 0.5
3. One long edge discontinous 2.0
4. Two short edges discontinuous 0.2
5. Two long edges discontinuous 5.0
6. Two adjacent edges discontinuous 1.0
7. One long edge continuous 0.4
8. One short edge continuous 2.5
9. Four edges discontinuous 1.0

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7.1.3.2 Design Bending Momentsiii

Application

Requirements

Design Bending Moments

+ve
Design positive bending moment: M*x = βxFdLx2
+ve
M*y = βyFdLx2
-ve
Design negative moments at a continuous support: M*x = 1.33+veM*x
-ve
M*y = 1.33+veM*y
-ve
Design negative moments at a discontinuous support: M*x = 0.5+veM*x
-ve
M*y = 0.5+veM*y

Short Span Coefficients (βx) Long Span

Edge Condition Ly/Lx Coefficient

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0+ (βy)

1. Four edges continuous 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024

2. One short edge discontinuous 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.038 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.028

3. One long edge discontinuous 0.028 0.035 0.041 0.046 0.050 0.054 0.061 0.066 0.028

4. Two short edges discontinuous 0.034 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.034

5. Two long edges discontinuous 0.034 0.046 0.056 0.065 0.072 0.078 0.091 0.100 0.034

6. Two adjacent edges discontinuous 0.035 0.041 0.046 0.051 0.055 0.058 0.065 0.070 0.035

7. One long edge continuous 0.043 0.049 0.053 0.057 0.061 0.064 0.069 0.074 0.043

8. One short edge continuous 0.043 0.054 0.064 0.072 0.078 0.084 0.096 0.105 0.043

9. Four edges discontinuous 0.056 0.066 0.074 0.081 0.087 0.093 0.103 0.111 0.056

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Section 7 – Load Distribution and Analysis Rev. 1

7.2 Beams and Bands

7.2.1 Load Distribution

7.2.1.1 Beams and Bands in One-way Spanning Slabs

Application

Requirements
1. The ratio of the longer to the shorter length of any two adjacent spans does not exceed 1.2
2. The loads are essentially uniformly distributed.
3. The imposed load, q, does not exceed twice the permanent load, g
4. Members are of uniform cross section
5. The reinforcement is detailed to Clause AS3600 8.1.8.5.
6. Bending moments at supports are caused only by the action of loads applied to the beam.

Effective Bandwidth

L4
bw4
½L3
L3
½L3
bw3
½L2
L2
½L2
bw2
5
/8L1 L1
3
/8L1
bw1

External beam: b = bw1 + 3/8L1

1st internal beam: b = 5/8L1 + bw2 + 1/2L2
2nd internal beams: b = 1/2L2 + bw3 + 1/2L3
Other internal beams: As for 2nd internal beam

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Section 7 – Load Distribution and Analysis Rev. 1

7.2.1.2 Beams and Bands in Two-Way Spanning Slabs

Application

Requirements
1. The ratio of the longer to the shorter length of any two adjacent spans does not exceed 1.2
2. The loads are essentially uniformly distributed.
3. The imposed load, q, does not exceed twice the permanent load, g
4. Members are of uniform cross section
5. The reinforcement is detailed to Clause AS3600 8.1.8.5.
6. Bending moments at supports are caused only by the action of loads applied to the beam.

Effective Bandwidth

=
Components
=

bR
LHS: bL’ = bL(1 - 4/3(bL/L)2) ≥ 2/3bL
bW RHS: bR’ = bR(1 - 4/3(bR/L)2) ≥ 2/3bR

bL Web: bw
=

Effective bandwidth
= b = kLbL’ + bw + kR bR’

Moment – Shear Coefficients

k = 0.75 for external span to external beam
= 1.25 for external span to 1st internal beam
= 1.00 for internal span to internal beam

Accuracy
Accurate for bending moment, upto 5% conservative for deflection, upto 33% conservative for shear and reactions.

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7.2.1.3 Equivalent UDLs

Application

Distributed Loads

ωmax ωmax ωmax

L L L

ω eff = 2/3ω max ω eff = 0.513ω max ω eff = 0.525ω max

(Bending moment accurate) (Bending moment 3% conservative) (Bending moment 5% conserv.)

(Deflection 5% conservative) (Deflection accurate) (Deflection accurate)
(Reactions 33% conservative) (Reactions __% conservative) (Reactions __% conservative)

Point Loads

P P P P

= = a b a a
L L L

ω eff = 2P/L ω eff = 8Pab/L3 ω eff = 8Pa/L2

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Section 7 – Load Distribution and Analysis Rev. 1

7.2.2 Concrete Beams

7.2.2.1 Design Bending Momentsiv

Application

Requirements
AS3600 Clause 7.2 for Continuous RC beams providing the following conditions are met:
1. The ratio of the longer to the shorter length of any two adjacent spans does not exceed 1.2
2. The loads are essentially uniformly distributed.
3. The imposed load, q, does not exceed twice the permanent load, g
4. Members are of uniform cross section
5. The reinforcement is detailed to Clause AS3600 8.1.8.5.
6. Bending moments at supports are caused only by the action of loads applied to the beam.

FdLn2/9

FdLn2/8 FdLn2/11 FdLn2/11

Single Span Two Spans

FdLn2/10 FdLn2/10

FdLn2/11 FdLn2/16 FdLn2/11

Three Spans

FdLn2/10 FdLn2/11 FdLn2/10

FdLn2/11 FdLn2/16 FdLn2/16 FdLn2/11

Four or More Spans

FdLn2/16 FdLn2/24

Column Beam

7.2.2.2 Moment Redistribution

• Reduction in negative moment:

ku ≤ 0.2 → upto 30 % reduction
0.2 < ku ≤ 0.4 → upto 75(0.4 - ku) % reduction
ku > 0.4 → No reduction permitted
• Positive moment shall be adjusted to maintain equilibrium.

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7.2.2.3 Design Shear

FdLn/2 1.15FdLn/2 FdLn/2 FdLn/2 1.15FdLn/2 FdLn/2

FdLn2/7 FdLn2/7 FdLn2/7

7.2.2.4 Deflections

Deemed to Comply

Leff ⎡ ∆ () Ec ⎤
1/ 3

≤ k1k 2 ⎢ max ⎥
L
Span – depth ratio:
d ⎢ Fd .eff ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Simplified Method

Fd .eff L4
Deflection: δ =β
Ec I eff

Bransons Method:

Rangons Method:

7.2.2.5 Concrete and Reinforcement Stresses

M 1
Stress in extreme concrete fibre: σo = 2
. where Qc = ???
bd Qc

Stress in reinforcement: σs =
M
2
.
1
Qst
where (
Qst = p 1 − 13 k s )
bd
Es A
and: n= , p = st
Ec bd

ks = (np )2 + 2np − np
7.2.2.6 Crackwidths

⎛σ ⎞ ⎛ D − ks d ⎞
Crackwidth: w = 1.5(1.5h + 3d b ).⎜⎜ st − 0.0001⎟⎟.⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ Es ⎠ ⎝ d − ksd ⎠
where: h = distance from centerline of outermost layer of reinforcement
to closer concrete face
db = maximum bar diameter in outer most layer of reinforcement
σst = serviceability stress in outer most layer of reinforcement

7.2.3 Steel Beamsv

Refer to appendix A3 for steel beam bending moment, shear and deflection formulae.

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Section 7 – Load Distribution and Analysis Rev. 1

7.2.4 Trusses

7.2.5 Purlins and Girts

7.2.5.1 Local Pressure Factorvi

Pressue zone: g = a/L for KL = 1.5

= ½.a/L for KL = 2.0
C pi − K L C pe
Modified factor: K pf =
Ccp − C pe

Modified Local Pressure Factor (K´L)

Pressure Modified Factor (Kpf)
Zone (g) 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

0.3 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.26 1.32 1.39 1.45 1.52 1.58 1.65
0.4 1.08 1.16 1.24 1.32 1.40 1.48 1.56 1.64 1.72 1.81
0.5 1.09 1.19 1.28 1.37 1.47 1.56 1.65 1.75 1.84 1.94
0.6 1.10 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.51 1.62 1.72 1.82 1.92 2.03
0.8 1.11 1.23 1.34 1.46 1.57 1.69 1.80 1.91 2.03 2.14
1.0 1.12 1.24 1.36 1.48 1.60 1.72 1.85 1.97 2.09 2.21
1.2 1.12 1.23 1.35 1.46 1.58 1.69 1.81 1.92 2.04 2.16
1.4 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.44 1.55 1.65 1.76 1.87 1.98 2.09
1.6 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.41 1.51 1.61 1.71 1.81 1.91 2.01
1.8 1.11 1.21 1.32 1.43 1.53 1.64 1.75 1.85 1.96 2.07
2.0 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.43 1.54 1.65 1.76 1.87 1.98 2.08

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Section 7 – Load Distribution and Analysis Rev. 1

7.2.6 Correction for Sloped Roof Members

Effective permanent load: geff = g/cosα

g
Effective imposed load: qeff = q

Design actions are determined based on horizontal span (L).

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Section 7 – Load Distribution and Analysis Rev. 1

7.2.7 Natural Frequencyvii

7.2.7.1 Simply Supported Span

m
1 97.4 EI × 106
L Uniformly distributed mass: f0 =
2π mL4

M
1 48 EI × 103
Lumped mass: f0 =
L 2π ML3

where [E] = MPa [m] = kg/m

4
[I] = mm [M] = kg
[L] = mm

7.2.7.2 Cantilever

m
1 12.4 EI × 106
L Uniformly distributed mass: f0 =
2π mL4

M
1 3EI × 103
Lumped mass: f0 =
2π ML3
L

where [E] = MPa [m] = kg/m

4
[I] = mm [M] = kg
[L] = mm

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Section 7 – Load Distribution and Analysis Rev. 1

7.3 Columns

7.3.1 Requirements

1. Ratio of adjacent spans ≤ 1.2

2. Flat plate (no beams / bands)
3. Q ≤ 2G

7.3.2 Columns in Flat Slabs or Flat Plates

7.3.2.1 Moment-Shear Method

• Evenly divide the flat slab/plate into tributary areas to columns and multiply resulting load by the moment-
shear factors given below:

0.8 1.15 1.0 1.0

1.15 1.25 1.15 1.15

1.0 1.15 1.0 1.0

1.0 1.15 1.0 1.0

7.3.2.2 Weighted Tributary Area Method

• Divide the flat slab/plate into tributary areas to columns as shown below:

3 5 1
/8LX1 /8LX1 /2LX2 1/2LX2 1/2LX3 1/2LX3

3
/8LY1
LY1
5
/8LY1
1
/2LY2
LY2
1
/2LY2
1
/2LY3 LY3
1
/2LY3

LX1 LX2 LX3

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Section 7 – Load Distribution and Analysis Rev. 1

7.4 Beam – Columns

N
Le

Bending moment: Mb = δbM where δb = cm/(1 – N/Nom)

and cm = 1.0 for UDL on simply supported span

Nom = π2EI/Le2

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7.5 Footings

7.5.1 Pad Footings

P P P
M M

L L L

e = 0 e ≤ 1/6L e > 1/6L

P P ⎛ e⎞ 4P
p= p= ⎜1 ± 6 ⎟ p=
BL BL ⎝ L⎠ 3B ( L − 2e )

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7.5.2 Pile Caps

Number of Dimensions of Pile Cap Tensile Force Between Piles (kN)

Piles Neglecting Column Size Considering Column Size

2 NL
4d
N
12 Ld
(
3L2 − a 2 )
a

Y Parallel to X-X

3
B a
X
N
36 Ld
(
4 L2 + B 2 − 3a 2 )
NL
9d Parallel to Y-Y

L
N
18Ld
(
2 L2 − b 2 )
Parallel to X-X
a

4
N
24 Ld
(
3L2 − a 2 )
b NL
8d Parallel to Y-Y

L
N
24 Ld
(
3L2 − b 2 )
Parallel to X-X
a

5 b
N
30 Ld
(
3L2 − a 2 )
NL
10d Parallel to Y-Y

L
N
30 Ld
(
3L2 − b 2 )

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7.5.3 Pile Groups

N, Mx, My = axial load and bending moments at centroid of pile group.

n = number of piles in pile group.
x
∑y
2
Z xx = where y = distance of pile from pile group centroid along x-axis.

∑x
2
Z yy = where x = distance of pile from pile group centroid along y-axis.
y

N Mx y Myx
Pile loads: Np = + +
n Z xx Z yy

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Section 7 – Load Distribution and Analysis Rev. 1

7.6 Buildings
At Each Level:

Centre of
stiffness

VT*

W* e
ω*

Centroid of
lateral load

Lateral Load Lateral Load Total Reaction

7.6.1.1 Lateral Load

Lateral load: W* = ω*A at centroid of lateral load => center of windward area (Wind)
center of mass (EQ)
Total reaction: VT* = W* at center of stiffness

where center of stiffness: x = ΣEIxx/ΣEIx

y = ΣEIy y/ΣEIy
T* = W*e = VT*e

7.6.1.2 Element Reactions

V1* EI i
Reaction due to shear: Vi* = VT*
∑ EI i

V2*
Reaction due to eccentricity:

EI yy y
Vix* = T
∑ EI ∑ EI
2 2
xx x + yy y
Centre of
stiffness EI xx x
Viy* = T
∑ EI ∑ EI
2 2
V3* xx x + yy y

V4* V5* V6*

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7.7 End Notes

i
AS3600 Cl. 9.6
ii
AS3600 Cl. 9.3.3
iii
AS3600 Cl. 7.3
iv
AS3600 Cl. 7.2
v
Reference?
vi
Purlin and Girt Design Manual, p??? (Stramit)
vii
Rorque???

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Structural Design Manual Part A 16-03-10
Section 8 – Serviceability Rev. 1

8.0 Serviceability
8.0 Serviceability ...................................................................................................................................... 1
8.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 2
8.2 Serviceability Loads ............................................................................................................................ 2
8.2.1 Concrete ...................................................................................................................................... 2
8.2.2 Steel and Timber .......................................................................................................................... 3
8.3 Serviceability Load Factors .................................................................................................................. 3
8.4 Deflection Limits................................................................................................................................. 4
8.4.1 Roofs ........................................................................................................................................... 4
8.4.2 Floors .......................................................................................................................................... 5
8.4.3 Walls and Fascias......................................................................................................................... 5
8.4.4 Accessways ................................................................................................................................. 6
8.5 Lateral Deflection ................................................................................................................................ 7
8.5.1 Low-rise Portal Frames Buildings ................................................................................................. 7
8.5.2 Medium ∼ High-rise Buildings ..................................................................................................... 7
8.6 Accelerations....................................................................................................................................... 8
8.7 Vibration ............................................................................................................................................. 8
8.8 Cracking of Concrete Members ............................................................................................................ 9
8.9 End Notes ......................................................................................................................................... 10

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8.1 Introduction
• Serviceability load cases are used to determine whether a structure behaves satisfactorily under normal
loading conditions.
• Serviceability criteria which should be considered include:
1. Vertical deflection
2. Lateral deflection
3. Rotation
4. Vibration
5. Acceleration

8.2 Serviceability Loads

• Serviceability loads are the loads that are expected to occur under normal conditions.
• When considering deflections, load cases to be considered include:
1. Incremental deflection
2. Total deflection
• Incremental deflection: is the deflection due to:
- superimposed permanent load and a portion of the imposed load
- full imposed load
- wind load (1 in 20 years)
• Total deflection: is the deflection due to permanent load and a portion of the live load.
• Long term deflection of concrete members should include the factor ‘kcs’ which takes into account the
additional deflection caused by creep and shrinkage.

8.2.1 Concrete

• Gravity loads are generally critical when considering the serviceability of concrete members (ie: Wind loads
generally not critical).

8.2.1.1 Incremental Deflection

Floors not supporting load bearing walls: Finc = kcsgsw + (1 + kcs)gsdl + (ψs + kcsψl )q
Floors supporting load bearing walls: Finc = kcsgsw + (0.5 + kcs)glbw + (1 + kcs)gsdl + (ψs + kcsψl )q

8.2.1.2 Total Deflection

Total Deflection: Fd.eff = (1 + kcs)g + (ψs + kcsψl)q

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8.2.2 Steel and Timber

• Steel and timber members are lighter than concrete members and subsequently need to be checked for wind
load deflections as well as gravity load deflections.
• Long term deflection of timber members should include the factor ‘j2’ to take into account the reduced elastic
modulus.
• Avoid using non-seasoned timber members in humid environments.

8.2.2.1 Load Combinations

Dead load: g
Incremental: gsdl + ψsq (Floors)
q (Roofs)
Ws (1 in 20 year wind)
Total deflection: g + ψ sq
g + ψlq + Ws & 0.8g + Ws (1 in 20 year wind)

8.3 Serviceability Load Factorsi

Type Building ψs ψl

Floors Domestic 0.7 0.4

Office and Retail 0.7 0.4
Plantrooms/storage 1.0 0.6
Car Parks 0.7 0.4
Roofs Trafficable 0.7 0.4
Non-trafficable 0.7 0.0

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8.4 Deflection Limits

8.4.1 Roofs

The following should be consider when checking the serviceability of roof members:
• Long term deflections are minimised so as not to allow the ponding of water. A minimum roof slope,
including long term deflection of 1:100 should be adopted. Provide drainage outlets in flat roofs at locations
of maximum deflection.
• Incremental deflections are limited to prevent the damage or loss of performance to ceilings, services, or
brittle finishes which are supported by the roof members.

8.4.1.1 Concrete Roofs

Concrete Slabs and Beamsii

Roof Topping Simply Supported and Continuous Members
Incremental (Finc) Total (Fd.eff)

No waterproofing membrane or tiles - L/250 , 25

Waterproofing membrane - L/250 , 25
Tile topping L/500 L/250 , 25

Note: - The deflection limits for cantilevered members are half the values given in the above table.

8.4.1.2 Steel and Timber Roofs

Roofingiii
Type q Ws

Metal Deck L/120 L/120

FC / Super Six L/240 L/240

Purlinsiv
Roofing Ceiling Simply Supported and Continuous Members
g q Ws

None L/250 L/150 L/150

Metal Deck Suspended L/250 L/250 L/250
Fixed L/250 L/360 L/360
None L/250 L/250 L/250
Tiled Suspended L/250 L/250 L/250
Fixed L/250 L/360 L/360

Note: - The deflection limits for cantilevered members are half the values given in the above table.

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Roof Beams, Rafters and Trussesv

Ceiling Roof Slope Simply Supported and Continuous Members
(Roofing) g q Ws

No Ceiling Flat (α < 1½°) L/360 L/150 L/150

(Metal Deck Only) Sloped (α ≥ 1½°) L/250 L/150 L/150
Suspended Flat (α < 1½°) L/360 L/250 L/250 , 25
Sloped (α ≥ 1½°) L/250 L/250 L/250 , 25
Fixed All L/360 L/360 L/360 , 25

Notes - The deflection limits for cantilevered members are half the values given in the above table.
- Precamber members with spans greater than 25m, typically L/1000.
- Deflection limits for farm sheds: L/240 (g), L/180 (q), L/100 (Ws).

8.4.2 Floors

The following should be consider when checking the serviceability of floor members:
• Incremental deflections are limited to prevent the damage or loss of performance to ceilings, services,
masonry walls and brittle finishes which are supported by the floor members.

8.4.2.1 Concrete, Steel and Timber Floorsvi

Walls Simply Supported and Continuous Members

Incremental Total

No partitions or brittle toppings - L/250 , 30

Light-weight partitions L/360 L/250 , 30
Articulated masonry / Tiled toppings L/500 L/250 , 30
Non-articulated masonry L/1000 L/500 , 30

Notes: - The deflection limit for cantilevered members are half the values given in the above table.
- Check vibration of long span / light-weight steel floors. Refer section 8.7.

8.4.3 Walls and Fascias

8.4.3.1 Mullions, Glazing Heads and Masonry Headsvii

Type Simply Supported and Continuous Members

Incremental Gravity Total Gravity Lateral Wind (Ws)

Light-weight L/360 L/250 L/200

Articulated masonry L/500 , 20 L/250 L/360
Non-articulated masonry L/1000 , 10 L/500 L/360
Articulated glazing L/360 L/250 L/360
Non-articulated glazing L/1000, 10 L/500 L/360

Note: - The deflection limits for cantilevered members are half the values given in the above table.

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8.4.3.2 Girtsviii

Type Simply Supported and Continuous Members

Incremental Gravity Total Gravity Lateral Wind (Ws)

Steel cladding, no lining - - L/150

Steel cladding, fixed lining - - L/360

Note: - The deflection limits for cantilevered members are half the values given in the above table.

8.4.3.3 Lintels

Type Simply Supported and Continuous Members

Incremental Gravity Total Gravity Lateral Wind (Ws)

Articulated masonry L/500 , 20 L/250 L/360

Non-articulated masonry L/1000 , 10 L/500 L/360

8.4.4 Accessways

8.4.4.1 Walkways and Platforms

Member q g + ψ sq

Decking L/400 , 4 L/250

Beams L/360 , 30 L/250

Note: - Precamber members with spans greater than 25m, typically L/1000.

8.4.4.2 Stairs

Member q g + ψ sq

Treads L/400 , 4 L/250

Stringers L/360 , 20 L/250

Note: - Precamber members with spans greater than 25m, typically L/1000.

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Section 8 – Serviceability Rev. 1

8.5 Lateral Deflection

ix
8.5.1 Low-rise Portal Frames Buildings

Building Type Max. Lateral Max. Differential Deflection

Deflection under Between Portals under
Serviceability Wind Serviceability Wind

Industrial Steel sheet walls, no ceilings, no h/150 b/200

internal partitions against external
walls, no gantry cranes.
As above, but with gantry cranes h/250 (h/300 for heavy b/250
gantrys), where h is the
height of the gantry
As above, but with external h/250 b/200
masonry walls supported by portal
Domestic All h/250 b/200
Office/Retail All h/250 b/200
Farm Sheds All h/100 b/100

8.5.2 Medium ∼ High-rise Buildings

8.5.2.1 Maximum Interstorey Drift

Serviceability wind: H/500 where H = storey height

Earthquake: 0.015H where H = storey height

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Section 8 – Serviceability Rev. 1

8.6 Accelerations
• Accelerations can affect the performance of a building due to human sensitivity to motion.
• Typically accelerations should be considered for buildings with 10 or more levels.
x
8.6.1.1 Allowable Acceleration

• The typical allowable acceleration for a 1 in 5 year serviceability wind is:

a ≤ 8 mg Offices and commercial
a ≤ 6 mg Residential
• Alternatively, the allowable acceleration for a residential building with respect to its natural frequency is:

Maximum Allowable Acceleration

10
Max. Acceleration (mg)

9 5 Year
8 1 Year
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Natural Frequency (Hz)

• The allowable acceleration for an office or commercial building can be taken as 33% higher than those
give in the above chart for residential buildings.

8.7 Vibration
• Vibration of floors, walkways and platforms should be considered to minimise discomfort to people.
• Light-weight structures with large span-depth ratios are susceptible to vibration.
• To control vibration, the fundamental natural frequency of a structure should limited as follows:
− Office, residential and retail floors: η ≥ 4 Hz
− Public walkways and platforms: η ≥ 8 Hz
− Floors supporting reciprocating machinery: η > 1.5ηm
where ηm = frequency of machinery
• A deflection limit of Lef/360 under full imposed load is usually sufficient to eliminate vibration of floors
under pedestrian traffic.xi

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8.8 Cracking of Concrete Members

• The maximum allowable crackwidths in concrete members under serviceability loads are:

Environment Maximum Crackwidth (mm)

Dry or interior 0.4

0.3
Marine tidal and splash zones 0.2
0.15
Water retaining 0.1

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Section 8 – Serviceability Rev. 1

8.9 End Notes

i
AS1170.1 Tb. ??
ii
AS3600 – Table 2.4.2
iii
Roofing
iv
Purlins
v
Limit State Design of Portal Frame Buildings (2nd Edition), Table 5.2, p79 – Woodcock et al - AISC
vi
AS3600 – Table 2.4.2
vii
AS4100 – Appendix B, Section B2
viii
AS4100 – Appendix B, Section B2
ix
Limit State Design of Portal Frame Buildings (2nd Edition), Table 5.1, p78 – Woodcock et al - AISC
x
Floor Vibration in Buildings – State of the Art Summary – T.M. Murry
xi
Concrete Structures, Section 8.5, p246 – Warner et al

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