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Must Know-Biology Part 1

The document provides an overview of key biological concepts for an NMAT exam review. It covers topics such as the properties of life, hierarchical organization of life, the three domains and five kingdoms of life, cell theory, types of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, sexual reproduction, embryonic development through the germ layer stage, and comparisons of mitosis versus meiosis.

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Aria Domingo
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112 views

Must Know-Biology Part 1

The document provides an overview of key biological concepts for an NMAT exam review. It covers topics such as the properties of life, hierarchical organization of life, the three domains and five kingdoms of life, cell theory, types of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, sexual reproduction, embryonic development through the germ layer stage, and comparisons of mitosis versus meiosis.

Uploaded by

Aria Domingo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NMAT Review

Must Know: Biology Part 1

Here are some key notes about basic biological knowledge. (Topics: Properties of life, Types of Cell, Cell Cycle,
Cell Division, Ontogeny etc.)

1. Properties of Life:
-All organisms consist of one or more cells.
-All living things are highly ordered. 
-All living things respond to stimuli.
-Homeostasis
-Evolutionary Adaptation
-Energy Utilization
-Capable of growth, development and reproduction
2. Hierarchical Organization of Life

3. Three Domains of Life


Domain Bacteria
-consisted of all the unicellular prokaryotic organisms.
Domain Archaea
-consisted of all the extreme bacteria and some species of algae.
Domain Eukarya
-consisted of all the unicellular, multicellular, colonic or filamentous organisms.

4. Kingdoms 1/2
Bacteria
-Prokaryotic organisms with a peptidoglycan cell wall.
Archaebacteria
- Prokaryotes that lack a peptidoglycan cell wall
Animalia(Eukarya)
- Eukaryotic, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic .
5. Kingdoms 2/2 (Eukarya)
Plantae
-Eukaryotic, multicellular, nonmotile, usually terrestrial, photosynthetic organisms
Fungi
-Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, nonmotile organisms, with cell walls of chitin
Monera
-Eukaryotic, unicellular, photosynthetic, heterotrophic

6. Hierarchies of Classification

7. Cell Theory
-All living things are composed of one or more cells.
-Cells are the smallest living things, the basic unit of organization of all organisms.
-Cell arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
-Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA.

8. Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells


9. Animal Cell

10. Plant Cell


11. Animal vs Plant Cells

12. Interphase
-cellular components are copied. 90% of the cell cycle.
•G1 Phase (Organelle Replication)
•S (Synthesis) Phase (DNA Replication)
•G2 Phase (Safety Gap)
13. Interphase 

G1: 10 hours
S Phase: 5-6 hours
G2: 3-4 hours
M: 2hours

14. Mitosis

Prophase-nuclear envelope starts to disappear as chromosomes condensed


Metaphase-chromosome pairs align at the equatorial plate
Anaphase-spindle fibers pulls the sister chromatids apart towards the opposite poles
Telophase-sister chromatids are now on opposite poles
15. Meiosis

16. Meiosis 1
17. Meiosis 2

18. Prophase 1

Mnemonics: LeZyPaDiDi

Crossing-over/Recombination
-Each set exchanges bits of DNA with the other and recombines, thus creating genetic variation.

Synapsis
-the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.
19. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

20. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

21. Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis
-the formation of sperm cells
Oogenesis
-the formation of egg cells

* Spermiogenesis
-the transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa(sperms) by differentiation.

22. Ontogeny
-all the developmental events that occur during the existence of a living organism.

Fertilization
-is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.

23. Stages of Early Embryonic Development 1/5

Morulation
-The cleavage or segmentation of the ovum by which a morula is formed.

Morula
-a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed

24. Stages of Early Embryonic Development 2/5

Blastulation
-is the formation of a blastula from a morula.

Blastula
-an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells.

25. Stages of Early Embryonic Development 3/5

Gastrulation
-ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm form.

Gastrula
-an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three
layers of cells.
26. Stages of Early Embryonic Development 4/5

Neurulation
-germ layers develop a nervous system

Neurula
-a vertebrate embryo at the early stage of development in which neurulation occurs

27. Stages of Early Embryonic Development 5/5

28. Germ Layers

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