Euclidiad Olympiad Training LEVEL 1

Day 4 – Notes

Addition Principle and Inclusion/Exclusion

Addition principle

Suppose that a finite set S of things can be split into disjoint groups. Then, the number
of elements in S is equal to the sum of the number of elements of each group.

Group B

Group A
Group
Group C
D

Inclusion/Exclusion principle (for 2 sets)

Suppose that a finite set S of things is split into 2 groups A and B, not necessarily disjoint.
Then, number of elements in S is equal to

|A| + |B| − |A ∩ B|

where A ∩ B is the intersection of group A and group B.

Group A Group B

Group A ∩ B
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 Examples given in class

Addition principle

Example 1

We have 6 identical circles, 3 identical squares and 4 identical triangles. We want to put
six of those figures in the box. How many different boxes are possible?

Example 2

How many even 4-digit numbers can be made using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 without
repeating the same digit twice?

Example 3

In the figure, Ko PMK wants to create a triangle by joining three of the coloured vertices.
How many different ways are there to create?

Example 3. Figure

Counting the opposite

Example 4

Kalayar is back to buy the cakes! This time, she is going to buy at least 2 of the 6 cakes
presented to her. In how many ways can she buy?

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Example 5

In how many ways can we arrange the letters of the word SWITCH so that it doesn’t start
with S or doesn’t end with CH?

Inclusion/Exclusion principle

Example 6

How many of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 100 are multiples of 3 or 5?

Example 7

A 5-letter word is written using the letters X, Y and Z only. How many words can be
written if 2nd or 4th letter is X?

Example 8

In how many ways can 4 identical rooks can be placed on a 4 × 4 grid so that no two
rooks lie on the same row or column.

Example 8. Figure

Example 9

Same as example 8, but 2 opposite corner squares of the 4 × 4 grid are removed now. How
many ways are there in this case?

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Example 10

In how many ways can the letters of the word FUNMATH so that none of the words FUN
and MATH appear as a part?

A miscellaneous question on Venn diagrams

Example 11

Each of the 100 students in a certain summer camp can either sing, dance, or act. Some
students have more than one talent, but no student has all three talents. There are 42 students
who cannot sing, 65 students who cannot dance, and 29 students who cannot act. How many
students have two out of three talents?

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 Euclidiad Olympiad Training LEVEL 1
Day 4 – Homework

Homework code : HWC102

Hand in the solutions (with workings) to at least 5 of the following homework problems.
Each problem is worth of 10 points.

Addition Principle

1. How many 5-digit numbers can be made using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 without repeating each
digit twice and divisible by 5?

2. There are 15 coloured points in the plane: 5 red, 5 blue and 5 green. How many segments
joining two of these segments have differently coloured points?

Q2 Figure. Colourful dots

3. The following is part of the map of Hallownest. The map is going to be coloured in red, green
and blue so that the neighbouring regions get different colours. In how many ways can this be
done?

Q3 Figure. Partial map of Hallownest

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4. Five students A, B, C, D and E are to be arranged in a row. In how many ways can this be
done if student B does not want to stand adjacent to students A and C?

5. In how many ways can we give 4 different prizes to 7 boys and 9 girls if each student does not
get more than one prize and at least one boy gets a prize?

Inclusion/Exclusion Principle

6. In a class of 55 students, the number of students who like combinatorics is two times the
number of students who like geometry. If 5 of the students likes neither of them, and 10 of
them likes both. How many students like combinatorics?

7. Lay Lay writes down all the multiples of 4 from 40 to 400. Ko Ko writes down all multiples
of 9 from 90 to 900. How many numbers from 40 to 900 are written by at least one of Lay
Lay and Ko Ko?

8. In how many ways can we arrange the letters of the word INCLUDE be arranged so that
(a) the word CLUE doesn’t appear as a part?
(b) CLUE appears as a part or doesn’t start with I?

9. The corner squares of a 5 × 5 grid are removed. We are going to place identical 5 rooks in the
resulting grid so that no two rooks lie in the same row or column.

Q9 Figure. 5 × 5 grid with removed corners

Challenge Problem

10. Solve question 9 again with 3 identical rooks instead of 5.