OUTCOME BASED

LAB TASK
REPORT

1
Design and Simulation of Permanent Magnet Generator

OUTCOME BASED LAB TASK REPORT

18EE407 Electrical Machines II Laboratory

Submitted by
SRIDHARAN M
191EE228

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University,
Chennai) SATHYAMANGALAM-638401

MAY 2021

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 DECLARATION

I affirm that the lab task work titled “Design and Simulation of Permanent Magnet
Generator” being submitted as the record of original work done by me under the
guidance of Mrs. BHUVANESWARI S, Assistant Professor Level II, Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

SRIDHARAN M
191EE228

I certify that the declaration made above by the candidates is true.

(Signature of the Guide)

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 Mrs. BHUVANESWARI S

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITTLE PAGE NO

NO
1 Introduction

1.1. Objective of the task 1

1.2. principle 1

1.3. permanent magnet generator 2

1.4. PMG diagram 3

2 Main text

2.1. Effect of variable speed on PMG 3

generator

2.2. Typical applications 4

2.3. simulation of PMG 4

3 Result and discussion

3.1. Result 5

3.2. No-load test of PMG 5

6
3.3. load test of PMG
4 8
Conclusion
5 9
References

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1.INTRODUCTION:

1.1. Objective of the task:

The main objective of this task is to design and simulate the permanent magnet
generator.

1.2. Principle:

A permanent magnet generator (also called PMA, permanent magnet generator, PMG,
or magnet) relies on a magnetic field generated by a permanent magnet to convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy. It can generate alternating current, allowing
you to power the entire motor and charge the battery.

The modern generator has both movable and fixed coils of wire. However, in a
generator, a moving coil called a rotor uses the current supplied through the slip rings
to create a moving field. Power is supplied from constant excitation coils.
• The stator consists of six coils of copper wire fused in fiberglass resin. It rests on the
spine and does not move.

• Bearings that rotate the shaft are equipped with magnetic rotors. There are two
rotors, one behind the stator and one in front, which are connected by long pins
through a hole in the stator.

• The blades are mounted on a single pin. They will drive the rotor of the magnet to

rotate and move through the coil. Electricity is produced during this process.

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• The rectifier is positioned on the & ldquo; Aluminum heat sink & rdquo; keep cool.

The copper wire transfers the generated power to the rectifier, which works to convert

alternating current into direct current for battery charging.

1.3. permanent magnet generator:

A permanent magnet generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy. The rotor winding in this device is replaced by permanent magnets.
These devices do not require a separate DC power supply for the field circuit nor do
they have slip rings and contact brushes. These machines are the best alternative to
traditional asynchronous motors that can be connected to turbines, diesel generators
and used in hybrid vehicles. Another major advantage is that these machines do not
require any specific working environment and therefore can be used in air and water
machines.

The PMG can be a DC voltage machine with brush and slip ring or, more often, a
polyphase AC synchronous machine, while the magnetic fields of the stator and rotor
rotate at the same speed. This eliminates field losses in the rotor, which typically
represent 20-30% of the total generator losses. The reduction in losses leads to a
decrease in the temperature in the generator, which means that a smaller and simpler
cooling system can be used.

If you are considering a permanent magnet DC generator, the inductor will be located
on the stator with a row of permanent magnets. But in the case of an alternator, the
inductor is on a rotor with a group of permanent magnets.

2
1.4. PMG DIAGRAM:

2. MAIN TEXT:

2.1. Effect of variable speed on PMG generator:

The use of PMGs has some disadvantages. One of the main drawbacks is that the
strength of the excitation magnetic field is fixed and cannot be controlled. Because of
this, the output voltage will depend on the rotational speed of the generator and in its
basic form it is best suited to fixed speed operations, such as standby plant, constant
speed wind turbines or hydro plant. To make use of the PMG within variable speed
asynchronous generation requires adaption.  Operating RE generators at variable
speed depending on the strength of the driving resource has advantages and methods
have been developed to allow the use of PMGs in this configuration.

3
This allows the PMG to generate at a varying frequency and voltage, depending on the
rotation speed of the primary source. This is a complex and often expensive solution
and means of controlling the excitation of the PMG have been developed. One of the
most widely researched methods is varying the field strength by means of hybrid
excitation.

2.2. Typical applications:

Permanent magnet generators are finding application in wind turbines, small to

medium sized hydropower plant and standby generators. Wind turbines are the main
applications for PMGs today. A typical direct drive wind turbine will use 500 to 650
Kg/ of magnets per MW.

2.3. simulation of PMG:

4
2D Simulation of a PM Generator in COMSOL Multiphysics

example of a PM generator when browsing our online Application Gallery. The model

shows how the rotation of the rotor with permanent magnets generates an induced EMF in
the winding. The voltage is calculated as a function of time during the rotation. Also
depicted in the model is the influence on the voltage from material parameters, rotation
velocity, and number of turns in the wire winding.

The simulation below was produced by my colleague Valerio so that you can see the model
in action:

3. Result and discussion:

3.1. Result:

One type of generator used in renewable power generation systems is a permanent

magnet generator. ... The results of the tests showed that in no-load conditions,
a permanent magnet generator was able to generate a voltage of 69.5 - 223.7 V and
a frequency of 33.5 - 50.9 Hz when rotated at speeds of 2000 - 3000 rpm.

3.2. No-Load Test of Permanent Magnet Generator

The generator is rotated by using a prime mover, i.e., an induction

motor equipped with a speed controller. The rotational speed of the
generator is varied from 2000 to 3000 rpm. The measurement results
of the voltage and frequency of the permanent magnet generator in
no-load conditions are shown in Table.

N Rotational Voltage Frequenc

o speed (rpm) (V) y (Hz)
1 2000 69.5 33.5
2 2100 76.1 35.1
3 2200 81.7 36.0
4 2300 87.7 37.8
5 2400 114.6 40.7
6 2500 127.7 42.2
7 2600 143.9 44.2
8 2700 164.3 46.3
9 2800 178.5 47.5
1 2900 195.0 48.8
0
5
 1 3000 223.7 50.9
1

Table 1 and Fig show that when the generator is rotated at a speed
of 2000 rpm, a voltage of 69.5 V is generated. When the rotational
speed is increased to 3000 rpm, a voltage of 223.7 V is generated.
By varying the rotational speed from 2000 to 3000 rpm, the voltage
will be increased from 69.5 to 223.7 V. The results of this test
indicate that the higher the rotating speed of the generator, the
higher the voltage. The tested generator has two poles, thus
theoretically, the nominal voltage will be achieved when the
generator's rotational speed is 3000 rpm. It is consistent with the
results of the test where a nominal voltage of about 220 V is
generated by the generator with rotational speed of 3000 rpm.
Table 1 and Fig. 6 also show that when the generator is rotated at a rotational
speed of 2000 rpm, a frequency of 33.5 Hz is generated. When the rotational
speed is increased to 3000 rpm, a frequency of 50.9 Hz is produced. By varying
the rotational speed from 2000 to 3000 rpm, the generator frequency will vary
from 33.5 to 50.9 Hz. The results of this test indicate that the higher the rotating
speed of the generator, the higher the frequency. The results of this test verify the
theory, because a nominal frequency of about 50 Hz is generated by a 2-pole
generator with rotational speed of 3000 rpm.

3.3. Loaded Test of Permanent Magnet Generator

The test of the generator in a loaded condition is done by rotating

the generator at a constant rotational speed of 3000 rpm. The
generator is connected with a resistive load consisting of 8 pieces 10
W incandescent lamps. The test results of a permanent magnet
generator under loaded conditions are shown in Table.

No Power Voltage Curren

6
 (W) (V) t (A)
1 10 202.5 0.06
2 20 173.0 0.11
3 30 146.7 0.15
4 45 116.4 0.19
5 50 99.6 0.20
6 60 93.2 0.22
7 70 73.2 0.24
8 80 47.7 0.27

21
202.
0
5
18
17
0
3
15 146.
0 7
12 116.4
Voltage (V)

0
99.6 93.
9
0 2
73.
6 2
0 47.
3 7
0 0102030405060708090

Load (W)

FIGURE 7. The relationship between load power and generator voltage.

Table 2 and Fig show that a voltage of 202.5 V is generated by

the generator when loaded with 10 W incandescent lamps and
rotated at 3000 rpm. A lower voltage of 173 V is generated by the
generator when it is loaded with an incandescent lamp of 20 W. This
voltage drop continues when the load is increased. By increasing the
load from 10 to 80 W, the generator voltage will drop from 202.5 to
47.7 V. In general, it can be stated that the greater the load
connected to a permanent magnet generator, the smaller the voltage.
In this test, the rotational speed is kept constant, hence the load will
the only parameter to the generator voltage fluctuations. The greater
the load, the greater the current supplied by the generator as shown
in Table 2. The impedance of stator winding is constant. When a
current flows in a winding, a voltage drop will occur on the winding.
In this test, the voltage drop is only affected by the magnitude of the
current because the impedance of the winding is kept constant. The

7
results of this test indicate that there is a significant voltage drop
when the generator is loaded with a small load. It indicates that the
impedance of stator winding is quite high. The size of the stator
winding can be increased to achieve the higher capacity of
generator.

4. CONCLUSION:

The stator of a 2-pole permanent magnet generator has 325

turns/poles. Moreover, 10 pairs of neodymium permanent magnets
with dimensions of 20 x 15 mm in a cylindrical shape are implanted
around the squirrel cage type rotors.
In no-load conditions, a permanent magnet generator can generate
voltages from 69.5 to 223.7 V and frequencies range from 33.5 to
50.9 V at rotational speeds of 2000 to 3000 rpm.
The voltage of permanent magnet generator will drop from 202.5
to 47.7 V when rotated at a constant speed of 3000 rpm and loaded
from 10 to 80 W.
Further development of a permanent magnet generator can be
done by increasing the size of the enameled wire in the stator coil,
the number of a permanent magnet in the rotor, or the size of the
permanent magnet. With such methods, the capacity of the generator
will increase and a larger load can be supplied.

5. REFERENCES:

[1] S. Nanda and M. Sengupta, “Design, fabrication and analytical

investigations on a permanent magnet synchronous generator”,
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 in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Power
Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES) (2014), pp 1-4
[2] D. Casadei, M. Mengoni, G. Serra, A. Tani, and L. Zarri,
“Behavior of a five-phase surface-mounted permanent magnet
motor under magnet demagnetization”, in Proceedings of the 8th
IEEE Symposium on Diagnostics for Electrical Machines,
Power Electronics and Drives (2011), pp. 265-271
[3] Q. He and X. Bao, “Reducing cogging torque in permanent-
magnet synchronous motors by auxiliary teeth method”, in
Proceedings of the IEEE 11 th Conference on Industrial
Electronics and Applications (ICIEA) (2016), pp. 1488-1495

OUTCOME BASED LAB TASKS

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RUBRICS FORM (*to be filled by the lab handling faculty only)

Student name: SRIDHARAN M

Register number: 191EE228
Name of the laboratory: (18EE407) Electrical Machines II Laboratory
Name of the lab handling faculty: BHUVANESWARI S
Name of the task: Design and simulation of permanent magnet generator
Experiments mapped:
1.
2.
3.

S.N Rubrics Reward points awarded

o
1
2
3
4
5
Total (150 reward points)

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