MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Chapter 1
Transmission Line Theory

Huynh Phu Minh Cuong

[email protected]

Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology 1
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 1
Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Lumped-Element Circuit Model for Transmission Lines
3. Transmission Line Equations and Solutions
4. Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Line
5. Propagation constant and velocity
6. Lossless and Lossy Transmission Lines
7. Reflection Coefficient
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
9. Power Transmission on Transmission Lines
10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio
11. Practical Transmission Lines
Problems

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 2

Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
1. Introduction
 Transmission line theory bridges the gap between field analysis
and basic circuit theory and therefore is of significant importance in
the analysis of microwave circuits and devices.
 The key difference between circuit theory and transmission line
theory is electrical size.
 At low frequencies, an electrical circuit is completely
characterized by the electrical parameters like resistance, inductance
etc. and the physical size of the electrical components plays no role
in the circuit analysis.
 As the frequency increases however, the size of the components
becomes important. The voltage and currents exist in the form of
waves. Even a change in the length of a simple connecting wire may
alter the behavior of the circuit.
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 3
Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
1. Introduction
 The circuit approach then has to be re-investigated with inclusion
of the space into the analysis. This approach is then called the
transmission line approach.
 Although the primary objective of a transmission line is to carry
electromagnetic energy efficiently from one location to other, they
find wide applications in high frequency circuit design.
 Also at high frequencies, the transit time of the signals can not be
ignored. In the era of high speed computers, where data rates are
approaching to few Gb/sec, the phenomena related to the
electromagnetic waves, like the bit distortion, signal reflection,
impedance matching play a vital role in high speed communication
networks. 4

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 4

Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
1. Introduction
General problems of the chapter

Characteristic Impedance Zo

At a given location along the line, find:

 Current, voltage and power
 Reflection coefficient, impedance, VSWR
 Design real TLs, such as micro-strip lines, CPW lines 5

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 5

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
2. Lumped-Element Circuit Model for Transmission Lines

 A transmission line is basically a two-conductor line for

guiding the signal power from one point to another.
 A transmission line is a distributed parameter network, where
voltages and currents can vary in magnitude and phase over its
length.
 While ordinary circuit analysis deals with lumped elements,
where voltage and current do not vary appreciably over the
physical dimension of the elements.
 TLs are analyzed using transmission-line theory or
Distributed-circuit theory not traditional lumped-circuit theory.

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 6

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
2. Lumped-Element Circuit Model for Transmission Lines
Source Load

x x + x
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 7
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
2. Lumped-Element Circuit Model for Transmission Lines
R, L, G, and C are per-unit-length quantities defined as follows:
 R = series resistance per unit length, for both conductors, in /m.
 L = series inductance per unit length, for both conductors, in H/m.
 G = shunt conductance per unit length, in S/m.
 C = shunt capacitance per unit length, in F/m.
 Series inductance L represents the total self-inductance of the two
conductors,
 Shunt capacitance C is due to the close proximity of the two
conductors.
 Series resistance R represents the resistance due to the finite
conductivity of the individual conductors
 Shunt conductance G is due to dielectric loss in the material between
the conductors.
 R and G, therefore, represent loss.
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 8
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
2. Lumped-Element Circuit Model for Transmission Lines

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 9

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
3. Transmission Line Equations and Solutions

Applying Kirchoff for voltage:

i( x, t )
v( x, t )  v( x  x, t )  R.x.i( x, t )  L.x.
t
Applying Kirchoff for currrent:
v( x  x, t )
i ( x, t )  i ( x  x, t )  G.x.v( x  x, t )  C.x.
t

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 10

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
3. Transmission Line Equations and Solutions
In time domain:
 i( x, t )
 v ( x , t )  v ( x  x , t )  R.x.i ( x , t )  L.x.
 t

i ( x, t )  i ( x  x, t )  G.x.v( x  x, t )  C.x. v( x  x, t )

 t
In frequency domain:
V ( x,  )  V ( x  x,  )  ( R  j L).x. I ( x,  )

 I ( x,  )  I ( x  x,  )  (G  jC ).x.V ( x  x,  )
Lead to
V ( x  x,  )  V ( x,  )
   ( R  j L).I ( x,  )
x

 I ( x  x,  )  I ( x,  )   (G  jC ).V ( x  x,  )
 x
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 11
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
3. Transmission Line Equations and Solutions
V ( x  x,  )  V ( x,  )
   ( R  j L).I ( x,  )
x

 I ( x  x,  )  I ( x,  )   (G  jC ).V ( x  x,  )
 x

When x  0  V ( x,  )
 x   ( R  j L).I ( x,  )

 I ( x,  )   (G  jC ).V ( x,  )
 x

  2V ( x,  )
  ( R  j L)(G  jC ).V ( x,  )
x 2
 2
  I ( x,  )  ( R  j L)(G  jC ). I ( x,  )
 x 2
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 12
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
3. Transmission Line Equations and Solutions
  2V ( x,  )
  ( R  j L)(G  jC ).V ( x,  )
x 2
 2
  I ( x,  )  ( R  j L)(G  jC ). I ( x,  )
 x 2
Where  ( )  ( R  j L)(G  jC ) is propagation constant

 2V ( x,  ) 2
  ( ).V ( x,  )
x 2

 2 I ( x,  ) 2
  ( ). I ( x,  )
x 2

Differential equations of
f ''  a1. f '  a2 . f  0 , a1  0
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 13
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
3. Transmission Line Equations and Solutions
Wave equation:  2V ( x,  ) 2
  ( ).V ( x,  )
x 2
Traveling wave solutions can be found as :
 ( ). x  ( ). x
V ( x,  ) V . e  V . e
V ( x)  V .e  . x
 V .e  .x , where    j
 . x  j . x  .x j . x
V ( x)  V .e .e  V .e .e
Incident voltage Reflected voltage

V and V are constant with a given source, load and TL.

How to calculate V+ and V- ?
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 14
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
3. Transmission Line Equations and Solutions
Source Reflected wave Incident wave Load

 . x  j . x  .x j . x
V ( x)  V .e .e  V .e .e
Incident voltage:  . x  j .x
V .e .e
 .x j . x
Reflected voltage: V .e .e
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 15
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
3. Transmission Line Equations and Solutions

X=L

Incident voltage: V .e . x .e j . x

 .x j . x
Reflected voltage: V .e .e
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 16
 Chapter 1: Transmission Lines
3. Transmission Line Equations and Solutions
Current Solutions:  2 I ( x,  ) 2
  ( ). I ( x,  )
x 2

 . x  .x
I ( x)  I  .e  I  .e
V V V V
Where: I  , I    , Z0  
Z0 Z0 I I
V  . x V  . x
 I ( x)  e  e
Z0 Z0
R  jL R  jL
Where Z 0   is Characteristic Impedance
 G  jC

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 17

 Chapter 1: Transmission Lines
4. Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Line
R  jL R  jL Z0 
V

V
Z0  
 G  jC I I

What is the physical meaning of Zo ?

 What are V+ and I+ at t = 0 with an infinity long TL ?

 Can an infinity long TL be replaced by a Z0?
 What is the input impedance of a TL terminated by a Z0?
 What is the input impedance of a infinitesimal TL, x length,
18
terminated by a Z0?
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 18
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
4. Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Line

Set  1 
Z  R  j L , Y  G  jC  Z 0  Z x   / / Z0 
 Y x 
Z R  j L
When: x  0  Z0  
Y G  jC
L
Loss Less TL: Z0   R0 , 
C
 In practice, Z0 is always real.
 In communication systems: Z0 = 50 
 Television: Z0 = 75  - Why 50 or 75 ?
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 19
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
5. Propagation Constant and Velocity

 ( )   ( )  j  ( )  ( R  j L)(G  jC )
 : Attenuation constant - unit: [Np/m] or [dB/m]
 : Phase constant - unit: [rad/s]
2
 Phase constant and wavelength are related as: 
 c 
 Velocity: V   f 
  r ,eff
[ Np / m ]
[ dB / m ]  20.log10 e  (20 log10 e).[ Np / m ]
 8, 68.[ Np / m ]
A TL having the attenuation constant of 1 Np/m means that when
waves travel on 1 meter of TL, the magnitudes are attenuated by
8.684/27/2020
dB (2.7 Cuong
times).
Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 20
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
6. Lossless and Low-loss Transmission Lines
 In practice, transmission lines have losses due to finite
conductivity and/or lossy dielectric, but these losses are usually
small.
 In most practical microwave:
 Loss may be neglected  Lossless T.L.
 Loss may be assumed to be very small  Low-loss T.L.

 Lossless Transmission Line:

R  0, G  0
  ( )  ( R  j L)(G  jC )  j LC
  ( )  0
 ( )   LC
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 21
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
6. Lossless and Low-loss Transmission Lines
 Low-loss Transmission Line:
 When the loss is small, some approximations can be made to
simplify the expressions for the general transmission line parameters
of γ = α + jβ and Z0.

22
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 22
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
6. Lossless and Low-loss Transmission Lines
 Low-loss Transmission Line:
For a low-loss line both conductor and dielectric loss will be small,
and we can assume that R << ωL and G >>ωC. Then, RG << ω2LC

Using the Taylor series expansion for

So:

23
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 23
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
7. Reflection Coefficient
Source Reflected wave Incident wave Load

V ( x)  V .e . x  V .e . x
 Voltage reflection coefficient is defined as
reflected voltage V e x V 2 x
v ( x)   V ( x )   x
 e
incident voltage V e V

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 24

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
7. Reflection Coefficient
 . x  .x V  . x V  . x
I ( x )  I  .e  I  .e  e  e
Z0 Z0
 Current reflection coefficient is defined as
V

I  e x I  2 x Z 0 2 x
 I ( x)   x
 e  e  V ( x)
Ie I V
Z0
 It is enough to consider voltage coefficient only:

  V
V 2 l
 At Load: l  e
V
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 25
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
7. Reflection Coefficient – At Load -  l

V (l ) V e  l  V e l
V ZL   Z0
 At Load:    e2 l I (l ) V e  l  Ve l
l
V V e l
1
V e  l 1  ( l )
V (l )  V .e  .l  V .e .l Z L  Z0
Ve  l  Z0
1  ( l )
1    l
V  .l V  .l V e
I (l )  e  e
Z0 Z0 Z L  Z0
L  26
Z L  Z0
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 26
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
7. Reflection Coefficient – At any location x -  x
Source Reflected wave Incident wave Load

At load V 2 l
l  e
V
V 2 x V 2 ( l d ) V 2 l 2 d
At location x x  (l  d ) :  x  e  e  e .e
V V V
2 d
 x  l .e
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 27
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
7. Reflection Coefficient – Some special cases
 TL is terminated by Z0

Z L  Z0
(l )  0
Z L  Z0
 ( x)  (l ).e2 d  0 , x
There is no reflected wave

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 28

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
7. Reflection Coefficient – Some special cases
 TL is shorted

Z L  Z0
l   1
Z L  Z0
V e l l  l
l   V e  V e
V e  l
Incident and reflected voltages are out of phase V (l )  0


4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 29

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
7. Reflection Coefficient – Some special cases
 TL is opened

Z L  Z0
l   1   I (l )  1
Z L  Z0

 I e l   I  e l  I (l )  0

Incident and reflected currents are out of phase  I (l )  0

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 30

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
7. Reflection Coefficient – Some special cases
 TL is terminayed by reactance

jX L  R0
(l )    (l )  1
jX L  R0

Complete reflection at load

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 31

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
7. Reflection Coefficient – Presentation on a complex plane
Ref. wave Inc. wave Load
, where    j 
Source
 x  l .e2 d

 x  l .e2 d .e j 2  d
Towards Load
 Locus d  /2
with  = 0
2
 Locus 2 d  2 d
with  > 0 
2 
2  2
 2
Towards source

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 32

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
Source Load
V ( x)
Z ( x) 
I ( x)

V ( x )  V .e  . x  V .e . x
V  . x V  . x V 2 x
I ( x)  e  e x  e
Z0 Z0 V
V ( x) V .e  . x  V .e . x d  (l  x)
Z ( x)   Z0
I ( x) V .e  . x  V .e . x  x  l .e2 d
1  ( x ) Z L  Z0
 Z ( x)  Z0 ( l ) 
1  ( x ) Z L  Z0
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 33
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
1  ( x ) Using:
Z ( x)  Z0
1  ( x ) eu  e  u
ch(u) 
( Z L  Z 0 ) e d  ( Z L  Z 0 ) e   d 2
Z ( x)  Z0
( Z L  Z 0 ) e d  ( Z L  Z 0 ) e   d eu  e  u
sh(u) 
Z L ( e d  e   d )  Z 0 ( e  d  e   d ) 2
Z ( x)  Z0 sh(u) eu  e u
Z L ( e d  e   d )  Z 0 ( e  d  e   d ) th(u)   u u
ch(u) e  e
Z L .ch( d )  Z 0 .sh( d )
Z ( x)  Z0
Z L .sh( d )  Z 0 .ch( d )
Z L  Z 0 .th( d )
Z ( x)  Z0
Z 0  Z L .th( d )
Z L  Z0 1  ( x )
Or: ( l )   ( x )  (l ).e 2 d  Z ( x )  Z 0
Z L  Z0 1  ( x )34
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 34
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
 Lossless TL   j 

 Z 0  R0 , Soá thöïc
So: e j  d  e j  d
th( d )  th( j  d )  j d
e  e j  d
Using:
e  cos(u)  j sin(u)
ju

2 j sin( d )
 th( j  d )   j.tg( d )
2 cos( d )

Z L  j.R0 .tg (  d )
 Z ( x)  R0
R0  j.Z L .tg (  d )
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 35
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
Z L  j.Z 0 .tg (  d )
 Z L  Z0  Z ( x)  Z0  Z 0 , d or x
Z 0  j.Z L .tg (  d )

 Z L  j. X L
jX L  j.R0 .tg (  d )
 Z ( x )  R0 , Imaginary part
R0  X L .tg (  d )

 ZL  0
Z L  j.R 0 .tg(d)
 Z(x)  R 0  j.R 0 .tg(d)
R 0  j.Z L .tg(d)
 Z(x)  j.X(d) : pure react an ce
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 36
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
Z L  0  Z ( x)  j.R0.tg(  d )  j. X (d ) , pure reactance
Open

Shorted

Inductance

At load

Capacitance

 Shorted-circuit transmission lines can be used to realize inductors or

capacitors at specific frequencies  Distributed components
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 37
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance

 ZL  
Z L  j.R0 .tg (  d ) R0
 Z ( x )  R0 
R0  j.Z L .tg (  d ) j.tg (  d )
  j.R0 .cotg( d )
 Z ( x )  j. X ( d ) , pure reactance

 Opened-circuit transmission lines can be used to realize inductors or

capacitors at specific frequencies  Distributed components

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 38

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
Z L    Z ( x)   j.R0.cotg( d )  j. X (d ) , pure reactance

Noái taét
Shorted
Hôû
OpenMaïch
Inductance

At load

Capacitance

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 39

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
 Quarter-wavelength TL
R0 ZL

Zin

l
4
Z L  j. Z0 .tg (  l ) Z 02
Z in  Z0 Z in 
Z 0  j.Z L .tg (  l ) ZL
Z 02  Z 0  Z L .Z in
 Z in 
ZL Application for
impedance
If Z L    Z in  0 transformation
If Z L  0  Z in  
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 40
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
 Half-wavelength TL

Z0 ZL

Zin

l
2

Zin  Z L

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 41

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
 Reflection coefficient and line impedance
V .e . x
1
V .e . x  V .e . x V .e . x
Z ( x)  Z 0  . x  .x
 Z0  .x
V .e  V .e V .e
1
V .e . x

1  ( x )
 Z ( x)  Z 0
1  ( x )
Z ( x)  Z 0
 ( x) 
Z ( x)  Z 0
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 42
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
1
Y ( x)   G( x )  jB( x )
Z (x)
Z L  Z 0 .th( d )
From : Z ( x )  Z 0
Z 0  Z L .th( d )
1 Z 0  Z L .th( d )
 Y ( x)  .
Z 0 Z L  Z 0 .th( d )
1/ Y0  1/ YL .th( d )
 Y ( x)  Y0 .
1/ YL  1/ Y0 .th( d )
YL  Y0 .th( d )
 Y ( x)  Y0 .
Y0  YL .th( d )
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 43
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
9. Power Transmission on Transmission Lines
Steps to find V and V V ( x )  V .e  . x  V .e . x
Zl  Z0 V  . x V  . x
1. l  I ( x)  e  e
Zl  Z0 Z0 Z0
2 .L
2.  in   l .e
1   in
3. Z in  Z 0 Show that if Zs = Z0,
1   in then V+ = Es/2 ?
Z in
4. Vin  Vs
Z in  Zs
5. Vin  V  V  V (1   in )
Vin
6. V   V   in .V
1   in

 Voltage and Current Calculation

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 44
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
9. Power Transmission on Transmission Lines
Pt  . Re Vx . I x*  
1
2
1
2Z0
 
. Re V .e  . x  V .e . x  . V*.e  . x .e j . x  V_.e . x .e  j . x 

 2 
1 2 . x  2 j  . x  2 j . x 2 . x 
  V .V .e  V .V .e  V .e 
2
. Re  V .e
2Z0  
Re Im Re

 
 2 . x 

 
2
1 1 V .e
 2 . x
 V .e 2 . x  . V .e 2 . x .  1   2 2 . x 
2 2 2
. V .e
2Z0 2Z0  V .e 
 
 x 

1
2Z0
. V .e 2 . x . 1   x
2 2
  Source Ref Load

Pinc inc


 Pinc . 1   x
2
  Pinc  Pinc .  x
2

 Pinc  Pref
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 45
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
9. Power Transmission on Transmission Lines

2

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 46

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio
Source Reflected wave Incident wave Load

 . x  .x  . x
V ( x )  V e  Ve  V e (1   x )
 . x
V ( x )  V e 1  x
 Standing wave

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 47

 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio
Vx  V .e x  V .e . x  V .e  x 1   x  
 0
Vx  V .e  j x 1   x   Vx  V . 1   x
V .e x  V .e . x V  x V  j x V
Ix   .e 1   x  
 0
 I x  .e 1   x   I x  . 1   x
Z0 Z0 Z0 Z0

Towards Load

Vector Towards source

𝟏
𝑽𝒙 Ex.
= 𝑽3.13 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟏p86
+ 𝚪𝒙 = 𝑽+ 𝟏 + 𝚪𝑳 + 𝟐 𝚪𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜷𝒅 − 𝜽𝑳
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 48
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio

Vx  V .e x  V .e . x  V .e  x 1   x  

 0
Vx  V .e  j x 1   x   Vx  V . 1   x
V .e x  V .e . x V  x V  j x V
Ix   .e 1   x  
 0
 I x  .e 1   x   I x  . 1   x
Z0 Z0 Z0 Z0
𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝒙 = 𝑽+ 𝟏 + 𝚪𝒙 = 𝑽+ 𝟏 + 𝚪𝑳 + 𝟐 𝚪𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜷𝒅 − 𝜽𝑳

Vx  Vmax  V . 1  l  khi x  l Re   
Vx  Vmin  V . 1  l  khi x   l Re   

Vmax 1  l
VSWR  
Vmin 1  l
Ex. 3.13 p86
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 49
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio
tt ==
t=T/8
0T/4
3T/8
T/2

Incident,
reflected wave x

VMax
Total wave
x

  VMin
2 4
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 50
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio
V ( x)
I ( x)

Ex. 3.13 p86

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 51
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio
V ( x)
I ( x)

Ex. 3.13 p86

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 52
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
11. Practical Transmission Lines
 Prior to 1965 nearly all communication microwave equipment
utilized microwave tubes connected with coaxial lines or
waveguides.
 In recent years - with the advance of microwave solid-state
electronics and the introduction of microwave integrated circuits
(MIC) & monolithic RF/microwave integrated circuits
(RFIC/MMIC) - microstrip lines (), strip line, and coplanar-
waveguide (CPW) lines have been used extensively, on which solid-
state devices can be placed.

4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 53

Wave Guide

54
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 54
 55
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 55
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
11. Practical Transmission Lines

56
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 56
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
11. Practical Transmission Lines

57
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 57
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
11. Practical Transmission Lines

58
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 58
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
11. Practical Transmission Lines

59
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 59
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
11. Practical Transmission Lines

60
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 60
 Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
11. Practical Transmission Lines

61
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 61
Chapter 1: Transmission Line Theory
Problems

62
4/27/2020 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 62