SCIENCE 10 - QUARTER 4

MODULE 1: BEHAVIOR OF GASES

What I Need to Know

Air is a mixture of gases. Gases have properties which make different from liquids and solids.
Gas molecules are far apart and in constant motion in all direction. They can diffuse or go into any space
available. This is evident because you can smell the food prepared by your mother for your breakfast in
the kitchen and also perfume worn by a lady passing by.
The structure and behavior of gases can be explained in terms of Kinetic Molecular Theory of
gases. In this module, you will learn the different properties of gases and the kinetic molecular theory
which explain why and how do gases behave.
Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC)
Investigate the relationship between: (S9MT-IIj-20)
1. volume and pressure at constant temperature of a gas;
2. volume and temperature at constant pressure of a gas; and
3. explains these relationships using the kinetic molecular theory.

This module is divided into 2 lessons namely:

 Lesson 1: Properties of Gases
 Lesson 2: The Kinetic Molecular Theory
After using this module, you are expected to attain the following objectives:
1. Describe the properties of gases—mass, volume, temperature, and pressure.
2. Explain the properties of gases in terms of Kinetic Molecular Theory of gases.
3. Discuss the major concepts of the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
4. Describe the units of measurement used for mass, volume, temperature, and pressure
and convert from one unit to another.

What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. How would you describe the molecular composition of gases?
A. Close together and arranged in a regular pattern C. Far apart and randomly arranged
B. Close together and are irregularly arranged D. Close together and randomly arranged
2. All of these are properties of gases EXCEPT_____.
A. can conduct electricity C. can occupy greater space
B. can be compressed easily D. can move from one place to another randomly
3. All of the following proves that gas diffuses EXCEPT_____.
A. Toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke spread in a car.
B. The sweet fragrance of perfume spreads in a room.
C. The aroma of the coffee is confined in one corner of the room.
D. The CFC from aerosol spray reaches the upper atmosphere and destroys the ozone layer.

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4. As gas molecules collide, which will NOT happen?
A. They will explode. C. They gain their kinetic energies
B. They stick together. D. Their kinetic energies are conserved
5. Which of the following is NOT one of the principal assumptions of the Kinetic Molecular Theory?
A. A mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at STP.
B. Gas molecules have no attraction for one other.
C. All collisions of gaseous molecules are perfectly elastic.
D. The average kinetic energy for molecules is the same for all gases at the same temperature.
6. Which of the following is not equal to 1.00 atm pressure?
A. 760 cm Hg B. 29.9 in Hg C. 760 mm Hg D. 760 torr
7. Gaseous toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke spread in a room and affect smokers and non- smokers
alike. What property of gases best explains this?
A. Gases have high density.
B. Gases have weak intermolecular forces
C. Gases are highly compressible and exert pressure.
D. Gases are in constant motion and diffuse throughout space
8. Which of the following causes gas pressure?
A. Gas molecules heating up C. Gas molecules hitting the walls of a container
B. Gas molecules reacting with other gas molecules D. Gas molecules hitting other gas molecules
9. The following statements illustrate the kinetic theory of gases EXCEPT _____.
A. The gas molecules move slowly in all direction.
B. The distances between gas molecules are negligible.
C. The gas molecules do not interact except during collisions.
D. The gas molecules often collide with each other or with their container.
10. According to the kinetic-molecular theory, gases are highly compressible because the particles of
which they consist ______.
A. are very apart from each other. C. lose energy when they collide with each other.
B. experience a strong force of attraction. D. experience a strong force of repulsion.
11. The molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at:
A. 1oC and 1 atm B. 273oC and 0 atm C. 1 K and 0 atm D. 273 K and 1 atm
12. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of gases?
A. Very high density C. Relatively large distance between molecules
B. High kinetic energy of molecules D. Weak forces of attraction between molecules
13. Which is an example of gas diffusion?
A. Inflating a flat tire C. The odor of perfume spreading throughout a room
B. Air balloons float in air. D. A cylinder of oxygen stored under high pressure
14. What causes the increase of gas pressure inside a container?
A. More collision of gas particles C. Strong attraction between particles
B. Increasing the volume of the container D. Addition of the number of particles
15. The average kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to which of the following variables?
A. Vapor pressure C. Absolute temperature
B. Molar volume D. Gas density

Did you get most of the answers correctly? If not, the lessons that follow will help you
understand the concepts that you need to learn. Let’s start the adventure of learning!

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 LESSON 1 PROPERTIES OF GASES

Gases are essential to the existence of life on this planet. Could you imagine how you, including
plants and animals, can survive without air? The “thin blanket” of air or gases covering the Earth
(atmosphere) marks the difference between life and death. Remove it, and the Earth would be lifeless as
the moon’s surface, experiencing extremes of temperature during the day and night time. The hot daytime
temperature is enough to fry an egg and the cold night temperature can solidify a cup of coffee.
In this lesson, you will learn the non-measurable and measurable properties of gases.

What’s In

In your Science for Grade 8, you have explained the properties of solids, liquids, and gases based
on the particle nature of matter and the changes they undergo. Let us try to recall the molecules of matter
doing the activity below.
Task 1. 1. Let’s Compare!
Direction: Complete the table below by filling-up the correct properties of solid, liquids
and gases. Choose your answer inside the box.

Low Slightly weak Easily Very fast

Definite volume and shape Moves freely Closely packed

Property Solids Liquids Gases

Density Higher High (1)
Definite volume;
No definite volume and
Shape and volume follows the shape
(2) shape
of its container
Molecular Attraction Very strong (3) Very weak
Solubility Very slow Slow (4)
Moves in fixed
Motion (5) Very freely
position
Particle arrangement (6) Far from each other Very far from each other
Extremely
Compressibility difficult (7)
difficult
Well done! You are now ready for the new and more interesting topics.

What’s New

You must be familiar with the gas phase and many of its properties. Gases are the least compact
and most mobile of the three states of matter. Gas molecules move with very high velocities and have high
kinetic energy (KE). Because of the high velocities of their molecules, mixtures of gases are uniformly
distributed within the container in which they are confined.

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Task 1.2. Gas Properties
Objective: At the end of the activity, you should be able to identify the different properties of gases.
Direction: Put a check mark in the box after each of the following statements if you agree, and an

if you disagree. X
1. Air is a transparent material.
2. Gases like air are weightless.
3. Gases like air are colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
4. You could survive for a few weeks without food, a few days without water, but only few minutes without
air.
5. After walking for two hours, Maria was so thirsty that she drank a glass of water to the last drop. Is the
glass really empty?
6. Clean unpolluted air is a pure substance.
7. Atmospheric pressure goes on a downward direction only.
8. There is no limit to the amount of air that can be pumped into a bicycle tire.
9. Cold air tends to go downward.
10. Smoke and hot gases tend to go upward.

What is It

Properties of Gases
How do you know that your mother is cooking adobo? Its odor is all over the kitchen. Judging
from this observation, what can you say about the molecules of a gas?
There is very little attraction among the molecules of the gas. This explains why they fill up all
the available spaces. The molecules of gases move fast and in all directions. The aroma of adobo is carried
by the molecules of air all over the kitchen and perhaps even in the living room and yard.
The following are the general properties of gases:
a. Gases have no fixed size or shape.
Gases have no definite size or shape. They will fill any container they are placed in.
b. Diffusibility.
Another property of gases is its ability to diffuse or intermingle with the molecules of other substances.
This property is called diffusibility. When your mother is cooking “bagoong”, what do you observe?
You can smell the cooked bagoong with sauted garlic at a distance, right? This is because the molecules
of the sauted garlic in bagoong mingled with the molecules of the air.
c. Compressibility
Gases can be compressed (reduced in volume) when pressure is applied on it due to the large
amount of space between the molecules. In fact, when a gas is compressed, the molecules are simply
force a little closer together and have less space between them. When you sit on an inflated balloon or
on a rubber ball, the ball is compressed.
d. Low Density
Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids. Again, this is due to the larger amount
of space between the molecules of a gas. Due to the low densities of gases, they are generally measured

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 in grams per liter rather than grams per milliliter or grams per cubic centimeter. Also, the density of a
gas varies greatly with changes in temperature and pressure.
e. Expansibility
A gas increases or decreases in volume as the temperature rises or falls. In other words, a gas
expands or contracts as it becomes warm or cold. When a dough of ‘pandesal’ is placed in an oven, it
expands.
f. Gases have mass and volume.
The volume of a gas is equal to the volume of the container since a gas completely
fills its container. The mass of a gas This is observable if we compare two basketballs, one
without air inside it and the other one with air inside. The one with air has greater mass and
the empty space inside the ball is occupied with air.
g. Gases exerts pressure.
The fast – moving molecules of a gas hit the walls of the container. As they do, they exert pressure
on the walls of the container proportional to their velocity and mass. The pressure of a gas in a confined
space (that is, inside the container) is the push of the molecules of the gas against a unit area of the wall
of the container. When you fill a tire with air, it exerts pressure on the inner wall of the tire . The air
outside the tire also exerts pressure on it.
Aside from the non-measurable properties of gases, when you study a gas, you have to describe,
measure, and relate the following properties: pressure P, volume V, temperature T, and the amount of gas
involved usually expressed as the number of moles (n).
Measurable Properties of Gases
1. Temperature – is the measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules. The standard temperature is
273 K.
2. Pressure – is defined as force exerted per unit area.(N/m2). The standard pressure is 760 mm Hg at oC
at sea level
3. Volume – is defined as the amount of space an object occupies. One (1) mole of a gas occupies a volume
of 22.4 liters.
4. Amount of Gases - is equal to the number of moles (n)

The table below shows the SI units and their equivalents.

Measurement SI units Equivalent to other units

Pressure mmHg, atmosphere (atm), Pascal 1 atmosphere = 760 mm Hg
(Pa) = 760 torr
= 101325 Pa
Volume Liter (L), milliliter (ml), cubic 1 liter = 1000 ml
centimeter (cm3) , cubic deciliter = 1000 cm3
(dm3) = 1 dm3
Temperature Kelvin (K), Celsius (oC), K = oC +273 o
C = K- 273
Fahrenheit (oF) o
F= 9/5 oC + 32
o
C = 5/9 (oF – 32)
Amount of Gas mole 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 particles

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 What’s More

Task 1.3 Using the information from the table, kindly convert the following units:

1.) 5.2 atm = ________ mmHg 4.) 7.5 moles = _______ atoms
2.) 373 K = __________ oC 5.) 550oF = ________K
3.) 5000 ml = _______ cm3

Task 1.4 Knowing the Properties of Gases

A. Direction: Identify the property of a gas described in each situation.
(expansibility, compressibility, diffusibility and low density)

1. Gases are stored in sturdy, metallic container. 6. Helium gas is used to inflate toy balloons.
2. Empty can should not be place in a flame. 7. Use of air freshener in cars and offices.
3. Use of pressure cooker in cooking meat. 8. Use of gas tank by scuba divers
4. The sweetness of perfume spreads in a room. 9. Air balloons float in air.
5. Tire of vehicles burst out during travel on hot days. 10. Do not shake a can of soft drink before
opening.

B. Direction Indicate the measurable property of a gas described in each of the

following:
1.) 500 torr 4.) 6 moles 7.) 1520 Pa 10.) 355 mmHg
2.) 390 K 5.) 1200 cm3 8.) 1.203 x 10 24 atoms
3.) 7.0 L 6.) 78 oF 9.) 100oC

LESSON 2 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES

The kinetic molecular theory (KMT) of gases describes the behavior of molecules of gases.
Through the KMT of gases, we can explain logically what happens at the molecular level that results to
the changes that we observe in the macroscopic level.
In this lesson, you will understand how and why gas molecules behaves when some condition
changes

What’s In

In lesson 1, you have the different properties of gases. Let’s have a review by answering the
following activity:
Task 2.1 The Ability of Gases
Direction: Rearrange the scrambled letters to reveal the correct answer being described by the following
sentences
________1. A gas spreads throughout the space available to it. FINFUSDIO
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________2. A gas can be reduced in volume when pressure is applied. RECOMPSSIBTYILI
________3. A gas increases or decreases in volume as the temperature rises or falls. PAEXNSITIBLIY
________4. A gas spreads out even when another gas is present and they will mix completely in a confined
space. SIDIFFYUBILIT
________5. A gas readily combines with other gases or liquids. SOBLUYLIT

What’s New

Gases are the least compact and most mobile of the three states of matter. Gas molecules move
with very high velocities and have high kinetic energy (KE). Because of high velocities of their molecules,
mixtures of gases are uniformly distributed within the container in which they are confined .
Before going to the next lesson, let us read and understand the following poem, then answer the
questions that follow.

The Kinetic Molecular Theory

Poem by iScientist14
We have learned the different gas properties,
Now we have come to Kinetic Molecular Theory.
Its postulates we will discuss,
To understand more the behavior of gas.

The theory states that gas particles are in constant motion,

And exhibit perfectly elastic collisions.
It is used to explain both Charles’ and Boyle’s Laws,
The laws of gases we studied before.

According to the postulates,

Gases are composed of large number of particles.
The particles of gas exert no attractive forces,
Either on each other or on the walls of the containers.

The molecules are in constant random motion,

Collisions with the walls of the container will transfer more momentum.
The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules,
Is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

The Kinetic-Molecular Theory is also known,

As "the theory of moving molecules."
Now we understand how gas behaves,
And why matter exists in different phases.

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Guide Questions:
Q1. What does the poem tell us about?
Q2. What are postulates of the kinetic molecular theory?
Q3. How does the theory describe the behavior of gases?

What is It

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of Gases

The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases (also described as the theory of moving molecules) is a
model that helps us visualize what happens to gas particles as experimental condition changes. This theory
was formulated by Ludwig Boltzmann , James Clark Maxwelland their coworkers to explain the observed
properties or behavior of gases.

The five postulates to the Kinetic Theory are as follows:

1. Gases are composed of molecules whose size is negligible compared to the average
distance between them.
The volume of all the gas particles is negligible compared to the total volume in which the gas is
contained. Most of the volume of a gas is empty space.

2. Molecules move randomly in straight lines in all directions and at various speeds.
The gas molecules have high translational energy. The molecules bumped against each other and
against the wall of the container.

3. The forces of attraction or repulsion between two molecules in a gas are very weak or
negligible, except when they collide.
This means that he gas molecules act independently of one another.

4. When molecules collide with one another or with a container wall, the collisions are
perfectly elastic.
This means that when gas molecules collide, somewhat like billiard balls, there is no loss of
kinetic energy.

5. The average kinetic energy of a molecule is directly proportional to the absolute temperature (Kelvin).
The greater the temperature, the greater the average motion of the molecules and the greater their
average kinetic energy.

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Observed Properties of Gases and the Assumptions of the KMT

Observed Properties Assumptions of the KMT

1. Gases occupy space and has 1. Gases are made up of tiny particles of matter called molecules.
mass Molecules have mass.
2. Gases do not have definite 2. Attractive forces between molecules of gases are very small
shape nor volume. They because they are very far from one another. Molecules can move
expand to fill-up the space freely. They can move as far as the space allow them.
available.
3. Molecules of gases are constantly moving. They bump against
each other and against the wall of the container. Each bump against
3. Gases exert pressure
the walls exert force on the wall. The combination of these forces
is the pressure of the gas on the wall.
4. The average kinetic energy of an ideal gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature. As the temperature of a
4. Gas has temperature. gas rises, the average velocity of the molecules will increase.
Collisions with the walls of the container will transfer more
momentum, and thus more kinetic energy, to the walls

What’s More

Task 2.3 WORD SEARCH

Direction: Look for the 10 terms related to KMT found in the word grid. Look for them in all
directions including diagonally and backwards. Clues are given below.

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

1-2. The A_ ___kinetic energy of a molecule is E M A V E R A G E R

proportional to the absolute T_________.
3. Gases are composed of M _______ whose size is
G O H L O P U C R A
negligible compared to the average distance Q L X O T K I B Y N
between them.
4-5. Molecules move R ______ in straight lines in T E M P E T U R E D
all directions and at various S ____.
U C S G S Y O J E O
6-7. When molecules collide with one another, the
collisions are E _____; no kinetic energy is L___. L U I A P L C E H M
8-9. The forces of attraction or R________ between
two molecules in a gas are very weak or M L L K Y O P E I L
negligible, except when they undergo R E P U L S I O N Y
C___________.
O S V E R T I C A L
S N O I S I L L O C

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 What Have I Learned

Let’s summarize what you have learned in this module. Fill-in the blanks with the correct answers.
Gas is a state of matter which has no (1) ___________ shape or size. The (2) _________ of a gas
can be measured by the space it occupies. The molecular attraction of gas is very (3) ____________ thus,
creating a great distance between its molecules. Gases also have (4) ____________ attractive force. The
spreading of gas molecules in a given space is called (5) ______________. The ability of gas to reduce in
volume when pressure is applied is called (6) ________________. A gas increases or decreases in volume
as the temperature rises or falls. This property of a gas is called (7) __________.
The (8) __________________ Theory of Gases is the basis for the physical properties of gases.
This theory is based on the following postulates: a) The molecules of a gas are extremely (9)
____________. b) Gas particles are in constant, (10) ______________ motion. C) The average
(11)___________ of a collection of gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of
the gas. d) Attractive and (12) __________ forces do not exist among molecules.

What I Can Do

Direction: Explain the following in terms of the kinetic molecular theory.

1. A tire becomes warm when air is being pumped to it.
2. Heat is applied to an airtight vaporizer.
3. A gas has low density.
4. Air freshener is used in an air-conditioned room.

Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The average kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to which of the
following variables?
A. Vapor pressure B. Molar volume C. Absolute temperature D. Gas density
2. The molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at:
A. 1oC and 1 atm B. 273oC and 0 atm C. 1 K and 0 atm D. 273 K and 1 atm
3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of gases?
A. Very high density C. Relatively large distance between molecules
B. High kinetic energy of molecules D. Weak forces of attraction between molecules

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4. Which is an example of gas diffusion?
A. Inflating a flat tire C. The odor of perfume spreading throughout a room
B. Air balloons float in air. D. A cylinder of oxygen stored under high pressure
5. What causes the increase of gas pressure inside a container?
A. More collision of gas particles C. Strong attraction between particles
B. Increasing the volume of the container D. Addition of the number of particles
6. How would you describe the molecular composition of gases?
A. Close together and arranged in a regular pattern C. Far apart and randomly arranged
B. Close together and are irregularly arranged D. Close together and randomly arranged
7. All of these are properties of gases EXCEPT _____.
A can conduct electricity D. can occupy greater space.
B. can be compressed easily C. can move from one place to another randomly
8. All of the following proves that gas diffuses EXCEPT _____.
A. Toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke spread in a car.
B. The sweet fragrance of perfume spreads in a room.
C. The aroma of the coffee is confined in one corner of the room.
D. The CFC from aerosol spray reaches the upper atmosphere and destroys the ozone layer.
9. As gas molecules collide, which will not happen?
A. They will explode. C. They gain their kinetic energies
B. They stick together D. Their kinetic energies are conserved
10. Which of the following is NOT one of the principal assumptions of the Kinetic Molecular Theory?
A. A mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at STP.
B. Gas molecules have no attraction for one other.
C. All collisions of gaseous molecules are perfectly elastic.
D. The average kinetic energy for molecules is the same for all gases at the same temperature.
11. Which of the following is not equal to 1.00 atm pressure?
A. 760 cm Hg B. 29.9 in Hg C. 760 mm Hg D. 760 torr
12. Gaseous toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke spread in a room and affect smokers and non- smokers
alike. What property of gases best explains this?
A. Gases have high density.
B. Gases have weak intermolecular forces
C. Gases are highly compressible and exert pressure.
D. Gases are in constant motion and diffuse throughout space
13. Which of the following causes gas pressure?
A. Gas molecules heating up
B. Gas molecules reacting with other gas molecules
C. Gas molecules hitting the walls of a container
D. Gas molecules hitting other gas molecules
14. The following statements illustrate the kinetic theory of gases EXCEPT_____.
A. The gas molecules move slowly in all direction.
B. The distances between gas molecules are negligible.
C. The gas molecules do not interact except during collisions.
D. The gas molecules often collide with each other or with their container.

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Lesson 1
What’s In
1.low 6. Closely packed Lesson 2
2. definite volume and shape 7. easily Task 2.1
3. slightly weak 1. Diffusion 4. Diffusibility
4. very fast 2. Compressibility 5. Solubility
5. move freely 3. Expansibility
Task 2.2 answers may vary
What’s New Task 2.3
1. X 6. X 1. Average 6. elastic
2. X 7. X 2. Temperature 7. lost
3. / 8. X 3. Molecule 8. repulsion
4. / 9. / 4. Random 9. collision
5. X 10. / 5. Space
What’s More Assessment
Task 1.3 Task 1.4 1. C 6. C 11. B
1. 3952 mmHg A. 1. Compressibility 2. D 7. A 12. A
2.100oC 2. Expansibility 3. A 8. C 13. C
3. 5000 cm3 3. Compressibility 4. C 9. B 14. A
4. 4.515 x 10 24 4. Diffusibility 5. A 10. A 15. A
5. 560.8 K 5. Expansibility
B. 1. Pressure 6. Low density What I Know
2. Temperature 7. Diffusibility 1. C 6. B 11. D
3. Volume 8. Low Density 2. A 7. D 12. A
4. Mole 9. Low Density 3. C 8. C 13. D
5. Volume 10. Expansibility 4. B 9. A 14. A
6. Temperature 5. A 10. A 15. C
7. Pressure 9. Temperature
8. Mole 10. Pressure
Answer Key
D. experience a strong force of repulsion.
C. lose energy when they collide with each other.
B. experience a strong force of attraction.
A. are very apart from each other.
which they consist ______.
15. According to the kinetic-molecular theory, gases are highly compressible because the particles of