Chapter 2 Homework Solution

P2.2-1, 2, 5
P2.4-1, 3, 5, 6, 7
P2.5-1, 3, 5
P2.6-2, 5
P2.7-1, 4
P2.8-1
P2.9-1

P 2.2-1 An element has voltage v and current i as

shown in Figure P 2.2-1a. Values of the current i and
corresponding voltage v have been tabulated as shown
in Figure P 2.2-1b. Determine if the element is linear.

Figure P 2.2-1
Solution:
The element is not linear. For example, doubling the current from 2 A to 4 A does not double the voltage.
Hence, the property of homogeneity is not satisfied.

P 2.2-2 A linear element has voltage v and current i as

shown in Figure P 2.2-2a. Values of the current i and
corresponding voltage v have been tabulated as shown in
Figure P 2.2-2b. Represent the element by an equation that
expresses v as a function of i. This equation is a model of
the element. (a) Verify that the model is linear. (b) Use the
model to predict the value of v corresponding to a current
of i = 40 mA. (c) Use the model to predict the value of i Figure P 2.2-2a
corresponding to a voltage of v = 4 V.
Hint: Plot the data. We expect the data points to lie on a straight line. Obtain a linear model of the element
by representing that straight line by an equation.

Solution:
(a) The data points do indeed lie on a straight line. The slope of the line is 0.12 V/A and the line
passes through the origin so the equation of the line is v = 0.12 i . The element is indeed linear.
(b) When i = 40 mA, v = (0.12 V/A)×(40 mA) = (0.12 V/A)×(0.04 A) = 4.8 mV
3
=
(c) When v = 3 V, i = 25 A
0.12
P 2.2-5 The circuit shown in Figure P 2.3-5
consists of a current source, a resistor, and
element A.

Consider three cases.

Figure P 2.3-5
(a) When element A is a 40-Ω resistor, described by i = v / 40, then the circuit is represented by
v v
=
0.4 +
10 40
Determine the values of v and i. Notice that the above equation has a unique solution.
(b) When element A is a nonlinear resistor described by i = v2 / 2, then the circuit is represented by
v v2
=
0.4 +
10 2
Determine the values of v and i. In this case there are two solutions of the above equation.
Nonlinear circuits exhibit more complicated behavior than linear circuits.
v2
(c) When element A is a nonlinear resistor described by i = 0.8 + , then the circuit is described by
2
2
v v
0.4 = + 0.8 +
10 2
Show that this equation has no solution. This result usually indicates a modeling problem.
At least one of the three elements in the circuit has not been modeled accurately.

Solution:
v v v
(a) 0.4 = + = ⇒ v = 3.2 V
10 40 8
v
=
i = 0.08 A
40
v v2 v
0.4 = + ⇒ v 2 + − 0.8 = 0
(b) 10 2 5

−0.2 ± 1.8
Using the quadratic formula =v = 0.8, − 1.0 V
2
( −1)
2
0.82
=
When v = 0.8 V then i = 0.32 A . When v = -1.0 V then
= i = 0.5 A .
2 2
2
v v v
(c) 0.4 = + 0.8 + ⇒ v 2 + + 0.8 = 0
10 2 5

−0.2 ± 0.04 − 3.2

Using the quadratic formula v=
2
So there is no real solution to the equation.

P 2.4-1 A current source and a resistor are connected in

series in the circuit shown in Figure P 2.4-1. Elements
connected in series have the same current, so i = is in this
circuit. Suppose that is = 3 A and R = 7 Ω. Calculate the
voltage v across the resistor and the power absorbed by the
resistor.
Answer: v = 21 V and the resistor absorbs 63 W. Figure P 2.4-1

Solution:
i= is= 3 A and v = R i = 7 × 3 = 21 V
v and i adhere to the passive convention
∴ P = v i = 21 × 3 = 63 W
is the power absorbed by the resistor.

P 2.4-3 A voltage source and a resistor are connected in

parallel in the circuit shown in Figure P 2.4-3. Elements
connected in parallel have the same voltage, so v = vs in this
circuit. Suppose that vs = 10 V and R = 5 Ω. Calculate the
current i in the resistor and the power absorbed by the
resistor.
Answer: i = 2 A and the resistor absorbs 20 W. Figure P 2.4-3

Solution:
v= vs =10 V and R= 5 W
v 10
=
i = = 2 A
R 5
v and i adhere to the passive convention
∴ p =v i =2⋅10 =20 W
is the power absorbed by the resistor

P 2.4-5 A voltage source and two resistors are connected

in parallel in the circuit shown in Figure P 2.4-5. Elements
connected in parallel have the same voltage, so v1 = vs and
v2 = vs in this circuit. Suppose that vs = 150 V, R1 = 50 Ω,
and R2 = 25 Ω. Calculate the current in each resistor and the
power absorbed by each resistor.
Hint: Notice the reference directions of the resistor currents. Figure P 2.4-5
Answer: i1 = 3 A and i2 = –6 A. R1 absorbs 450 W and R2 absorbs 900 W.
Solution:
v=
1 v=
2 v=
s 150 V;
R1 =50 Ω; R2 =25 Ω
v 1 and i1 adhere to the passive convention so
v 1 150
=
i1 = = 3A
R 1 50
v 150
v2 and i 2 do not adhere to the passive convention so i 2 =
− 2 =
− =
−6 A
R2 25
The power absorbed by R1 is P1 = v1 i1 = 150 ⋅ 3= 450 W
The power absorbed by R 2 is P 2 =− v 2i 2 =−150(−6) =900 W

P 2.4-6 A current source and two resistors are connected in

series in the circuit shown in Figure P 2.4-6. Elements
connected in series have the same current, so i1 = is and i2 = is
in this circuit. Suppose that is = 2 A, R1 = 4 Ω, and R2 = 8 Ω.
Calculate the voltage across each resistor and the power
absorbed by each resistor.
Hint: Notice the reference directions of the resistor voltages. Figure P 2.4-6
Answer: v1 = –8 V and v2 = 16 V. R1 absorbs 16 W and R2 absorbs 32 W.

Solution:
i1 =
i2 =
is =25 mA and R1 =
4 W and R2 =
8W
v1 and i1 do not adhere to the passive convention so
v1 = −4 ( 0.025 ) =
− R1 i1 = −0.1 V.
The power absorbed by R1 is
P1 =−v1 i1 =−(−0.1)(0.025) =2.5 mW.

=
v 2 and i 2 do adhere to the passive convention so v 2 R=
2 i2 8 ( 0.025
= ) 0.2 V.
=
The power absorbed by R 2 is P2 v=
2 i 2 =(0.2)(0.025) 5 mW.

P 2.4-7 An electric heater is connected to a constant 250-V source and absorbs 1000 W. Subsequently,
this heater is connected to a constant 210-V source. What power does it absorb from the 210-V source?
What is the resistance of the heater?
Hint: Model the electric heater as a resistor.
Solution:
v2 v2 (250)2
Model the heater as a resistor, then from P =⇒ R = = = 62.5 W
R P 1000
v 2 (220)2
with a 220 V source =
P = = 774.4 W
R 62.5

P 2.5-1 A current source and a voltage source are connected

in parallel with a resistor as shown in Figure P 2.5-1. All of the
elements connected in parallel have the same voltage, vs in this
circuit. Suppose that vs = 15 V, is = 3 A, and R = 5 Ω. (a)
Calculate the current i in the resistor and the power absorbed by
the resistor. (b) Change the current source current to is = 5 A
and recalculate the current, i, in the resistor and the power
absorbed by the resistor. Figure P 2.5-1
Answer: i = 3 A and the resistor absorbs 45 W both when is = 3
A and when is = 5 A.

Solution:
vs 15
(a) i= = = 3 A and P= R i= 5 ( 3) =
2 2
45 W
R 5
(b) i and P do not depend on is .
=
The values of i and P are 3 A and 45 W, both when i s 3=
A and when i s 5 A.

P 2.5-3 The current source and voltage source in the circuit

shown in Figure P 2.5-3 are connected in parallel so that they
both have the same voltage, vs. The current source and voltage
source are also connected in series so that they both have the
same current, is. Suppose that vs = 12 V and is = 3 A. Calculate
the power supplied by each source.
Answer: The voltage source supplies –36 W, and the current Figure P 2.5-3
source supplies 36 W.
Solution:
Consider the current source:
i s and v s do not adhere to the passive convention,
so Pcs =
i sv s =
3 ⋅12 =36 W
is the power supplied by the current source.

Consider the voltage source:

i s and v s do adhere to the passive convention,
so Pvs =i s vs =
3 ⋅12 =36 W
is the power absorbed by the voltage source.
∴ The voltage source supplies −36 W.

P 2.5-5
(a) Find the power supplied by the voltage source shown in
Figure P 2.5-5 when for t ≥ 0 we have
v = 2 cos t V
Figure P 2.5-5
and i =10 cos t mA
(b) Determine the energy supplied by this voltage source for
the period 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 s.

Solution:
= v=
(a) P i (2 cos t ) (10 cos t=
) 20 cos 2 t mW
1
1 1 
∫0 P dt =
∫0 20 cos t dt = 20 2 t + 4 sin 2t 
1 1
(b) w = 2
=
10 + 5 sin 2 mJ
0

P 2.6-2 The current source in Figure P 2.6-2 supplies 40 W. What values do the meters in Figure P 2.6-2
read?
 Figure P 2.6-2
Solution:
The voltmeter current is zero so the ammeter current is equal to the current source current except for the
reference direction:
i = -2 A
The voltage v is the voltage of the current source. The power supplied by the current source is
40 W so
40 = 2 v ⇒ v = 20 V
 P 2.6-5 The voltmeter in Figure P 2.6-5a
measures the voltage across the current
source. Figure P 2.6-5b shows the circuit
after removing the voltmeter and labeling
the voltage measured by the voltmeter as
vm. Also, the other element voltages and
currents are labeled in Figure P 2.6-5b.
Given that
12 =vR + vm and − iR =is =2 A
and vR = 25 iR
(a) Determine the value of the voltage
measured by the meter.
(b) Determine the power supplied by
each element.

Figure P 2.6-5

Solution:
a.)
vR =25 i R =25 ( −2 ) =−50 V

v m = 12 − v R = 12 − ( −50 ) = 62 V

b.)
Element Power supplied
voltage source
( ) −12 ( 2 ) =
−12 i s = −24 W
current source 62 ( 2 ) = 124 W
resistor −v R × i R =− ( −50 )( −2 ) =−100 W
total 0
P 2.7-1 The ammeter in the circuit shown in Figure P 2.7-1 indicates that ia = 2 A, and the voltmeter
indicates that vb = 8 V. Determine the value of r, the gain of the CCVS.
Answer: r = 4 V/A

Figure P 2.7-1
Solution:

vb 8
r= = = 4 Ω
ia 2

P 2.7-4 The voltmeters in the circuit shown in Figure P 2.7-4 indicate that va = 2 V and vb = 8 V.
Determine the value of b, the gain of the VCVS.
Answer: b = 4 V/V

Figure P 2.7-4
Solution:
vb 8 V
va= 2 V ; b va= vb= 8 V ; b= = = 4
va 2 V
P 2.8-1 For the potentiometer circuit of Figure 2.8-2, the current source current and potentiometer
resistance are 1.1 mA and 100 kΩ, respectively. Calculate the required angle, θ, so that the measured
voltage is 23 V.

Figure 2.8-2

θ 360 v
= 75.27°
(360)(23 V)
Solution: a= , θ = m=
360 R i (100 kΩ)(1.1 mA)
p

P 2.9-1 Determine the current, i, at t = 1 s

and at t = 4 s for the circuit of Figure P 2.9-1.

Figure P 2.9-1
Solution:
At t = 1 s the left switch is open and the
right switch is closed so the voltage
across the resistor is 10 V.

v 10
i= = = 2 mA
R 5×103

At t = 4 s the left switch is closed and the right switch is open so the voltage across the resistor is 15 V.
v 15
i= = = 3 mA
R 5×103