Intellectual Revolutions that

Defined Society

3
Title of the lesson: Game Changers: Copernicus, Darwin, & Freud
Time frame: 3 hour

INTRODUCTION

This lesson will enlighten us on the development of science and how it transformed
our community. How the ideas metamorphosed us, the discoveries brought about by
the curious minds of humanity.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Discussed the postulated of Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud

2. Develop a timeline of events for the said Intellectual Revolutionaries in terms of
the development of science and technology
3. Identify science in various areas such as an idea, body of knowledge,
education, art, and intellectual activity, a social endeavor, as a subject, and
personal and social action.
PRE-TEST

True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if False.

_____1. Science, as an idea, explains how things are working and the truth behind
a specific phenomenon using the scientific method.

_____2. Science as an intellectual activity includes a methodological and

pragmatic study of the natural world.

_____3. Science as a body of knowledge is a subject or discipline that deals with

the natural world

_____4. As a personal and social activity, science explains that science

encompasses being knowledge and activities practiced by men to understand the
natural world.

_____5. Science, as an art, is an expression of the products produced.

_____6. Science as credulity is a tendency to be too ready to believe that

something is real or true.

_____7. Science is an education doing development in the community

_____8. Nicolaus Copernicus is a proponent of the Heliocentric model

_____9. Charles Darwin published the book The Origin of Species in 1589.

____10. Sigmund Freud is the proponent of psychosexual development theory.

 Intellectual Revolutionists

Figure 1.0. Intellectual Revolutionists (L to R) Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud)

DISCUSSION

We often talk about heroes who died for freedom. Indeed, our history will tell that—
same thing today of our modern heroes like our front medical liners facing the bites of
CoVID-19. Moreover, the same goes for the heroes in the field of science who went
against the flow.

These people were intellectual revolutionists because they were able to correct prior
knowledge and break the monotony of life, which was bold and controversial. But let
us talk about how they with technical science ideas. Let us see different perspectives
on what science is.

Science as an idea includes ideas and theories available in methodological

explanations according to the natural and physical environment.

Science as an intellectual activity involves studying the physical and natural world
systematically and pragmatically through analyses and experimentations.

Science as a discipline explains the how’s and what’s of the world. It is science as a
subject.

Science, as a personal and people's activity, explains that it encompasses being

knowledge and activities practiced by men to understand the natural world.

Science as credulity is a tendency to be too ready to believe that something is real or

genuine.
Science, as an art, is an expression of the products produced.

Intellectual Revolutionist

The following science men were in the center of the limelight during their own
time. We will highlight some of their contributions and see what revolutionizes the
world of science by then.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Facts about Copernicus

1. One of the Renaissance men

2. Ideas on the thought experiment
3. Appointed as a canon at Frombork
Cathedral in Poland
4. Influenced by the Book of Johannes
Mueller
5. Authored Commentariolus (Little
Commentary)
6. Nicolas Copernicus' book De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the
Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres) is the start
of the scientific revolution photo from google images

In his book, he introduced two kinds of planetary motion:

1. The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the Earth's realm, thus, closer to
the sun.
2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth's orbit, thus farther
from the sun.

In his postulate, one of the problems in the Copernican model was the position of the
stars, which is not in a fixed position. Although the Copernican model was a great help,
it was said to be heretic and unacceptable to the Catholics. It was banned and ignored
by Rome for the entire 16th century.

During his lifetime, the geocentric model was the rule, meaning the sun and
planets around the Earth, and Earth itself was the center of the universe.
Charles Darwin

Facts about Darwin

1. Famous for his Theory of Evolution

2. Shrewsbury School where he was
inspired to study natural history
3. Took a 5-year voyage in
Galapagos Islands through HMS
Beagle
4. Published Darwin's book The
Origin of the Species in 1589
5. His book The Descent of Man was
very controversial

The contribution of Darwin in the field of

Natural Science is undeniably impressive and
vital. Until now, he was still the man to deal
with on evolution. Having apes as the
descendants of men today is such a controversy until today. What is your side of the
story?
photo from google images

Sigmund Freud

Facts about Freud

1. Famous in the Field of Psychology

2. A proponent of psychosexual
development theory
3. Psychoanalysis
4. He examined frog brains
5. Believed that our base urges were
sexual
6. Most of our personalities come from
our desire.
photo from google image

Even though Freud dealt with specific controversial issues such as sex, it changes the
paradigm of many to be open and be on the pursuit of the real objective of education.
Although he was born in the latter period of a scientific revolution, his theories remain
valuable and sensible in psychology or science.
THINK ABOUT THIS #1

Direction: Using the Venn diagram suggested hereunder, try to write down the
primary postulate contributed by the following men of science. (Darwin, Copernicus,
Freud). In the last circle, write a concluding statement that made it an eye-opener for
humanity.

Direction: Write a short reflection on the works of Darwin, Copernicus, and Freud.

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THINK ABOUT THIS #2

Direction: If you have a chance to contribute a postulate or even an invention that

will revolutionize science, what would that be? Write a scientific claim about your
proposal.

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SUMMARY

In this lesson, you have learned various postulates contributed by Freud, Darwin, and
Copernicus.

Darwin posited the evolution of man. Freud contributed to the psychosexual stages of
development that point out sexual desires and behavior. Lastly, Copernicus
contradicted the Catholics during that time with his postulate that the sun is the center
of the universe.

REFLECTION

As we’ve seen in the examples of Freud, Darwin, and Copernicus, uncovering science,
no matter how great your discoveries are, sometimes come with skeptics and
controversies.

Have you been in the same position in the past? Explain your answer.

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SUGGESTED READINGS AND WEBSITES

 http://www.flowofhistory.com.readings
 Flowcharts/revival-west/the-age-enlightenment
 http://hti.osu.ed/scientific revolution/lessonplans

GLOSSARY

Credulity the readiness or willingness to believe, especially on slight or uncertain

evidence

Natural Science any of the sciences (such as physics, chemistry, or biology) that deal
with the matter, energy, and their interrelations and transformations or
with objectively measurable phenomena

Psychoanalysis a method of analyzing psychic phenomena and treating emotional

disorders that involves treatment sessions during which the patient is
encouraged to talk freely about personal experiences and especially
about early childhood and dreams

Renaissance is a movement or period of vigorous artistic and intellectual activity

ANSWER KEY

Pre-test
8. T
1. T 9. T
2. T 10. T
3. T
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. T
REFERENCES

10 Things About Sigmund Freud You’ll Wish You Hadn’t Learned. (n.d.). Psychology Today.

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-bejeezus-out-me/201512/10-things-

about-sigmund-freud-youll-wish-you-hadnt-learned

Bradford, A. (2017, August 4). What Is Science? Live Science.

https://www.livescience.com/20896-science-scientific-method.html

C. (2020, April 30). When science meets art. Cosmos Magazine.

https://cosmosmagazine.com/society/when-science-meets-art

Croxford, L. (2002). What are the Purposes of Science Education. Participation In Science,

Engineering And Technology At School And In Higher Education, 1.

http://www.ces.ed.ac.uk/PDF%20Files/SSLS_science.pdf

History.com Editors. (2019, October 24). Nicolaus Copernicus. HISTORY.

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/nicolaus-copernicus

Redd, N. T. (2018, March 20). Nicolaus Copernicus Biography: Facts & Discoveries. Space.

https://www.space.com/15684-nicolaus-copernicus.html

Searching for the origins of life: Charles Darwin. (n.d.). ESA.

https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Searching_for_the_origins_o

f_life_Charles_Darwin