Secure Coding Practices

Input Validation

 Conduct all data validation on a trusted system (example: The server)

 Identify all data sources and classify them into trusted and untrusted. Validate all data
from untrusted sources (e.g. file streams, web service calls etc.)

 It is recommended to have centralised input validation routine for the application.

 Specify proper character sets, such as UTF-8, for all sources of input

 Encode data to a common character set before validating (Canonicalize); this is to

reduce various encodings and representations of data to a single simple form

 All validation failures should result in input rejection

 Determine if the system supports UTF-8 extended character sets and if so, validate after
UTF-8 decoding is completed

 Validate all client provided data before processing, including all parameters, URLs and
HTTP header content (example: Cookie names and values). Be sure to include
automated post backs from JavaScript, Flash or other embedded code.

 Verify that header values in both requests and responses contain only ASCII characters

 Validate data from redirects (An attacker may submit malicious content directly to the
target of the redirect, thus circumventing application logic and any validation performed
before the redirect)

 Validate for expected data types, data range and data length

 Validate all input against “White List” Or “Black List”, whichever is appropriate. However
White list approach is recommended for input validation

 If any potentially hazardous characters must be allowed as input, be sure that you
implement additional controls like output encoding, secure task specific APIs and
accounting for the utilization of that data throughout the application . Examples of
common hazardous characters include:  < > " ' % ( ) & + \ \' \" (refer Security Invalid
Characters).

 Discrete checks should be implemented for following inputs, if standard validation

routine cannot address;
Check for null bytes (%00)
Check for new line characters (%0d, %0a, \r, \n)
Check for “dot-dot-slash” (../ Or ..\) path alteration characters. In cases where UTF-8 extended
character set encoding is supported, address alternate representation like; %c0%ae%c0%ae/
(Utilize canonicalization to address double encoding or other forms of obfuscation attacks)
Output Encoding

 Conduct all encoding on a trusted system (e.g., The server)

 Utilize a standard, tested routine for each type of outbound encoding

 Contextually output encode all data returned to the client that originated outside the
application's trust boundary. HTML entity encoding is one example, but does not work
in all cases

 Encode all characters unless they are known to be safe for the intended interpreter

 Contextually sanitize all output of un-trusted data to queries for SQL, XML, and LDAP

 Sanitize all output of un-trusted data to operating system commands

Authentication and Password Management
Authentication

 Use a centralized implementation for all authentication controls, including libraries that
call external authentication services

 Segregate authentication logic from the resource being requested and use redirection to
and from the centralized authentication control

 If application manages a credential store, it should ensure that only cryptographically

strong one-way salted hashes of passwords are stored and that the table/file that stores
the passwords and keys is write-able only by the application. (Do not use the MD5
algorithm if it can be avoided)

 Password hashing must be implemented on a trusted system (e.g., The server)

 Validate the authentication data only on completion of all data input, especially for
sequential authentication implementations

 Authentication failure responses should not indicate which part of the authentication
data was incorrect. For example, instead of "Invalid username" or "Invalid password",
just use "Invalid username and/or password" for both. Error responses must be truly
identical in both display and source code

 Utilize authentication for connections to external systems that involve sensitive

information or functions
  Authentication credentials for accessing services external to the application should be
encrypted and stored in a protected location on a trusted system (e.g., The server). The
source code is NOT a secure location

 Use only HTTP POST requests to transmit authentication credentials

 Re-authenticate users prior to performing critical operations, session

verification/refresh authentication

 Use multi-factor authentication for highly sensitive or high value transactional accounts.

 Require authentication for all pages and resources, except those specifically intended to
be public

 All authentication controls must be enforced on a trusted system (e.g., The server) 

 Establish and utilize standard, tested, authentication services whenever possible

 All authentication controls should fail securely

 All administrative and account management functions must be at least as secure as the
primary authentication mechanism

 If using third party code for authentication, inspect the code carefully to ensure it is not
affected by any malicious code
Password Management

 Only send non-temporary passwords over an encrypted connection or as encrypted

data, such as in an encrypted email. Temporary passwords associated with email resets
may be an exception

 Temporary passwords and links should have a short expiration time and Enforce the
changing of temporary passwords on the next use

 Enforce password complexity requirements established by policy or regulation.

Authentication credentials should be sufficient to withstand attacks that are typical of
the threats in the deployed environment. (e.g., requiring the use of alphabetic as well as
numeric and/or special characters)

 Enforce password length requirements established by policy or regulation. Eight

characters is commonly used, but 16 is better or consider the use of multi-word pass
phrases

 Password entry should be obscured on the user's screen. (e.g., on web forms use the
input type "password")
 Enforce account disabling after an established number of invalid login attempts (e.g.,
five attempts is common).  The account must be disabled for a period of time sufficient
to discourage brute force guessing of credentials, but not so long as to allow for a
denial-of-service attack to be performed

 Password reset and changing operations require the same level of controls as account
creation and authentication.

 Password reset questions should support sufficiently random answers. (e.g., "favorite
book" is a bad question because “The Bible” is a very common answer)

 If using email based resets, only send email to a pre-registered address with a
temporary link/password

 Notify users when a password reset occurs

 Prevent password re-use

 Passwords should be at least one day old before they can be changed, to prevent
attacks on password re-use

 Enforce password changes based on requirements established in policy or regulation.

Critical systems may require more frequent changes. The time between resets must be
administratively controlled

 Disable "remember me" functionality for password fields

 The last use (successful or unsuccessful) of a user account should be reported to the
user at their next successful login

 Implement monitoring to identify attacks against multiple user accounts, utilizing the
same password. This attack pattern is used to bypass standard lockouts, when user IDs
can be harvested or guessed

 Change all vendor-supplied default passwords and user IDs or disable the associated
accounts

  

 Only send non-temporary passwords over an encrypted connection or as encrypted

data, such as in an encrypted email. Temporary passwords associated with email resets
may be an exception

 Temporary passwords and links should have a short expiration time and Enforce the
changing of temporary passwords on the next use by redirecting to the required change
password page or relevant error pages
 Enforce password complexity requirements established by policy or regulation. When
the requirements change, ensure that existing passwords meet the requirements.
Authentication credentials should be sufficient to withstand attacks that are typical of
the threats in the deployed environment. (e.g., requiring the use of alphabetic as well as
numeric and/or special characters)

 Enforce password length requirements established by policy or regulation. Eight

characters is commonly used, but 16 is better or consider the use of multi-word pass
phrases

 Password entry should be obscured on the user's screen. (e.g., on web forms use the
input type "password")

 Enforce account disabling after an established number of invalid login attempts (e.g.,
five attempts is common). The account must be disabled for a period of time sufficient
to discourage brute force guessing of credentials, but not so long as to allow for a
denial-of-service attack to be performed

 Password reset and changing operations require the same level of controls as account
creation and authentication.

 Password reset questions should support sufficiently random answers. (e.g., "favorite
book" is a bad question because “The Bible” is a very common answer)

 If using email based resets, only send email to a pre-registered address with a
temporary link/password

 Notify users when a password reset occurs

 Prevent password re-use

 Passwords should be at least one day old before they can be changed, to prevent
attacks on password re-use

 Enforce password changes based on requirements established in policy or regulation.

The requirements could define the miminum number of uppercase or lowercase
alphabets, numbers, allow certain special characters and deny other characters. Critical
systems may require more frequent changes. The time between resets must be
administratively controlled

 Disable "remember me" functionality for password fields

 The last use (successful or unsuccessful) of a user account should be reported to the
user at their next successful login
  Implement monitoring to identify attacks against multiple user accounts, utilizing the
same password. This attack pattern is used to bypass standard lockouts, when user IDs
can be harvested or guessed

 Change all vendor-supplied default passwords and user IDs or disable the associated
accounts
Session Management

 Use the server or framework’s session management controls. The application should
only recognize these session identifiers as valid

 Session identifier creation must always be done on a trusted system (e.g., The server)

 Session management controls should use well vetted algorithms that ensure sufficiently
random session identifiers

 Set the domain and path for cookies containing authenticated session identifiers to an
appropriately restricted value for the site

 Logout functionality should fully terminate the associated session or connection

 Logout functionality should be available from all pages protected by authorization

 Establish a session inactivity timeout that is as short as possible, based on balancing risk
and business functional requirements. In most cases it should be no more than several
hours

 Disallow persistent logins and enforce periodic session terminations, even when the
session is active. Especially for applications supporting rich network connections or
connecting to critical systems. Termination times should support business requirements
and the user should receive sufficient notification to mitigate negative impacts

 If a session was established before login, close that session and establish a new session
after a successful login

 Generate a new session identifier on any re-authentication

 Do not allow concurrent logins with the same user ID

 Do not expose session identifiers in URLs, error messages or logs. Session identifiers
should only be located in the HTTP cookie header. For example, do not pass session
identifiers as GET parameters

 Protect server side session data from unauthorized access, by other users of the server,
by implementing appropriate access controls on the server
  Generate a new session identifier and deactivate the old one periodically. (This can
mitigate certain session hijacking scenarios where the original identifier was
compromised)

 Generate a new session identifier if the connection security changes from HTTP to
HTTPS, as can occur during authentication. Within an application, it is recommended to
consistently utilize HTTPS rather than switching between HTTP to HTTPS.

 Supplement standard session management for sensitive server-side operations, like

account management, by utilizing per-session strong random tokens or parameters. This
method can be used to prevent Cross Site Request Forgery attacks

 Supplement standard session management for highly sensitive or critical operations by

utilizing per-request, as opposed to per-session, strong random tokens or parameters

 Set the "secure" attribute for cookies transmitted over an TLS connection

 Set cookies with the HttpOnly attribute, unless you specifically require client-side scripts
within your application to read or set a cookie's value
Access Control

 Use only trusted system objects, e.g. server side session objects, for making access
authorization decisions

 Use a single site-wide component to check access authorization. This includes libraries
that call external authorization services

 Access controls should fail securely

 Deny all access if the application cannot access its security configuration information

 Enforce authorization controls on every request, including those made by server side
scripts, "includes" and requests from rich client-side technologies like AJAX and Flash

 Segregate privileged logic from other application code

 Restrict access to files or other resources, including those outside the application's
direct control, to only authorized users

 Restrict access to protected URLs to only authorized users

 Restrict access to protected functions to only authorized users

 Restrict direct object references to only authorized users

 Restrict access  to services to only authorized users

 Restrict access  to application data to only authorized users

  Restrict access to user and data attributes and policy information used by access
controls

 Restrict access security-relevant configuration information to only authorized users

 Server side implementation and presentation layer representations of access control

rules must match

 If state data must be stored on the client, use encryption and integrity checking on the
server side to catch state tampering.

 Enforce application logic flows to comply with business rules

 Limit the number of transactions a single user or device can perform in a given period of
time. The transactions/time should be above the actual business requirement, but low
enough to deter automated attacks

 Use the "referer" header as a supplemental check only, it should never be the sole
authorization check, as it is can be spoofed

 If long authenticated sessions are allowed, periodically re-validate a user’s authorization

to ensure that their privileges have not changed and if they have, log the user out and
force them to re-authenticate

 Implement account auditing and enforce the disabling of unused accounts (e.g., After no
more than 30 days from the expiration of an account’s password.)

 The application must support disabling of accounts and terminating sessions when
authorization ceases (example: Changes to role, employment status, business process,
etc.)

 Service accounts or accounts supporting connections to or from external systems should

have the least privilege possible

 Create an Access Control Policy to document an application's business rules, data types
and access authorization criteria and/or processes so that access can be properly
provisioned and controlled. This includes identifying access requirements for both the
data and system resources
Cryptographic Practices

 All cryptographic functions used to protect secrets from the application user must be
implemented on a trusted system (example: The server)

 Protect master secrets from unauthorized access

 Cryptographic modules should fail securely

  All random numbers, random file names, random GUIDs, and random strings should be
generated using the cryptographic module’s approved random number generator when
these random values are intended to be un-guessable

 Cryptographic modules used by the application should be compliant to FIPS 140-2 or an

equivalent standard. (See http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/STM/cmvp/validation.html)

 Establish and utilize a policy and process for how cryptographic keys will be managed
Error Handling and Logging

 Do not disclose sensitive information in error responses, including system details,

session identifiers or account information

 Use error handlers that do not display debugging or stack trace information

 Implement generic error messages and use custom error pages

 The application should handle application errors and not rely on the server
configuration

 Properly free allocated memory when error conditions occur

 Error handling logic associated with security controls should deny access by default

 All logging controls should be implemented on a trusted system (example: The server)

 Logging controls should support both success and failure of specified security events

 Ensure logs contain important log event data

 Ensure log entries that include un-trusted data will not execute as code in the intended
log viewing interface or software

 Restrict access to logs to only authorized individuals

 Utilize a master routine for all logging operations

 Do not store sensitive information in logs, including unnecessary system details, session
identifiers or passwords

 Ensure that a mechanism exists to conduct log analysis

 Log all input validation failures

 Log all authentication attempts, especially failures

 Log all access control failures

 Log all apparent tampering events, including unexpected changes to state data
  Log attempts to connect with invalid or expired session tokens

 Log all system exceptions

 Log all administrative functions, including changes to the security configuration settings

 Log all backend TLS connection failures

 Log Cryptographic module failures

 Use a cryptographic hash function to validate log entry integrity

Data Protection

 Implement least privilege, restrict users to only the functionality, data and system
information that is required to perform their tasks

 Protect all cached or temporary copies of sensitive data stored on the server from
unauthorized access and purge those temporary working files a soon as they are no
longer required.

 Encrypt highly sensitive stored information, like authentication verification data, even
on the server side. Always use well vetted algorithms, see "Cryptographic Practices" for
additional guidance

 Protect server-side source-code from being downloaded by a user

 Do not store passwords, connection strings or other sensitive information in clear text
or in any non-cryptographically secure manner on the client side. This includes
embedding in insecure formats like: MS viewstate, Adobe flash or compiled code

 Remove comments in user accessible production code that may reveal back-end system
or other sensitive information

 Remove unnecessary application and system documentation as this can reveal useful
information to attackers

 Do not include sensitive information in HTTP GET request parameters

 Disable auto complete features on forms expected to contain sensitive information,

including authentication 

 Disable client side caching on pages containing sensitive information. Cache-Control: no-
store, may be used in conjunction with the HTTP header control "Pragma: no-cache",
which is less effective, but is HTTP/1.0 backward compatible

 The application should support the removal of sensitive data when that data is no longer
required. (example: personal information or certain financial data)
  Implement appropriate access controls for sensitive data stored on the server. This
includes cached data, temporary files and data that should be accessible only by specific
system users
Communication Security

 Implement encryption for the transmission of all sensitive information. This should
include TLS for protecting the connection and may be supplemented by discrete
encryption of sensitive files or non-HTTP based connections

 TLS certificates should be valid and have the correct domain name, not be expired, and
be installed with intermediate certificates when required

 Failed TLS connections should not fall back to an insecure connection

 Utilize TLS connections for all content requiring authenticated access and for all other
sensitive information

 Utilize TLS for connections to external systems that involve sensitive information or
functions

 Utilize a single standard TLS implementation that is configured appropriately

 Specify character encodings for all connections

 Filter parameters containing sensitive information from the HTTP referer, when linking
to external sites
System Configuration

 Ensure servers, frameworks and system components are running the latest approved
version

 Ensure servers, frameworks and system components have all patches issued for the
version in use

 Turn off directory listings

 Restrict the web server, process and service accounts to the least privileges possible

 When exceptions occur, fail securely

 Remove all unnecessary functionality and files

 Remove test code or any functionality not intended for production, prior to deployment

 Prevent disclosure of your directory structure in the robots.txt file by placing directories
not intended for public indexing into an isolated parent directory. Then "Disallow" that
 entire parent directory in the robots.txt file rather than Disallowing each individual
directory

 Define which HTTP methods, Get or Post, the application will support and whether it will
be handled differently in different pages in the application

 Disable unnecessary HTTP methods, such as WebDAV extensions. If an extended HTTP

method that supports file handling is required, utilize a well-vetted authentication
mechanism

 If the web server handles both HTTP 1.0 and 1.1, ensure that both are configured in a
similar manor or insure that you understand any difference that may exist (e.g. handling
of extended HTTP methods)

 Remove unnecessary information from HTTP response headers related to the OS, web-
server version and application frameworks

 The security configuration store for the application should be able to be output in
human readable form to support auditing

 Implement an asset management system and register system components and software
in it

 Isolate development environments from the production network and provide access
only to authorized development and test groups. Development environments are often
configured less securely than production environments and attackers may use this
difference to discover shared weaknesses or as an avenue for exploitation

 Implement a software change control system to manage and record changes to the code
both in development and production
Database Security
•Use strongly typed parameterized queries
•Utilize input validation and output encoding and be sure to address meta characters. If these
fail, do not run the database command
•Ensure that variables are strongly typed
•The application should use the lowest possible level of privilege when accessing the database
•Use secure credentials for database access
•Connection strings should not be hard coded within the application. Connection strings should
be stored in a separate configuration file on a trusted system and they should be encrypted.
•Use stored procedures to abstract data access and allow for the removal of permissions to the
base tables in the database
•Close the connection as soon as possible
•Remove or change all default database administrative passwords. Utilize strong
passwords/phrases or implement multi-factor authentication
•Turn off all unnecessary database functionality (e.g., unnecessary stored procedures or
services, utility packages, install only the minimum set of features and options required (surface
area reduction))
•Remove unnecessary default vendor content (e.g., sample schemas)
•Disable any default accounts that are not required to support business requirements
•The application should connect to the database with different credentials for every trust
distinction (e.g., user, read-only user, guest, administrators)

File Management
•Do not pass user supplied data directly to any dynamic include function
•Require authentication before allowing a file to be uploaded
•Limit the type of files that can be uploaded to only those types that are needed for business
purposes
•Validate uploaded files are the expected type by checking file headers. Checking for file type
by extension alone is not sufficient
•Do not save files in the same web context as the application. Files should either go to the
content server or in the database.
•Prevent or restrict the uploading of any file that may be interpreted by the web server.
•Turn off execution privileges on file upload directories
•Implement safe uploading in UNIX by mounting the targeted file directory as a logical drive
using the associated path or the chrooted environment
•When referencing existing files, use a white list of allowed file names and types. Validate the
value of the parameter being passed and if it does not match one of the expected values, either
reject it or use a hard coded default file value for the content instead
•Do not pass user supplied data into a dynamic redirect. If this must be allowed, then the
redirect should accept only validated, relative path URLs
•Do not pass directory or file paths, use index values mapped to pre-defined list of paths
•Never send the absolute file path to the client
•Ensure application files and resources are read-only
•Scan user uploaded files for viruses and malware

Memory Management
•Utilize input and output control for un-trusted data
•Double check that the buffer is as large as specified
•When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that
if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the
string
•Check buffer boundaries if calling the function in a loop and make sure there is no danger of
writing past the allocated space
•Truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and
concatenation functions
•Specifically close resources, don’t rely on garbage collection. (e.g., connection objects, file
handles, etc.)
•Use non-executable stacks when available
•Avoid the use of known vulnerable functions (e.g., printf, strcat, strcpy etc.)
•Properly free allocated memory upon the completion of functions and at all exit points

General Coding Practices

•Use tested and approved managed code rather than creating new unmanaged code for
common tasks
•Utilize task specific built-in APIs to conduct operating system tasks. Do not allow the
application to issue commands directly to the Operating System, especially through the use of
application initiated command shells
•Use checksums or hashes to verify the integrity of interpreted code, libraries, executables, and
configuration files
•Utilize locking to prevent multiple simultaneous requests or use a synchronization mechanism
to prevent race conditions
•Protect shared variables and resources from inappropriate concurrent access
•Explicitly initialize all your variables and other data stores, either during declaration or just
before the first usage
•In cases where the application must run with elevated privileges, raise privileges as late as
possible, and drop them as soon as possible
•Avoid calculation errors by understanding your programming language's underlying
representation and how it interacts with numeric calculation. Pay close attention to byte size
discrepancies, precision, signed/unsigned distinctions, truncation, conversion and casting
between types, "not-a-number" calculations, and how your language handles numbers that are
too large or too small for its underlying representation
•Do not pass user supplied data to any dynamic execution function
•Restrict users from generating new code or altering existing code
•Review all secondary applications, third party code and libraries to determine business
necessity and validate safe functionality, as these can introduce new vulnerabilities
•Implement safe updating. If the application will utilize automatic updates, then use
cryptographic signatures for your code and ensure your download clients verify those
signatures. Use encrypted channels to transfer the code from the host server
Security Invalid Characters
Invalid form field Input characters
Regular Expression Character Description
\"[\s]*\)[\s]*\; ");  
\'[\s]*\)[\s]*\; '); Or ' ) ;  
\/\* /*  
\*\/ */  
\'[\s]*\+ '+ Single quote followed by + sign
\'[\s]*\= '= Single quote followed by = sign
\"[\s]*\= "= Double quote followed by = sign
\.\.\/ ../ DOT-DOT-SLASH
\.\.\\ ..\ DOT-DOT-SLASH
&lt;script <script  
scr[\W] scr( Or scr= scr followed by any non alpha character
META META  
img img  
div div  
form form  
object object  
applet applet  
embed embed  
frameset frameset  
iframe iframe  
a&gt; a>  
javascript\: javascript:  
document\.write document.write  
document\.cookie document.cookie  
href followed by = (with or without spaces
href[\s]*= href= Or href =
in between)
String\.fromCharCode String.fromCharCode  
expression[\s]* expression this is a method in javascript
eval\([\W] eval( Or eval= Or eval" Or eval' eval followed by any non alpha character
onAbort followed by any non alpha
onAbort[\W] onAbort( Or onAbort=
character
onActivate( Or onActivate= Or onActivate followed by any non alpha
onActivate[\W]
onActivate" character
onAfter followed by any non alpha
onAfter[\W] onAfter( Or onAfter= Or onAfter"
character
onBefore[\W]   onBefore followed by any non alpha
 character
onBlur followed by any non alpha
onBlur[\W]  
character
onBounce followed by any non alpha
onBounce[\W]  
character
onBegin followed by any non alpha
onBegin[\W]  
character
onCellChange followed by any non alpha
onCellChange[\W]  
character
onChange followed by any non alpha
onChange[\W]  
character
onClick followed by any non alpha
onClick[\W]  
character
onContextMenu followed by any non alpha
onContextMenu[\W]  
character
onControlSelect followed by any non alpha
onControlSelect[\W]  
character
onCopy followed by any non alpha
onCopy[\W]  
character
onCut[\W]   onCut followed by any non alpha character
onDataAvailable followed by any non alpha
onDataAvailable[\W]  
character
onDatasetChange followed by any non
onDatasetChange[\W]  
alpha character
onDatasetComplete followed by any non
onDatasetComplete[\W]  
alpha character
onDblClick followed by any non alpha
onDblClick[\W]  
character
onDeactivate followed by any non alpha
onDeactivate[\W]  
character
onDrag followed by any non alpha
onDrag[\W]  
character
onDrop followed by any non alpha
onDrop[\W]  
character
onError followed by any non alpha
onError[\W]  
character
onFilterChange followed by any non alpha
onFilterChange[\W]  
character
onFinish followed by any non alpha
onFinish[\W]  
character
onFocus followed by any non alpha
onFocus[\W]  
character
onHelp followed by any non alpha
onHelp[\W]  
character
 onKey followed by = (with or without
onKey[\s]*= onKey= Or onKey =
spaces in between)
onLayoutComplete followed by any non
onLayoutComplete[\W]  
alpha character
onLoad followed by any non alpha
onLoad[\W]  
character
onLoseCapture followed by any non alpha
onLoseCapture[\W]  
character
onMouseDown followed by any non alpha
onMouseDown[\W]  
character
onMouseEnter followed by any non alpha
onMouseEnter[\W]  
character
onMouseLeave followed by any non alpha
onMouseLeave[\W]  
character
onMouseMove followed by any non alpha
onMouseMove[\W]  
character
onMouseOut followed by any non alpha
onMouseOut[\W]  
character
onMouseOver followed by any non alpha
onMouseOver[\W]  
character
onMouseUp followed by any non alpha
onMouseUp[\W]  
character
onMouseWheel followed by any non alpha
onMouseWheel[\W]  
character
onMove followed by any non alpha
onMove[\W]  
character
onPaste followed by any non alpha
onPaste[\W]  
character
onPropertyChange followed by any non
onPropertyChange[\W]  
alpha character
onReadyStateChange followed by any non
onReadyStateChange[\W]  
alpha character
onReset followed by any non alpha
onReset[\W]  
character
onResize followed by any non alpha
onResize[\W]  
character
onRowEnter followed by any non alpha
onRowEnter[\W]  
character
onRowExit followed by any non alpha
onRowExit[\W]  
character
onRowsDelete followed by any non alpha
onRowsDelete[\W]  
character
onRowsInserted followed by any non alpha
onRowsInserted[\W]  
character
 onScroll followed by any non alpha
onScroll[\W]  
character
onSelect followed by any non alpha
onSelect[\W]  
character
onSelectionChange followed by any non
onSelectionChange[\W]  
alpha character
onSelectStart followed by any non alpha
onSelectStart[\W]  
character
onStart followed by any non alpha
onStart[\W]  
character
onSubmit followed by any non alpha
onSubmit[\W]  
character
onTimeError followed by any non alpha
onTimeError[\W]  
character
onUnload followed by any non alpha
onUnload[\W]  
character
onMessage followed by any non alpha
onMessage[\W]  
character
Appendix B: Glossary
Abuse Case: Describes the intentional and unintentional misuses of the software. Abuse cases
should challenge the assumptions of the system design.
Access Control: A set of controls that grant or deny a user, or other entity, access to a system
resource. This is usually based on hierarchical roles and individual privileges within a role, but
also includes system to system interactions.
Authentication: A set of controls that are used to verify the identity of a user, or other entity,
interacting with the software.
Availability: A measure of a system’s accessibility and usability.
Canonicalize: to reduce various encodings and representations of data to a single simple form.
Communication Security: A set of controls that help ensure the software handles the sending
and receiving of information in a secure manner.
Confidentiality: To ensure that information is disclosed only to authorized parties
Contextual Output Encoding: Encoding output data based on how it will be utilized by the
application. The specific methods vary depending on the way the output data is used. If the
data is to be included in the response to the client, account for inclusion scenarios like: the
body of an HTML document, an HTML attribute, within JavaScript, within a CSS or in a URL. You
must also account for other use cases like SQL queries, XML and LDAP.
Cross Site Request Forgery: An external website or application forces a client to make an
unintended request to another application that the client has an active session with.
Applications are vulnerable when they use known, or predictable, URLs and parameters; and
when the browser automatically transmits all required session information with each request to
the vulnerable application. (This is one of the only attacks specifically discussed in this
document and is only included because the associated vulnerability is very common and poorly
understood.)
Cryptographic Practices: A set of controls that ensure cryptographic operations within the
application are handled securely.
Data Protection: A set of controls that help ensure the software handles the storing of
information in a secure manner.
Database Security: A set of controls that ensure that software interacts with a database in a
secure manner and that the database is configured securely.
Error Handling and Logging: A set of practices that ensure the application handles errors safely
and conducts proper event logging.
Exploit: To take advantage of a vulnerability. Typically this is an intentional action designed to
compromise the software's security controls by leveraging a vulnerability.
File Management: A set of controls that cover the interaction between the code and other
system files.
General Coding Practices: A set of controls that cover coding practices that do not fit easily into
other categories.
Hazardous Character: Any character or encoded representation of a character that can affect
the intended operation of the application or associated system by being interpreted to have a
special meaning, outside the intended use of the character. These characters may be used to:

 Altering the structure of existing code or statements

 Inserting new unintended code

 Altering paths

 Causing unexpected outcomes from program functions or routines 

 Causing error conditions

 Having any of the above effects on downstream applications or systems

HTML Entity Encode: The process of replacing certain ASCII characters with their HTML entity
equivalents. For example, encoding would replace the less than character "<" with the HTML
equivalent "&lt;".  HTML entities are 'inert' in most interpreters, especially browsers, which can
mitigate certain client side attacks.
Impact: A measure of the negative effect to the business that results from the occurrence of an
undesired event; what would be the result of a vulnerability being exploited.
Input Validation: A set of controls that verify the properties of all input data matches what is
expected by the application including types, lengths, ranges, acceptable character sets and does
not include known hazardous characters.
Integrity: The assurance that information is accurate, complete and valid, and has not been
altered by an unauthorized action.
Log Event Data: This should include the following:

 Time stamp from a trusted system component

 Severity rating for each event

 Tagging of security relevant events, if they are mixed with other log entries

 Identity of the account/user that caused the event

  Source IP address associated with the request

 Event outcome (success or failure)

 Description of the event

Memory Management: A set of controls that address memory and buffer usage.
Mitigate: Steps taken to reduce the severity of a vulnerability.  These can include removing a
vulnerability, making a vulnerability more difficult to exploit, or reducing the negative impact of
a successful exploitation.
Multi-Factor Authentication: An authentication process that requires the user to produce
multiple distinct types of credentials. Typically this is based on something they have (example:
smartcard), something they know (example: a pin), or something they are (e.g., data from a
biometric reader).
Output Encoding: A set of controls addressing the use of encoding to ensure data output by the
application is safe.
Parameterized Queries (prepared statements): Keeps the query and data separate through the
use of placeholders. The query structure is defined with place holders, the SQL statement is
sent to the database and prepared, and then the prepared statement is combined with the
parameter values. This prevents the query from being altered, because the parameter values
are combined with the compiled statement, not a SQL string.
Sanitize Data:  The process of making potentially harmful data safe through the use of data
removal, replacement, encoding or escaping of the characters.
Security Controls: An action that mitigates a potential vulnerability and helps ensure that the
software behaves only in the expected manner.
Security Requirements: A set of design and functional requirements that help ensure the
software is built and deployed in a secure manner.
Sequential Authentication: When authentication data is requested on successive pages rather
than being requested all at once on a single page.
Session Management: A set of controls that help ensure web applications handle HTTP sessions
in a secure manner.
State Data: When data or parameters are used, by the application or server, to emulate a
persistent connection or track a client's status across a multi-request process or transaction.
System: A generic term covering the operating systems, web server, application frameworks
and related infrastructure.
System Configuration: A set of controls that help ensure the infrastructure components
supporting the software are deployed securely.
Threat Agent: Any entity which may have a negative impact on the system. This may be a
malicious user who wants to compromise the system's security controls; however, it could also
be an accidental misuse of the system or a more physical threat like fire or flood.
Trust Boundaries: Typically a trust boundary constitutes the components of the system under
your direct control. All connections and data from systems outside of your direct control,
including all clients and systems managed by other parties, should be consider untrusted and
be validated at the boundary, before allowing further system interaction.
Vulnerability: A weakness that makes the system susceptible to attack or damage.
 
External References:

 Cited Reference
Sans and TippingPoint "The Top Cyber Security Risks"
http://www.sans.org/top-cyber-security-risks/

 Web Application Security Consortium

http://www.webappsec.org/

 Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE)

http://cwe.mitre.org/

 Department of Homeland Security

Build Security In Portal
https://buildsecurityin.us-cert.gov/daisy/bsi/home.html

 CERT Secure Coding

http://www.cert.org/secure-coding/

 MSDN Security Developer Center

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/security/default.aspx

 SQL Injection Cheat Sheet

http://ferruh.mavituna.com/sql-injection-cheatsheet-oku/

 Cross Site Scripting (XSS) Cheat Sheet

http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html
Security Advisory Sites:
Useful resources to check for known vulnerabilities against supporting infrastructure and
frameworks

 Secunia Citrix Vulnerability List:

http://secunia.com/advisories/search/?search=citrix

 Security Focus Vulnerability Search:

http://www.securityfocus.com/vulnerabilities

 Open Source Vulnerability Database (OSVDB):

http://osvdb.org/search/web_vuln_search

 Common Vulnerability Enumeration:

http://www.cve.mitre.org/