Read the following questions carefully, organize your ideas and provide precise answers.

1. This question asks you to analyse the design of a familiar website, but applying fundamental principles of human-
computer interaction rather than simply repeating web design conventions. Start by choosing the website that you
will use for the remainder of the question. This can be any site that has sufficient complexity for the user to
manipulate structure information, and should be a site that you yourself use regularly enough to be familiar with its
interface. You may assume that the examiner is familiar with current versions of Facebook, Wikipedia, Gmail,
YouTube and Amazon, if you wish to use a site other than one of these, please provide a pictorial sketch that you
can refer to in your answer.

a. Name the website that you will refer to in the rest of this question, and explain the nature of the
information structure that the user creates and interacts with when using this site. Provide a pictorial sketch
if necessary, as described above.

Twitter
Twitter is a microblogging and social networking service on which users post and interact with
messages known as "tweets". Users can post, like, and retweet tweets. Below is an example of posting a
message or what you call as tweeting.

b. Describe two aspects of the visual language (marks, symbols, regions, surfaces) used in the design of this
site. For each aspect, explain the nature of the correspondence between the visual appearance and its
meaning or purpose within the interaction design.

People are visually oriented creatures, and utilizing great graphics is a good way to make your website
more appealing. However, it's important not to go overboard with too much. Scrolling text, animation, and
flash intros should be used sparingly in your web design and only to emphasize a point for maximum effect.
As for twitter’s visual design, there is not much that’s going on, it’s simple, professional, and pleasing to the
eyes. Users can also customize however color they like it to be. Here is an example of the web design of
Twitter.

This is the feed wherein you can see the tweets of people you follow or the content. This is the
backbone of the website. It is the reason most visitors are seeking from the website in the first place. The
 website should be informative, easy to read, and concise. Well thought out web content will do more than
anything else to make the website design engaging, effective and popular.
On the left part of the site, you can see a menu or navigation wherein you can choose whether to see
tweets of other people, or to visit your own profile, and so on. The website design should be easy to
navigate and the menu items should easily accessible from any page. The viewer should always know exactly
where they are on the website and have easy access to where they would like to be.

c. Describe a typical activity in which the user interacts with the information structure presented by the site.
You should refer to two different Cognitive Dimensions that are particularly salient in this activity and
explain what effect of these has on the user’s experience.

A truly effective website design engages the visitors immediately and continues to hold their attention
through every page, as well as influences them to engage with other people. This is called an interaction,
and is probably your website's ultimate goal. We can see here the framework that identifies and visualizes
the communicative actions occurring within conversational “threads” on Twitter. Threads on Twitter are
series of connected Tweets from one person. With a thread, you can provide additional context, an update,
or an extended point by connecting multiple Tweets together, and people who sees and reads the threads
can also interact with it or the user. Here we can see how Twitter can connect diverse users.
These occurrences were manifest as groups of tweets identified through the use of the Twitter web
client “reply” facility and referencing actions or ideas designed to effect social, economic, cultural, or
political change and were identified through a common hashtag. Observation was first undertaken through
the monitoring of the official Twitter website to identify “trending,” popular hashtags.

d. Propose a way in which the visual design of the site might be modified and would have an effect on one of
the Cognitive Dimensions describe in part (c). Consider trade-offs that might result.

For the past couple of years that twitter has been widely used worldwide, users are constantly asking
for an edit or undo button, due to people having mistakenly posting tweets with rather grammatical or
typographical errors and others. However, for some users, it would be fine not to have one. I think there are
a few other arguments to be made that no edit functionality is beneficial to Twitter. Not being able to edit
your tweets makes them more credible. You can’t just go back and change it if you say something that is
rude, bigoted, or just incorrect and then pretend that you tweeted something else. No edit button makes
Twitter as reliable as an email or text message when used as evidence in the court of public opinion or
sometimes in the court of law. If they gave us an edit button, then people will just say that that the original
tweet that someone took a screenshot of is photoshopped thus lessening the integrity of Twitter’s tweets.
Twitter’s lack of editing added to its culture. Twitter’s vibe is of sarcasm, teasing, and bluntness. You can
“join the conversation” but just make sure you tweet what you mean and mean what you tweet.

e. Describe how you could carry out an investigation to evaluate the effects predicted in part (d).

First and foremost, an edit button might impact Twitter's instantaneous nature, but it covers more to
it than just correcting spelling mistakes. Being able to change a small error in your tweet would of course be
hugely convenient, however, it leaves room for this feature to be mishandled. Social media has become a
huge source of ‘trolling’, abuse and bullying. If someone chooses to tweet something hurtful and damaging,
they should be made accountable.
Twitter has promoted free speech since the beginning and it’s good to see that they haven’t given
away an edit button simply to appease users, without thinking hard about the consequences. While it may
be inconvenient for some, it is a positive thing that they encourage users to be accountable for their words
without giving people an easy way out.
Having an edit button would mean that people would have to be more observant and fast to react to
things such as taking proofs or evidences in such case that trolling, abuse, or bullying would take place.
 f. How would you classify the method you have described in part (e), using the distinctions between
qualitative/quantitative, empirical/analytic, and summative/formative methods?

I would have to classify the method as Empirical meaning it would be obtained from data and
observations. As what I’ve mentioned, trolling, abuse, or bullying using tweets are possible to take place;
meaning people should be quick to take evidences for such cases. This would help or benefit the victim, and
would help convict or correct the one being held accountable.

2. This question relates to the design of interactive augmented reality applications. Consider a future application in
which a (static) public billboard is augmented so that people passing in the street can see and modify an enhanced
view, for example adding and editing caption text or speech bubbles over their personalised view of the billboard.
This augmented functionality will be available either using hand-held mobile devices such as a touch screen phone,
or head-mounted displays such as Microsoft Hololens. Whichever type of device is used, users should be able to
control the application either using hand gestures or gaze control.

a. Discuss the requirements for sensor configuration and computer vision processing, to achieve the necessary
detection and registration of the augmented interaction in each of the four possible combinations of the
display and control methods describe above.

An augmented reality system, from a hardware perspective, consists of a sensor(s), processor(s), and
display(s). The categories of software however involves environmental acquisition (sensors), sensor
integration, application engine, and rendering software (visual, audio, etc.). Included in these are the
software that perform the tracking function, driving the displays, and so forth.

Hardware Requirements
 battery life
 bluetooth connectivity/Wi-Fi
 field of view in 3D view
 on board storage capacity
 on board OS/Web Browser
 inputs/outputs (button, eye tracking, accelerometer)
 microphone
 sound capacity
 display capacity
 visual tracking

Software Requirements
 AR software works in conjunction with devices such as tablets, phones, headsets, and more. These
integrating devices contain sensors, digital projectors, and hence require:
 appropriate software that enables computer-generated objects to be projected into the real world.
 on-board operating system and user interface to support the software
 web Browser
 authoring to allow the user to use API links to other databases and websites to display information.

Advantages
Some of the advantages to augmented reality are:
 to get or enhance creativity
 provide a new product experience
 able to preview the product visually
 build real-time data experiences
 enjoy experiential experiences
 functional uses demo
 Limitations of Augmented Reality
Some of Augmented Reality’s limitations include:
 rendering digital data into meaningful graphics
 scaling digital data to be suitable with the perspective of the visual field
 in smartphones, AR must work with limited storage, small processing power and small amount of
memory.

b. This part relates only to the head-mounted display version of the proposed product.

i. Describe a technical approach that applies Bayes’ theorem to improve the performance of
command gesture recognition.

On a capacitive touchscreen, a touchpoint is converted from the finger’s contact region with
noise and uncertainty in the converting process. Factors such as hand posture, finger angle, and
body movement may affect the size and shape of the contact region, unintentionally altering the
touch position. The lack of feedback on where the finger lands due to occlusion further exacerbates
the issue. Previous researchers had explored various approaches to improve touch accuracy.
Examples include compensating for the offset caused by different finger input angles or location on
screens, displaying the touch location in a non-occluded area, and using the back of the device for
selection. Others also explored using various finger gestures to assist target selection, including
crossing, sliding, rubbing, circling, and multi-touch gestures.

ii. Describe a technical approach that applies Bayes’ theorem to improve the performance of gaze-
controlled text entry.

Based on a research similar to using Bayes’ theorem to improve gaze control, selecting targets
accurately and quickly with eye-gaze input remains an open research question. In the said paper,
they introduced BayesGaze, a Bayesian approach of determining the selected target given an eye-
gaze trajectory. This approach views each sampling point in an eye-gaze trajectory as a signal for
selecting a target. It then uses the Bayes’ theorem to calculate the posterior probability of selecting
a target given a sampling point, and accumulates the posterior probabilities weighted by sampling
interval to determine the selected target. The selection results are fed back to update the prior
distribution of targets, which is modeled by a categorical distribution. The investigation shows that
BayesGaze improves target selection accuracy and speed over a dwell-based selection method, and
the Center of Gravity Mapping (CM) method. The research showed that both accumulating posterior
and incorporating the prior are effective in improving the performance of eye-gaze based target
selection.