12

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
QUARTER 4 – WEEK 1

Plant and Animal Organ

Systems (Reproduction and Development)
and their Functions
General Biology 2 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Week 1: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and their Functions

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Shiahari I. Cortez
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 12

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Quarter 4- Week 1

Compare and Contrast Process in

Plants and Animals:
Reproduction and Development
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the GENERAL BIOLOGY-2 Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.
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Welcome to the GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.
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introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
 activity, or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

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What’s More This comprises activities for independent

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Key at the end of the module.

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level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

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to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

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following are some reminders in using this module:

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
identify the distinctive characteristics of a specific taxon about the other taxa. The scope
of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
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After going through this module, you are expected to:
a. describe processes in the life cycle of animals and explain the process of human
development (STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1)
Specific Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. describe the different stages of animal development;
2. differentiate the developmental process in monozygotic and dizygotic twins;
3. describe human reproductive organ systems;
4. illustrate the human female menstrual cycle;
5. explain processes in human development; and
6. differentiate various forms of contraception in humans
b. to compare different types of plant life cycles and explain processes in flowering plant
reproduction and development (STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1)
Specific Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. enumerate the different types of reproductive cycles
2. illustrate the life cycles of moss, fern, and flowering plant
3. describe double fertilization in flowering plants; and
4. explain processes in plant development.

What I Know

Directions: Read each question and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Involves the formation of sex cells, zygote formation, subsequent stages in one’s life
span. Development is terminated by death.

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 A. Development B. Gastrulation C. Fertilization D. Growth
2. Stage of development that results in a unicellular diploid zygote.
A. Development B. Gastrulation C. Fertilization D. Growth
3. A human blastula made up of a solid ball of cells.
A. Embryo B. Blastocyst C. Morula D. Zygote
4. Process where the blastocyst implants itself in the endometrium; this signals the start
of pregnancy.
A. Fertilization B. Development C. Gestation D. Implantation
5. Part of the menstrual cycle of the uterus; corresponds to the latter part of the follicular
phase of the ovaries (days 8-14) when the endometrium heals and begins to thicken
because of estrogen secretion.
A. Follicular Phase C. Menstrual phase
B. Luteal phase D. Proliferative phase
6. Process that blocks any one of the following stages of reproduction in humans: (1)
release and transport of gametes; (2) fertilization; (3) implantation; (4) actual
completion of development of the embryo/fetus
A. Contraception B. Gestation C. Ovulation D. Implantation
7. Which of following is the first stage in reproduction.
A. Fertilization C. Release and transport of gametes
B. Implantation D. Development of embryo
8. Type of contraception that prevents fertilization
A. Barrier method B. Oral contraceptive C. Abstinence D. all of the above
9. Which of the following is not a stage of uterine cycle ?
A. Menstrual cycle B. Proliferative cycle C. Secretory cycle D. Luteal phase
10. What are the 2 stages of ovarian cycle.
A. Follicular and luteal phase C. Luteal and secretory phase
B. Menstrual and follicular phase D. Proliferative and secretory phase
11. It is defined as a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones
(offspring) like itself.
A. Breeding B. Fertilization C. Reproduction D. Vegetative
12. In plant, the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells) from different individuals
of the same species is called __________________.
A. Asexual reproduction C. Self-fertilization
B. Cross-pollination D. Sexual reproduction
13. The male reproductive part of the flower is ________________.
A. Petal B. Pistil C. Sepal D. Stamen

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14. The female reproductive part of the flower is ____________________.
A. Petal B. Pistil C. Sepal D. Stamen
15. The following are parts of the pistil except___________________.
A. Anther B. Ovary C. Stigma D. Style
16. Seeds are matured ______________________.
A. Ovary B. Ovules C. Stigma D. Style
17. Seeds are capable of germinating if given the following __________________.
A. Water and soil C. Temperature and pH
B. Water and heat D. Temperature and soil
18. Pollen grains are produced in the ________________.
A. Anther B. Filament C. Ovary D. Stigma
19. Stage of the life cycle of a plant that is haploid; stage that produces gametes via
mitosis.
A. Angiosperms B. Gametophyte C. Germination D. Sporophyte
20. Also known as flowering plants; group of plants that produce reproductive
structures called flowers in their sporophyte stages.
A. Angiosperms B. Gametophyte C. Germination D. Sporophyte

Lesson

1 Human Reproductive System

The reproductive system of an organism, also known as the genital system, is the
biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction.
Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also
important accessories to the reproductive system. 

What’s In

Activity 1.1: What am I?

Directions: Define the following terms using the dictionary.

1. Development
2.Fertilization
3.Organogenesis

3
 4.Development
5.Growth

What’s New

Activity 1.2: Who am I?

Directions: Define stages of development. Explain your answer in the space provided.
A. Stages of Animal Development
I. Gametogenesis
_____________________________________________________________________________________
II. Fertilization
_____________________________________________________________________________________
III. Cleavage
_____________________________________________________________________________________
IV. Gastrulation
_____________________________________________________________________________________
V. Organogenesis
_____________________________________________________________________________________

What is It

Reproduction is the creation of new individuals, which is exactly from the same
kind. Different organisms use different modes of reproduction depending on the
complexity of their form and structure. Development starts with formation of sex cells and
ends only by death. Until the old age of a person, for example, some cells still develop or
divide.

STRUCTURE OF THE MALE

AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

4
 What’s More

Human Development
To initiate the developmental
process, these two gametes fuse together in
via fertilization. In animal zygote (fertilized
egg) formation occurs once a sperm cell
successfully fused to an ovum, which in
turn allows embryo development to take

A sperm cell fertilizing an ovum. place. Occur in the fallopian tube, results in
https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/human-
reproduction-and-fertilization a unicellular zygote.

5
 The development
process occurs in a highly
organized and regulated
manner called embryogenesis
in which embryo forms and
develops and eventually give
rise to a mature organism.
However, the process refers
primarily to pre-natal
development in mammals
preceding fetal development. Overview of fertilization and the early embryonic development in humans
http://what-when-how.com/nursing/normal-pregnancy-maternal-and-
Fertilization initiates newborn-nursing-part-2/

embryonic development
allowing cleavage to take place. Cleavage is the rapid series of mitotic cell divisions of the
developing embryo leading to multicellular ball mass. In mammals, this continuously
happens as the embryo traverses the oviduct toward the uterus.
Once more than 100 cells are present, the embryo is now a blastocyst,
characterized by having a distinct inner mass cell, which eventually forms the fetus.
After this, the cells formed are now ready to migrate in an organized manner called
gastrulation to which they localize to establish basic body plan-the germ layers. In
mammals and other higher vertebrates, three germ layers namely, the ectoderm,
mesoderm, and the endoderm commonly referred to as triploblastic. In diploblastic
animals, only ectoderm and the endoderm forms in which organs and different parts of
the body originates.
MENSTRUAL CYLE
The average length of the menstrual cycle is 28–29 days, but this can vary between
women and from one cycle to the next. The length of your menstrual cycle is calculated
from the first day of your period to the day before your next period starts.
Girls get their first period (menarche), on average, between the ages of 11 and 14
years. By this stage, other sexual characteristics have developed, such as pubic hair and
budding breasts.

PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

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 https://menstrupedia.com/articles/physiology/cycle-phases

1. Menstrual phase (day 1-5)

Menstrual phase begins on the first day of
menstruation and lasts till the 5th day of the
menstrual cycle. The following events occur
during this phase:
 The uterus sheds its inner lining of soft tissue
and blood vessels which exits the body from
the vagina in the form of menstrual fluid.
 Blood loss of 10 ml to 80 ml is considered https://menstrupedia.com/articl
es/physiology/cycle-phases
normal.
 You may experience abdominal cramps.
These cramps are caused by the contraction of the uterine and the abdominal
muscles to expel the menstrual fluid.
2. Follicular phase (day 1-13)
This phase also begins on the first day of
menstruation, but it lasts till the 13th day of the
menstrual cycle. The following events occur during
this phase:
 The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that
stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to grow.
 One of these egg cells begins to mature in a sac-
like-structure called follicle. It takes 13 days for the egg cell to reach maturity.
https://menstrupedia.com/articl
es/physiology/cycle-phases
 While the egg cell matures, its follicle secretes a hormone that stimulates the
uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue called endometrium.

7
 3. Ovulation phase (day 14)
On the 14th day of the cycle, the pituitary gland
secretes a hormone that causes the ovary to release
the matured egg cell. The released egg cell is swept
into the fallopian tube by the cilia of the fimbriae.
Fimbriae are finger like projections located at the
end of the fallopian tube close to the ovaries and
cilia are slender hair like projections on each https://menstrupedia.com/articles/physi

Fimbria. ology/cycle-phases

4. Luteal phase (day 15-28)

This phase begins on the 15th day and lasts till
the end of the cycle. The following events occur
during this phase:
 The egg cell released during the ovulation
phase stays in the fallopian tube for 24 hours.
 If a sperm cell does not impregnate the egg cell
within that time, the egg cell disintegrates.
 The hormone that causes the uterus to retain
its endometrium gets used up by the end of the
https://menstrupedia.com menstrual cycle. This causes the menstrual
/articles/physiology/cycle-
phases
phase of the next cycle to begin.

CONTRACEPTION AND ITS TYPES:

I. Ovulation-suppressing methods
Oral contraceptives – Oral contraceptives (birth
control pills) are hormone-containing medications
that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy.
They prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and
by preventing sperm from penetrating through the
cervix.
II. Barrier methods- contraceptives prevent sperm cells entering the female reproductive
tract during sexual intercourse, e.g., Physical (Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap)

A. Condom-consists of a thin latex or natural membrane sheath

placed over the erect penis to prevent semen from entering the
vagina upon ejaculation.

8
 B. Diaphragm -The diaphragm is an attractive birth control alternative for women who
are looking to avoid the hormonal impact of injections
or oral contraceptives. When properly fitted and used
appropriately, they are approximately 90% effective in
preventing pregnancy. However, they do not provide
protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
They do not require a prescription but must be
customized for each woman and checked by a healthcare provider every year.

C. Cervical cap-similar but smaller than the diaphragm. It

adheres to the cervix by suction. The cervical cap is a birth
control (contraceptive) is a small plastic dome that fits tightly
over the cervix and stays in place by suction, that prevents
sperm from entering the uterus. The cervical cap is a
reusable, deep silicone cup that is inserted into the vagina
and fits tightly. The cervical cap is held in place by suction and has a strap to help
with removal.
III. Chemical barriers- contraceptives include creams, foam, and jellies with
spermicidal properties. These chemicals create an unfavorable environment in the
vagina for sperm cells.
IV. Surgical methods-sterilize the male or female.
A. Vasectomy-A vasectomy is a simple procedure
that makes a man unable to father children. It is
nearly 100% effective (99.85% to be exact). It
takes about 15 minutes to perform in a Vasectomy site
https://www.urologysanantonio.
urologist’s office, and it is usually covered by health com/vasectomy

insurance.
B. Tubal Ligation- Is surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy. It has commonly
been called "getting your tubes tied." It is also
called a female sterilization. Tubal refers to
the fallopian tubes. Each month, an egg is
released from an ovary and travels through
the fallopian tube to the uterus.

Tubal ligation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/b
ooks/NBK549873/figure/article
-30648.image.f3/

9
 V. Implantation-A contraceptive implant is placed under the
skin of the upper arm. The implant releases a low, steady
dose of a pregestational hormone to thicken cervical mucus
and thin the lining of the uterus (endometrium).
VI. Others
A. Abstinence-refers to voluntary prevention of oneself from indulging in bodily
activities that provide pleasure.

What I Have Learned

Activity 1.4:
Directions: Check your recall:
1. Describe two methods of contraception that use mechanical barrier.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. How does IUD prevent pregnancy?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the major events in reproductive cycle?
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Lesson Reproduction and Development in

2 Plants

Like all other living entity, plants also must reproduce for the continuity of the
existence of another generation. Like animals, they can reproduce both sexually and
asexually, thus maximizing their potential to flourish on the surface of the earth.

What’s In
Activity 2.1: Plantifier!!!
Directions: Identify the name of each plant and write if it is sexual or asexual
reproduction.

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 1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

What’s New

Activity 2.2: Word Search

Directions: Encircle the words given below. It can be horizontally, vertically, or
diagonally.

Angiosperm Anther Embryo Sac Endosperm

Epicotyl Filament Flower Gametophyte
Monocot Monoecious Ovule Pollination
Plumule Stamen Sporophyte Zygote

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 What is It?
PLANT REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Asexual Reproduction in Plants
There are different types of asexual
reproduction in plants that give rise to
offspring genetically similar with their
parent, hence, are clones of parents.
Vegetative reproduction requires a
fragment of the plant produced from
budding and tillering. In this type of
reproduction, structural modifications of
the stem or roots and a few species leaves
are involved (Figure 1). This very common
among herbaceous and woody perennial
plants. On the other hand, apomixes
reproduction involves dispersal of seeds Figure 1. Bryophyllum pinnatum, known as Katakataka
plant, undergoing asexual reproduction by emerging new
that did not originate from a fertilized shoots from leaves.

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embryo. Parthenocarpy is the progression of fruit development without fertilization. This
is the “virgin births” in plants.

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Sexual reproduction in plants requires two fundamental processes: meiosis and
fertilization. Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes and provides genetic variation
by rearranging the genes while fertilization restores the diploid set of the chromosome by
the fusion of two gametes. Most plants undergo an alteration of the generation having
two multicellular phases, the gametophyte, and the sporophyte. Gametophytes contain a
haploid number of chromosomes giving rise to the male or female gametes or both. Most
vascular plants produce male (microgametophyte, produces sperm cells) and female
gametes (megagametophyte, produces egg cells) separately. Sporophytes, on the other
hand, is consists of roots, shoots, leaves, having the diploid state of reproductive
structure that eventually produces the gametophyte.
In flowering plants called
angiosperm, female gametophyte arises
from a small structure within the ovary
of the flower called ovule that attaches to
ovary tissue by a stalk called funicle.
The ovary is a larger structure found in
the flower that holds and protects the
ovules. The ovary, along with the stigma
and style is part of a larger structure
referred to as the carpel (pistil).

Figure 2. Generalized Plant Cycle

Different Types of Life Cycle

2. Haplontic Life Cycle
Chara is a multicellular green alga related to
higher plants because it has both chlorophyll a
and b and produce plant starch. Its dominant
stage is a multicellular haploid stage which
produces gametes that eventually fuse to form
unicellular zygotes. Each zygote then undergoes

Figure 3. Life cycle of the green alga chara,

depicting a haplontic life cycle where the
dominant stage is a multicellular haploid13
organism (gametophyte) and the only diploid
stage is the zygote which undergoes meiosis.
 meiosis to become haploid, after which it undergoes mitosis to become the
multicellular organism.

3. Haplodiplontic Life Cycle

A moss has a multicellular haploid
(gametophyte) stage that produces gametes.
These gametes fuse to produce a zygote that
undergoes mitosis to produce a multicellular
sporophyte. Within a part of the sporophyte
called the capsule, cells undergo meiosis to
produce meiospores. These spores are
eventually released and germinate by dividing
mitotically to become a multicellular Figure 4.
Life cycle of a moss, depicting a haplodiplontic life
gametophyte. cycle where both the diploid (sporophyte) and
haploid (gametophyte) stages are multicellular.
4. Diplontic Life Cycle
Type of life cycle found in flowering plants (and in most animals). The organism is in
the diploid stage (all cells are diploid in chromosome number) except for mature,
haploid sex cells which are called gametes.

PARTS OF A COMPLETE FLOWER

1. Sepals—an accessory part that protects the inner parts of the flower in the bud,
collectively known as calyx.
2. Petals — usually bright colored structure found lying inside the sepals, collectively
called corolla. Their color and aroma attract pollinators such as insects and birds.
3. Stamen — commonly known as the male reproductive organ found surrounded by the
petals. It consists of a filament or stalk where the anther that holds the pollen attaches
to its highest point.
4. Pistil— commonly known as the female reproductive organs where the ovary is
located. A stalk called style protrudes from the ovary and at its apex is a slight
enlargement, known as the stigma, that receives the pollen.
5. Receptacle— structure that holds all organs of a flower.

The Pollen and Pollination

The male gametophyte is the pollen grain responsible for fertilizing the female
gamete in the flower by gaining access to an ovule's reception area or stigma. The act by
which the pollens transfer from the anther to the stigma is pollination. A pollen grain

14
transfers to a stigma in the same flower. This is self-pollination or self-fertilization. If
the pollen involved in fertilization is from the stigma of another flower, the process is
cross-pollination.

Double Fertilization
In some angiosperms, double fertilization is commonly resulting in the
fertilization of two cells. How can this be achieved and will be there be any consequences?
During fertilization, one sperm nucleus in the pollen tube fertilizes the egg cell in the
embryo sac while another sperm nucleus joins with the diploid endosperm nucleus.
Technically the fertilized egg is a zygote that develops into an embryo of the sporophyte in
a diploid state. While the latter, fertilized endosperm nucleus progresses into a triploid
endosperm, having three sets of a chromosome instead of the normal two sets (diploid).
Triploid of an endosperm provides nutritive tissue that sustains the embryo and seedling.
Fig. 5 shows pollination and fertilization in a flowering plant.

Figure 5. The life cycle of a flowering plant.

The Seed
Immediately after fertilization, the fertilized ovule matures to become the seed. In the
process, the diploid cells of the ovule develop into the outer covering of the seed known as
(seed coat) while haploid cells disintegrate. The zygote then undergoes development,
becoming now the embryo, while the triploid endosperm, produced in double fertilization,

15
undergoes cell division to sustain nourishment of the embryo. Upon maturation, the seed
coat leaves a mark known as hilum, which is the remnant of the attachment of ovule to
the funicle, and a micropyle that allows entry of water for seed germination.

The Fruit
The mature ovary of an angiosperm that surrounds a seed is the fruit. As maturation of
the seed continues, the wall of the ovary becomes a protective covering having multiple
layers called a pericarp. The innermost layer is the endocarp that encases the seed, a
mesocarp that is often thick, succulent, and have a distinguishing taste, and the exocarp
that is the outermost layer, characteristically tough and skin like.

Type of Fruits
1. S i m p l e
— develops from one flower with a single ripened ovary (e.g., apple, orange).
2. Aggregates — one flower that produces a cluster of ripened ovaries (e.g., blackberry,
raspberry).
3. Multiple flower or Inflorescence — a cluster of ripened ovaries from different flowers
that develops in one inflorescence (e.g., pineapple, mulberry).

Plant Embryogenesis
Upon fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell, the zygote divides and develops into a plant
embryo in the process called embryogenesis. In the process, dividing cells organize to
form a terminal cell, which later becomes the embryo and a basal cell that gives rise to
suspensor cells that also provide nutrients to the developing embryo. As the process
continues, cells differentiate to become the first root, while the other end forms the tip of
the shoot. In seed plants, the embryo will develop embryonic leaves known as cotyledons.
Monocot plants such as rice produce only one cotyledon while dicots, as exemplified by
mung bean plant, produces two cotyledons that give the embryo a heart-shaped
appearance. At this point of development, shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem
are being established which eventually becomes adult structures upon germination.

Plant Development Continuum

Plant growth starts at germination. Depending on the type of plant, a seed can germinate
while being remained below the soil surface (Fig.6). This mode of germination by
monocots is the hypogeal germination whereas epigeal germination is the emergence of
seed/cotyledon out of the soil surface. To reach plant maturity, leaves, stems, and roots

16
forms in the process called organogenesis. Root meristems differentiate to form a
specialized structure called roots, which anchors the plant to the soil and serves as a
structure that aids a plant to absorb water. New stems and leaves form from shoot
meristems found at the tip of the shoot. Primary growth occurs when cell differentiates
and divides in the shoot and root meristems. While further widening of a root or shoot
from divisions of cells in a cambium is the secondary growth. Subsequently, some
stimulus causes further growth of the cells in a plant via cell elongation. For example, a
root grows and elongates downward because of the presence of gravity, known as
gravitropism, or as a response towards a water source, called hydrotropism,
respectively. When a plant grows and elongates in the direction of a light source, the
plant's response is phototropism.

Figure 6. The germination of seed.

What I Have Learned

Activity 2.3
Directions: Answer the following questions. The rubric presented will be used in scoring
your work.
1. What are the two main ways by which plants reproduce?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is double fertilization?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. How does fertilization take place in angiosperms?
_____________________________________________________________________________________

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 Rubrics
Points 5 4 3 2
Explanation A complete Good, detailed Explanation is Misses key
response with response with unclear points
detailed clear
explanation explanation
Knowledge Shows complete Shows Shows some Shows a
understanding substantial understanding complete lack of
about the topic understanding about the topic understanding
about the topic about the topic

What I Can Do

Activity 2.4:
Directions: Read and understand the instructions before doing the activity. The rubric
presented will be used in scoring your work.
Materials
1. Gumamela flower
2. Scalpel blade or sharp pencil
3. Optional: other available flowers
Procedure
1. Obtain a flower of gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis).
2. Locate the outermost floral whorl. You can find it at the base of the flower and
resembles a green crown. These are the sepals, collectively called the calyx. Inner to
the sepals but extending beyond them are the prominent petals, collectively known as
the corolla.
3. At the center of the flower is a prominent tube. This is called the staminal tube.
Surrounding the tube are minute stalks with yellow bulbous tips. These are the
stamens. The bulbous tips are the anthers containing the microsporangia while the
stalks are the filaments.
4. At the very tip of the staminal tube are five bulbous structures, each borne on a stalk
that fuses with the other stalks as they go down the staminal tube. The structures at
the tips are the stigmas of the carpels while the stalks are the style.
5. Remove the petals carefully so as not to damage the base. Using a scalpel blade or the
sharp end of a pencil, make an incision from the tip of the staminal tube down to the
base. Carefully open the staminal tube to reveal the rest of the fused styles. Follow the
styles until they terminate at the base. This base is the ovary.

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2. Draw the flower and label the following parts: petals, sepals, stamens, anther,
filament, carpels, stigma, style, and ovary.
3. Optional investigation: do the same for other flowers available. Draw and label the
parts. Using all the flowers used in this exercise, classify them as to whether they are
complete or incomplete, perfect, or imperfect.

SCIENCE PROJECT/OUTPUT RUBRICS

CRITERIA
5 4 3 2 1
Output is self- Output is self- Output is self- Some of the No
explanatory and explanatory explanatory parts of the significance to
completely and has less and has three theme is the projects’
accurate. than two to five missing or theme
mistakes. mistakes. incomplete.
Artistically and Artistically and Properly done Properly done Done untidy
creatively done creatively done with some with few with few
with full with some illustrations illustrations illustrations
illustrations and illustrations and pictures of and pictures and pictures
pictures of the and pictures of the theme. the theme. of the theme.
theme. the theme.

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