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Introduction To Obstetrics: Professor Nasrin Sultana Juyena, PHD

Manual pregnancy diagnosis in cattle involves rectal palpation to detect signs of pregnancy including asymmetry of the uterine horns, presence of a corpus luteum, gestation sac fluid, fremitus or movement of the fetus, placentomes, and membrane slip from days 30-200 of gestation. Ultrasonography can also be used to visualize the amniotic vesicle, fetus, and cotyledons from days 45-term. The signs become more prominent and detectable as gestation progresses.

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Shakil Mahmod
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107 views

Introduction To Obstetrics: Professor Nasrin Sultana Juyena, PHD

Manual pregnancy diagnosis in cattle involves rectal palpation to detect signs of pregnancy including asymmetry of the uterine horns, presence of a corpus luteum, gestation sac fluid, fremitus or movement of the fetus, placentomes, and membrane slip from days 30-200 of gestation. Ultrasonography can also be used to visualize the amniotic vesicle, fetus, and cotyledons from days 45-term. The signs become more prominent and detectable as gestation progresses.

Uploaded by

Shakil Mahmod
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Obstetrics

Professor Nasrin Sultana Juyena, PhD


Dept. of Surgery & Obstetrics
Faculty of Veterinary Science
Bangladesh Agricultural University
Theriogenology
Definition: term derived from 3 Greek words-
i. Therion - beast
ii. Genan - to produce
iii. Logus - study of
The branch of veterinary medicine concerned with reproduction,
including the physiology and pathology of male and female reproductive
systems of animals and the clinical practice of veterinary obstetrics,
gynaecology and andrology.

Veterinary Surgery

Animal Veterinary
husbandry Theriogenology Medicine

Animal breeding &


Animal nutrition
genetics
 Gynaecology- The science of female
Defined as the branch of medical science deals with health of the female
reproductive system and mammary gland.

 Andrology- The science of male


Defined as the branch of medical science deals with health of the male
reproductive system, semenology and artificial insemination

 Obstetrics

Latin word obstetricus/obstetrics means midwife who is trained to


assist a women in child birth-women who stand opposite from
obstacle.

It is that branch of medical science which deals with the management


of pregnancy, labour and puerperium (the period from the end of the
3rd stage of labour till completion of uterine involution).
BOOKs

1. ARTHUR'S VETERINARY REPRODUCTION AND OBSTETRICS (8th Edn)


David E. Noakes, Timothy J. Parkinson, Gary C.W. England, and Geoffrey H. Arthur

2.Pathways to pregnancy and parturition


P.L. Senger

3. CURRENT THERAPY IN LARGE ANIMAL THERIOGENOLOGY (2nd Edn)


Robert S. Youngquist,and Walter R. Threlfall

4. REPRODUCTION IN FARM ANIMALS (7th Edn)


E. S. E. Hafez, B Hafez
Prerequisite for pregnancy

Four steps must be achieved


I. Development of embryo within confinement of the zona pellucida (ZP)
II. Hatching of the embryonic cells (blastocyst) from the ZP
III. Maternal recognition of the pregnancy
IV. Formation of extra embryonic membranes (e.g placenta)

1. Embryo - Refers to the early period of development in which no


distinct anatomical structure has formed.
2. Fetus - Defined as potential offspring that is still in the uterus (before
birth) and generally recognizable as a member of given species.
3. Conceptus - Product of conception including early embryo, the embryo
and extra-embryonic membranes during the implantation, and fetus
and placenta during the post-attachment stage
I. Development of embryo within confinement of the zona pellucida (ZP)

Ovary 1. Ovulation

2. Migrations of oocyte

3. Fertilization

Horn of Isthmus
uterus

Ampulla 3.1 Transport& preparation of


spermatozoa
Ootid: Presence of male and
female pronuclei in a single cell

Zygote: Fusion of male and


female pronuclei to form a single
diploid cell

MORULA

Blastomeres

BLASTOCYST
1.inner cell mass
2. blastcoel
3.n tropoblast
HATCHED BLASTOCYST
(blastocyst free from zona pellucida
4. Cleavage/Cell division

2-3d 0-2d

3-5 d

7-9 d
1-3d

5-6 d

9-10d
5. DIFFERENTIATION

The 3 germ layers are:


1. Ectoderm - In general forms exterior tissues including: Nervous
system, and mammary glands
2. Mesoderm - In general forms structural tissue including: Muscle,
Circulatory system, and reproductive system
3. Endoderm - In general forms internal organs including: Digestive
system, liver, and endocrine glands

FORMATION OF THE ORGANS A. Differentiation starts at blastocysts


stage B. Completed early in gestation - Day 35 in pigs;
Day 45 in cattle & sheep
C. After differentiation fetus has all the necessary parts & mostly have an
increase in size.
MATERNAL RECOGNITION OF PREGNANCY

 The developing embryo enters the uterus between d 2 and 5 after


ovulation depending on the species
 For the early embryo to become an established pregnancy, luteolysis
must be prevented (the corpus luteum must be maintained) - Two major
events have to take place:
1) PGF2α synthesis and secretion must be stopped
2) Progesterone must be maintained
 The conceptus must provide a timely (before luteolysis) biochemical
signal - Conceptus signals its presence to the dam - Signals enable
pregnancy to continue - If a signal is not delivered quick enough,
luteolysis will occur, progesterone will decline, and the early embryo
will die

The critical series of events by which embryo initially signals


its presence to the dam (mother) and enables pregnancy to
continue is referred to as maternal recognition of pregnancy
In the ewe and the cow:
 The blastocyst begins to secrete trophoblastic protein -
 Both ovine and bovine trophoblastic protein belong to a class of glycoprotein
known as interferons Ovine interferon-tau (oIFN τ) and Bovine interferon-
tau (bIFN τ )
 The trophoblast produces oIFN- τ and bIFN- τ between d 13 to d 21 as the
conceptus elongates (spherical to tubular to filamentous)
 oIFN- τ and bIFN- τ do not enhance progesterone production directly, (NOT
luteotropic)
 Mechanism of action:
 oIFN- τ and bIFN- τ bind to the endometrium
 inhibit endometrial oxytocin receptor synthesis
 pulsatility of PGF2 α does not change
 therefore luteolysis does not occur (remember, oxytocin, oxytocin receptors,
progesterone, estradiol, and PGF2 α all play a role in luteolysis
 oIFN- τ and bIFN- τ also promotes protein synthesis thought to be critical to
preattachment embryonic survival
In the sow:
Mechanism of action:
 The conceptus of the pig produces estradiol between d 11 and 12 after
ovulation (coincides with the elongation of the conceptus
 Estradiol serves as the signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy
What happens to PGF2α: - PGF2 α is produced by the endometrium re-
routed into the uterine lumen and metabolized, rather than being
drained by the uterine veins
 luminal PGF2 α has little access to the circulation and can’t cause
luteolysis
 The sow must have at least two conceptuses in each uterine horn for
pregnancy to be maintained
 If there no two conceptuses, PGF2 α is secreted in an endocrine
manner and luteolysis will occur, and pregnancy will be terminated.
In the mare:
Mechanism of action: -
 The presence of the conceptus helps to prevent Luteolysis - The
equine conceptus does produce proteins; their role in maternal
recognition is unknown –
 The conceptus must migrate within the uterus between 12 to 14
times per day during days 12, 13, and 14 of pregnancy in order to
inhibit PGF2α production.
 This migration appears to be very important because the early embryo
does not elongate , Conceptus must “touch” enough receptors or
secrete “proteins” and place near (on) receptors to maintain
pregnancy.
Dystocia

Placental retention

Puerperal metritis

Uterine involution delay

Clinical endometritis

Subclinical endometritis

Anoestrus
(functionnal, cystic,
pyometra

Different tools
Prof. Ch Henzen, 2017
PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS

 Managemental method
 Clinical method
 Ultrasound method
 Radiography
 Vaginal biopsy
 Laboratory method- diagnosis of P4, hCG
1. Managemental method:

This is based on the history of service by a bull or artificial


insemination and non-return to oestrous.
Rectal Palpation:
OVARY-PRESENCE OF CL
ASYMMETRY OF HORN

40 DAYS

55 DAYS 85 DAYS
Amniotic vesicle Cotyledon
Membrane slip

Fetus
From outside the body
Ultrasonography
বাচ্চা
Gestation Asymmetry Membrane Amniotic Fetu Cotyledon Fremitus
age of horn slip vesicle s
30 + + +
45 + + +
60 + + + +
75 + + + + +
90 + + + +
105 + + + +
120 + + + +
150 + + + +
180 + + + +
210 + + + +
270 + + + +
Mind mapping for Manual pregnancy diagnosis

Palpable D 35
From D30 to D 90 More palpable up to D200
Less palpable after D 200
2.Presence of CL 3. Gestation sac fluid
D 35 to term

1. Asymmetry 4. Foetus
of horn Manual pregnancy diagnosis From D 60 to term

7. Placentome 5. Fremitus/thrill
6. Membrane slip
From D 90 From D120
From D 45 to D70

8.Position of horn 9.Position of cervix


On the pubis - to D 70 Into the pelvis- to D 70
In the lower abdomen– between D 120 to D 210 On the pubis – between D 70 to D 120
In the upper abdomen-after D210 In the abdomen-after 120

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