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What Is A Quantum Mechanical Model

Here are the steps to write the electron configuration for an atom: 1. Determine the atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus and therefore the total number of electrons in the neutral atom. 2. Arrange the principal energy levels (K, L, M, etc.) in order of increasing energy. The lowest energy level is filled first. 3. Fill each energy level with the maximum number of electrons possible according to the Aufbau principle and Pauli exclusion principle. 4. If degenerate orbitals exist within an energy level, follow Hund's rule and pair electrons such that each orbital containing one electron has the same spin before pairing electrons. 5. The electron configuration can be

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49 views

What Is A Quantum Mechanical Model

Here are the steps to write the electron configuration for an atom: 1. Determine the atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus and therefore the total number of electrons in the neutral atom. 2. Arrange the principal energy levels (K, L, M, etc.) in order of increasing energy. The lowest energy level is filled first. 3. Fill each energy level with the maximum number of electrons possible according to the Aufbau principle and Pauli exclusion principle. 4. If degenerate orbitals exist within an energy level, follow Hund's rule and pair electrons such that each orbital containing one electron has the same spin before pairing electrons. 5. The electron configuration can be

Uploaded by

jaeyoon shimibibi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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J.J.

Thompson

/trixquezada
After this lesson, you should be able to:
 Describe the electronic structure of
atoms in terms of main energy levels,
sublevels and orbitals.

 Use quantum numbers to describe an


electron in an atom.
 Solid sphere model
6
Fingerprints of certain atoms
The degree
to which they
move from
level to level
determines
the
frequency of
light they
give off.

8
J.J. Thompson
 Matter also has properties associated with
waves

 Small, dense, positively charged nucleus


surrounded by electron clouds of
probability

 Does not define an exact path of electron


around the nucleus
 cloud of probability
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Orbital (―electron cloud‖)
– Region in space where there is 90% probability
of finding an e-

Orbital
90%
① Principal quantum number (n)
② Angular momentum quantum number (l)
③ Magnetic quantum number (m)
④ Electron spin quantum number (s)
①

 ―shells‖
 describes the average distance of
the orbital from the nucleus
 n = integers: n = 1,2,3...

Principal quantum number 1 2 3 4


Main shell designation K L M N
①

As n increases:
 orbital becomes larger
 electrons spends more
time farther away from
nucleus
 atom's energy level
increases
②

 describes the shape of orbital


 have positive integer values from 0 to n–1
②

 ―subshell‖ or ―sublevel‖
 n = 1, 1 sublevel (s)
 n = 2, 2 sublevels (s,p)
 n = 3, 3 sublevels (s,p,d)
 n = 4, 4 sublevels (s,p,d,f)
Value of l 0 1 2 3
Subshell notation s p d f
s-orbitals : spherical
p-orbitals : ―dumbell‖ shaped
z-axis
p-orbitals : ―dumbell‖ shaped
x-axis
p-orbitals : ―dumbell‖ shaped
y-axis
p-orbitals together x, y, & z axes
d-orbitals : clover leaf -shaped
f-orbitals : irregularly shaped
③

 ―orbitals in each sublevel‖


 values allowed are integers from –l
to 0 to +l
 determines the orientation in
space of the electron cloud
③

1
3
5
7
④

 direction the electron is spinning


in a magnetic field — either
clockwise or counterclockwise

 Only two values are allowed: +1/2


or –1/2
④

counterclockwise clockwise
QUANTUM
NUMBERS

n ---> shell 1, 2, 3, 4, ...


l ---> subshell 0, 1, 2, ... n - 1
m ---> orbital -l ... 0 ... +l
s ---> electron spin +1/2 and -1/2
SHELLS AND ORBITALS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE
f
d
s p

•Shells of an
atom contain
a number of
stacked
orbitals
4

1
ATOMIC ORBITALS
Energy Subshell Letter of # of orbitals # of Total
sublevels per sublevel electrons in electrons in
Level, n l each orbital energy level

1 0

0
2
1
0
3 1
2
0
4 1
2
3
J.J. Thompson
 describes how electrons are
distributed among the various
orbitals in the principal shells and
subshells of the atom or ion
① Aufbau principle
② Pauli exclusion principle
③ Hund's rule
①

 each electron
occupies the
lowest energy
orbital
②

 maximum of two
electrons may occupy
a single orbital and
they must have
opposite spins

 ↑ - clockwise spin
Box = orbital ↓ - counterclockwise
Arrow = electron
③
Ex. Nitrogen:
•1s2 2s2 2p3
1s2 2s2 2p3

1s2 2s2 2p3

 single electrons with the same spin must


occupy each equal-energy orbital before
additional electrons with opposite spins
can occupy the same orbitals
 Determine how many
electrons are in the atom.

 Arrange the energy


sublevels according to
increasing energy.

 Filleach sublevel with


electrons until you have
used all the electrons in the
atom.
 Electronic configurations can be written in
three ways. For example, carbon which has an
atomic number of 6:
– 1s2 2s2 2p2 – the condensed spdf notation
– 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 – the expanded spdf notation
APPLICATION:
ELECTRON
C O N F I G U R AT I O N

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