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UNIT – V Z- TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

PART - A

Problem 1 What is the Z- transform of discrete unit step function?

Solution: Discrete Unit step function is
u 
n 1, n 0
0, n 0

1
u n
Z 
  1.z n
1 z1 z2 ..
1 z 1
if z1 1
n 0

z
if z 1
z 1

 1 
Problem 2 Find Z  n .
2 
 1   1 1 1 1
Solution: Z  n   n zn 1  z1  2 z2  3 z3 …
2  0 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
1   2  3 ...
2 z 4z 8z

Problem 3 u n 1

Find Z 
 .
Solution:
 
u n 1
Z 
  u n
n 0
1zn u n
n 1
1
zn

1 1 1

z n
  ....
z z2 z3
n 1

1  1 1 
1  2 ....

z  z z 
1  1  1
1   if z 1
z  z  z 1

Problem 4 Find the Z- transform of unit impulse function?

Solution: Unit impulse function is

n 1, n 0
0, n 0



Z  n 
 
n 0
nz n
z0 1.

Problem 5 n k 

Find Z .

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
1
n k 
Solution: Z   n k z
n 0
n
zk
zk
.

Problem 6 f 

If Z   U 
n  a fn n 
z then Z 
  ___________
Solution: Z   a f n( z)
a fn n  f 
n a /z  U 
z a/ .
n n n


f  U  f n k 

 z U z
k
Problem 7 If Z  n  z , then show that Z 
Solution:
 

f n k 

Z   f n k z
0
n
zk f n k z
0
n k
 


zk f r
z r
zU
k
z
0

 f n
   z U z
1
Problem 8 IF z 
f n 
 U z , then Z  dz .
 n 
Solution:
 f 
n  
f n n 
zn
Z    z f (n) z 
n 1
dz , since z
n 1
dz
 n  0 n 0 n

f 
n z
n 1
dz z1 f 
nz n
dz
0

z1 U 
z dz .
Problem 9 f 
If Z   U 
n  z , then  n fn 

Z  __________
Solution:
nf n
Z 
  nf 
nz n
znf n
z 
n 1

=- zf 
n
dz

d n
z  z f 
d
dz
d
n z n z U 
dz
z .
Problem 10 State initial and final value theorem of Z - transform.
Solution: Initial value Theorem
Limit Limit
If Z 
 f 
n 
 U 
z , n 0 then f 
n f 
0 U 
z
n 0 z 
Final value Theorem
Limit Limit
If Z 
f 
n 
 U 
z , n 0 f 
n z 1
Uz
n  z 1
Problem 11 Define convolution of two sequences f  n and g 
n 
n
Solution: f n* g 
n f m
m 0

gn m

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Problem 12 Find 
 a 
Z n 3
.
a 3Z an = a 3Z a 3 z /a z
Solution: Z 
a

n 3

 a n 3 n
z  .1
n.
 a z /a 1 a3
z a
Problem 13 Z y n 2  __________.
Solution: Z y n 2  z2 
y 
z y0 y1 z1  
 z 
Problem 14 Find Z 1  
z 1z 2 
 z 
Solution: Let   U z
z 1z 2 

U 
z 1 A B
Then 
z z 1z 2  z 1 z 2
z 2, 1 B
z 1, 1 A
U 
z 1 1
 
z z 1 z 2
z z
U 
z 
z 1 z 2
u 
n 
1 2n 2n 1
Problem 15 Write the formula to find the inverse Z- Transform using residue method.
Solution: The inverse Z-Transform of Uz is given by the formula

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U 
n 1
un zz dz
2i C

= Sum of residues of U 

z z n 1 at the poles of Uz which are inside the
contour C drawn according to the region of convergence given.

PART-B

Problem 16 Find Z  n and Z n 

n p where is p is positive integer and hence find Z  2

Solution:

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
Z 
n p
n z p n

n 0

zn. n p 1 z
n 1

n 0

zn p 1 nz
n 1

n 0

zn p 1
dz
z 
d n
n 0

d  p 1 n
zn z
dz n 0

z z n p 1 

d
dz
Put p = 1
d d  z  z 11 z.1
Z 
n z Z 
1 z   z
dz dz z 1  z 12
z 
1 z 1 z
z z
z 1 2
z 1 z 12
2

Put p = 2
d  z 
Z 
d
n2 z Z 
n z  
dz dz 
z  1
2 
 
z 1 1 
2
z 2 z 1 z
4 
z   z 1z 
1 2 z 

 z 1
4

 z 
1 
z z z
2

3 
 1 z 
z 1 z 13
Problem 17 Find Z e an cos n.
Solution:
z
We know that Z 
1
z 1
Z e in  
Z  ei 
n z

 
 z e i

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z z ei 
Z e 
in z
z ei z e z e 
i i

z cos i sin 

z 
  z z cos iz sin 
z2 z e i
e i
1 z2 2 z cos 1
z z cos  z sin 
z cos ni sin n i 2
z 2 z cos 1 z 2 z cos 1
2

equating real and imaginary parts,

z z cos 
Z cos n 2
z 2 z cos 1
Z e an cos n Z 
ea  n
cos n 
zea zea cos 

ze  2 ze

a 2 a
cos 1
using the property
Z a un n  U 
az
zea zea cos  .
Z e an
cos n
ze  2 ze
a 2 a
cos 1

1  1 
Problem 18 Find Z  and Z  .

n n 1 
Solution:
 2 3

1 1 1 
1 n 1 1 
1
Z 

n
 z     ....
z 2  3 
n 1 n z z
 1  z 1   z 
log 1   log   log  
 z   z  z 1 
 1   1 n
Z    z
n 1  n 0 n 1
2
1 
1 1 
1
1     ....
2 
z 3 
z
1 1 
1
2
1 
1
3

z      ..
z 2 
 z 3 
z 

  1  z 1 
z log 1   z log  
  z   z 
 z 
z log  
z 1 

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2n 3
Problem 19 Find Z-transform of fn wheref n .
n 1n 2 
Solution:
2n 3 A B
Let 
n 1n 2  n 1 n 2
2n 3 An 2 B n 1
n 1, 1 A  A 1
n 
2, 1  B B 1
2n 3 1 1
 
n 1n 2  n 1 n 2
 2n 3   1   1 
Z   Z  Z
n 1n 2 
 n 1 
 
n 2 

 1   z 
Now Z   z log   refer problem .3
n 1  z 1 
 1   1 n
Z    z
n 2  n 0 n 2
2
1 1 
1 1 
1
    ....
2 3 
z 4 
z
1  1  1 
1
3

z   2   ....
2

2 z  3 

 z 

  1  1 
z2 log 1   
  z  z 
z 1
z2 log z
z
z 1 
z2 log  z
 z 
 2n 3   z  2  z 
Z   z log  z log  z

 n 
1 n  2 
  z 1   z 
1 
 z 
z z 1log  z.
z 1 
Problem 20 Find the Z-transform of a n cosh bn .
Solution:
 n ebn e bn 
Z 
a n cosh bn   z a  
  2 

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Z a en bn Z a en bn 

1 
2  
1 

2  
Z 
n

eb a n Z  e b a n 
n



1 
Z

2 

ae 
b n
 Z 
ae 
b n 


1  z z 
 
2 z ae b
z ae b 

z  1 1 
 
2 z ae b
z ae b 

z  z ae   z ae b  
b

 
2 z2 a e b
e b

z a 2

 
z  2 z a  e e  
b b

 2 
2 z a  e b
e b

z a 2

 
z  2 z 2a cosh b 
 2 
2 z 2a cosh b  z a 2 
 z a cosh b 
z  2 2 
z 2az cosh b a 

z2 z z3 z
Using Z  , Show Z n 1 
2
Problem 21 n2 .
z 1
3   z 13
Solution: Using shifting theorem,
Z u n 1  z 
U zu0 
 
z2 z
Z 
n 2
U 
z , un n2
z 3
Hence, u0 0
 z2 z  z3 z2
Z n 1  z  
2
0  .
  z 13  z 
1 
2
 
2 z 3 z 12
2
Problem 22 If U 
z , findu 2andu .3
z 14
Solution: we have

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lim it lim it 2 z2 3z 12

u0 U 
z 0
z  z  z 14

lim it lim it 2 z2 3z 12 

u1 
z 
U  0 
z u   0 0
z    z  
 z 
1 
4


lim it 2
u2 U 
z 
 z u0 u1z 1 

z 
lim it 2 2 z2 3 z 12 
z  
0 0  2
z    z 1
4


lim it 3
u3 U 
z 
 z u0 u1z 1 u2z 2 

z 
lim it 3 2 z2 3 z 12 2 
z  
0 0 2 
z    z 1
4
z 

lim it 3 2 z 3 z 12 z 2 z 4 z 6 z 4 z 1
4 2 4 3 2

z  
z   z2 z 1
4
 

lim it z
11z3 8 z 2 
4   11.
z  z 1

Problem 23 Prove that Z n cos n

z3
z cos 2 z2
.
z 2 z cos 1
2 2

Solution: We know that

z z cos 
Z cos n 2 (refer problem 2)
z 2 z cos 1
Also we have the property,

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d
Z nu 
U 
z
z 
dz  
n

d  z z cos 

Z n cos n z  2 
dz z 2 z cos 1 
d  z2 z cos  
z  2 
dz z 2 z cos 1

z
( z 2

2 z cos 1) 2 z cos z2 z cos 2 z 2 cos 

z 2 z cos 1

2 2

z 2 z3 z2 cos 4 z2 cos 2 z cos 2 2 z 

 2  
z 2 z cos 1cos2 z3 2 z2 cos2 z2 cos 2 z cos2 
z
z cos cos 2 z
 2

z 2 z cos 1
2 2

z3 cos z cos 2 z2 z3

z cos 2 z2
.
z2 2 z cos 1 z 2 z cos 1
2 2 2

Problem 24 State and prove convolution theorem for Z-transform.

Solution: Statement
U 
If Z 1  V 
1
z  unand z  z  vn, theorem
n

U 
Z 1  z V z   u v
m 0
m n 
m un * vn

Where * denotes the convolution operation.

Proof:
 n
We have U 
z unz n and V (z )
n 0
v z
n 0
n
n

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U 
zvz u u z
0 1
1
u2z 2 ...unz n ...*

v v z
0 1
1
v2 z 2 ....vn z n ...
u0v0 u0v1z 1 u0v2z 2 u0v3z 3 ....u0vnz n ...
u1v0 z 1 u1v1 z2 u1v2 z 3 u1u3z 4 ....
u2v0z 2 u2v1z 3 u2v2z 4 u2u 3z 5 ....
n 1
 n 2 

unv 0z n unv1z un v2z ....
u0v0 u0v1 u1v0 z u0v2 u1v1 u2v0 z2 ..
1



u v 0 n .. unv0 zn

u1vn 1 u2vn 2 
n 0

Z u 0v n u1vn 1 u2v n 2 

... unv0 
Z u n * vn .
Z 1 U (z)V( )z  un vn
 z2 
Problem 25 Use convolution theorem to evaluate Z 1  .
z 1z 3
Solution:
 z   z  n
We know that Z 1   z 
1 and Z 1   3

 z 1
 
 z 3 

Now
 z2  1  z z 
Z 1   Z  .
z 1z 3
 z 1 z 3 

n n
13n 1.3nm
m 0
3n 
3m
m 0
n 1

1
m  1 3n 1 3n1 / 3n 1

3n 
n
1
3 
n 3
m 0 
3 
1 1 3
/3
 1

3
1 3n 1 3n 1 1
.
2 2
3
 z  1
Problem 26 Use convolution theorem to evaluate Z   .

 z 
1 

Solution:

1  z 
3
 1
 z  z 2 
Z    Z    
z 1  
  z 1 z 1  
 

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 z 
We know that z1   1
z 1 

1  z 
2
 1  z  z 
Z    Z  
. 
z 1  
  z 1  z 1 
n
1*1 1*1 n 1
m 0

 z 3   z  z 2 

Z 1    Z 1
   
z 1  
  z 1 z 1  
 
 z  1  z  
2

Z 1  * Z   

z 1  z 1  
 
1* n 1
n n n

1n 
m 1 n 
1 m
m 0 m 0 m 0

n n 1
n 1n 
1
2
n n 1
n 2 2n 
1
2
2n 4n 
2
2 n n n 2 3n 2
2
.
2 2
4z
Problem 27 Find the inverse Z-transform of f 
z by long division method.
z 12
Solution:

4 z1 8 z2 12 z3 16 z4

z2 2 z 1)4 z
8 4 z1
4 z 
8 4 z1
8 16 z 8 z2
12 z1 8 z2
12 z1 24 z2 12 z3
16 z2 12 z3
16 z2 32 z3 16 z4

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4z
 4 z1 8 z2 12 z3 16 z4 ....
z 1
2

4 
z 2 z 3 z ...
1 2 3

 
4nzn 
4n z n

n 1 n 1

un 4n.

 z 
Problem 28 Find Z 1  by long division method.

 z 
1  z 2 

Solution:
 z  z
Z 1   2
z 1z 2 
 z 3 z 2
z1 3 z2 7 z3
z2 3 z 2 )
z
3 2 z1
z 
3 2 z1
3 9 z1 6 z2
7 z1 6 z2
7 z1 21z2 14 z3
15 z2 14 z3
z
 z1 3 z2 7 z3 ...
z 1z 2 


2
n 1
n
1zn

u 
n or u n 2n 1.
 8 z2 
Problem 29 Find Z 1  2 by partial fraction method.


 8 z 6 z 
1 


Solution:
 8 z2 
Let U 
z  2   
8 z 6 z 1 

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U 
z 8z 8z A B

z 8 z 6 z 1
2
2 z 14 z 1 2 z 1 4 z 1
8z A4 z 
1 B 2 z 1
1 1
z ,2 B  B 4
4 2
1
z ,4 A 1 A 4.
2
U 
z 1 1
 4  4
z 2 z 1 4 z 1
1 1
4 4
 1   1 
2 z   4 z  
 2   4 
n n

1 
1
Un 2   .

2 
4
n n n 1 n

1 1 1 
1 1 


/  

2 2 4 
2 4 
21n 4n.
 z 
Problem 30 Find Z 1  2 
using the method partial fraction.


 z 
1  z 
1  

z
U 
z
z 1z 12
U 
z 1 A B C
 
z z 1z 1 2
z 1 z 1 z 12

Az 1 B z 1z 

1 C z 1
2
1
1
z 1, 1 2C C
2
1
z 1, 1 4 A  A
4
1
z2 , 0 A
B B  .
4

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U 
2
z 1 1 1 1 1  1 
    
z 4 z 1 4 z 1 2 z 1 
1 z 1 z 1 z
U 
z  
4 z 1 4 z 1 2 z 1
2

1 1 n 1
Un 
1  
n
1  n  1
n

4 4 2
1 1 1

1  n.
n

4 4 2
 z2 
Problem 31 Find Z 1  .


1 z 1

1 2 z 1

1 3 z 1



1
z2
Solution: U 
z z2
1 z 1 2 z 1 3z 1 1 
1 1 1
2  3 
1  1  
 z  z  z 
z
z 1z 2 z 3
1 A B C
U (z) / z  
( z 1)( z 2)( z 3) z 1 z 2 z 3
1 Az 2 z 3B z 1z 3C z 1z 2 
z 2, 1  B B 1
1
z 1, 1 2 A  A
2
1
z 3, 1 2C C
2
U 
z 1 1 1 1 1
  
z 2 z 1 z 2 2 z 3
1 z z 1 z
U 
z  
2 z 1 z 2 2 z 3
1 n 1 n
Un 
1 
2  
n
3 .
2 2
1 n 1 n
2  3 .
2 2
 
1  z2 .
Problem 32 Find Z
1 z1 
2
1 z 
1 

Solution:

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1
z2
U 
z z2
1 z1 1 z1 1 1 
2 2
1 
1  
 z  z 
z
z 1
2
z 1
U 
z 1 A B C
 
z z 1z 1 2
z 1 z 1 z 12

Az 1 B z 1z 

1 C z 1
2
1
1
z 1, 1 4 A  A z2 , 0 AB
4
1 1
z 1, 1 2c c  B 
2 4
 z zn 1  lim it zn
Re s   z 5 
z 5 z 2 at z 5
z 5 z 5z 2 

5
n

3
 z z n 1
 lim it zn
Re s   z 2 
z 5 z 2 at z 2
z 2 z 5z 2 

2
n

U 
z 1 1 1 1 1 1
 
z 4 z 1 4 z 1 2 z 12
1 z 1 z 1 z
U 
z  
4 z 1 4 z 1 2 z 12
1 n 1 1
un 
1  
1  n 
n
1 .
n

4 4 2
1 1 1
 
1  n 1 .
n n
un
4 4 2

z
Problem 33 Find the inverse Z-transform of the function by the method of
z 7 z 10
2

residues.
Solution:

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z z
U 
z , z 5 and z 2 are two single poles
z 7 z 10
2
z 5z 2 
 z 
Z 1   sum of residues of z U 
z at the poles of Uz  which are
n 1

z 5  

z 2
inside the contour C drawn according to the region of convergence given.


5
n

2
n

un  .
3 3
1 
un  
2 
n
5 .
n

3  
 z2 4 z 
Problem 34 Find the Z 1  by the method of residues.


 z 2 
2


Solution:
z2 4 z
Let U 
z
z 2 2
Z = 2 is a double pole
zn z2 4 
z U 
n 1
z
z 2 2
lim it d zn z 4 z 2  
2

Re s 
z
 U 
n 1
z   
at z 2 z 2 dz 
 z 2 
2


lim it d

zn 1 4 zn 
 
z 2 dz
lim it
n 1z 4n z 
 n n 1

z 2 

n 12n 4n 2n 1

2n
n.2n 2n 4n
2
n2 2 2n 2
n n n

2n n2 n
1 n 2n.

 2z 
Problem 35 Find Z 1  by the method of residues.


 z 2 
 z 2

1 


Solution:

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2z
Let U 
z
z 1z2 1
2 zn 2 zn
zn 1U 
z
z 1z2 1 z 1z i z i 
z 1, z i and z i are simple poles.
U 
Z 1  n 1
z  sum of residues of z U (z)at the poles of U(z) inside the desired
contour.
2 zn
U 
Z 1  z  sumof residuesof ( z 1)( z i )( z i )
2 zn lim it  z 12 zn  2
Re s of   1
z 1z i z i z z 1 z 1z2 1
 2
1  
2 zn lim it ( z i )2 zn
Re s of
z 1z i z i z i
z i z 1z i z i 

2 
i 2 i  i
n n n


i 1
i i1 
i 12i  i i 1
i
n

i
n

i
n

i 
n
1 i
i i 1 i i 
2
1 i 1 i 1 i


i 1
i
n
1 i 
  n

n
cos
 i sin
1 1 2  2 2 

similarly
2 zn lim it 2 zn
residueof z i 
z 1z i z i z i z i z 1z i z i 
2    
n n n n
i i i i 
1 i
 
i 12i i i
2

1 i 
1 i 
1 i
i 1i n i 1
  
cos n i sin n 

2 2  2 2 
   
i cos 2 i sin 2 
 
   
cos i sin 
n
 i
 2 2 
 2z   1 i 
 n n  i 1
 n n 
Z 1   cos i sin  cos  i sin 1

z 1 
 z 2
1 

 2  2 2  2  2 2 
1  n n n n n n n n
cos
 i sin i cos sin i cos sin cos i sin 1
2  2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 


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1  n n
2 cos
 2 sin 1
2  2 2 

 n n
1 cos sin .
 2 2 

Problem 36 Find the inverse Z-transform of
 z 
and ii) z 5  for z 5 by power series method.
3
i) log 
z 1 
Solution:
z z 1   1 
(i) log log   log 1  
z 1  z   z 
1 1 1 1 1 
  2  . 3 ...
z 2 z 3 z 
1 1 1 1 1
  . ...
z 2 z2 3 z3
un 0 for n 0

1
n

otherwise
n
5
(ii) z 5
3
; z 
5 1
z
3
 5 
z 5  z 1  
3 3

 z 
3
 
5 3.4 
5
2
3.4.5 
5
3

z 1 3      ...

 
z 1.2  z 1.2.3 
z 

 
5   
1 3.4 2 1 3.4.5 3 1
z3 1 3  5 2  5 3 ...
 z 1.2 z 1.2.3 z 
5 z4   
3.4 2 5 3.4.5 3 6
z3 3  5 z  5 z
1.2 1.2.3
3.4.5.... n 1 n 3 n
.......  5 z ..
1.2.3... n 3
3.4.5.... n 1 n 3
un 5
1.2.3... n 3
1
n 2 n 15n 3 for n 3
2
0 if n 0.
Problem 37 Form the difference equation corresponding to the family of
curves yx ax b 2 x .
Solution:

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yx ax b2 x  (1)
yx1 a x 
1 b 2 x1

y a b 2 x1 2 x  a b 2 x (2)

2 y a b2 
 a b 2 
x1 x

b2 x (3)
2 y
from (3), b
2x
sub in (2)
2 y x
y a  2
2x
a 
y 2
y
sub in (1)
 y
 y 
2
2 x x
yx y 2. x
2
1 x2 y x y or
1 x yx2 2 yx1 yx  x y x1 yx yx 0
. ie x 1yx2 3x 2 yx1 2 xyx 0

Problem 38 From yn A.3n B.5n , derive a difference equation by eliminating

arbitrary constants.
Solution:
yn A.3n B.5n 
1
yn1 A.3n 1 B.5n 1
yn1 3 A3n 5.B.5n 
2
yn2 9 A3n 25 B5n 
3
Eliminating arbitrary A and B from (1) , (2) and (3).

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 yn 1 1 
y 3 5 
 n 1  0

yn2 9 25
yn 75 45
1 25 yn 1 5 yn 2 
1 9 yn 1 3 yn 2  0
30 yn 25 yn 1 5 yn 2 9 yn1 3 yn 2 0
30 yn 16 yn 1 2 yn 2 0
or 2 yn 2 16 yn1 30 yn 0
or y n 2 8 yn 1 15 yn 0.

Problem 39 Derive a difference equation from the following yn ABn3n .

Solution:
yn ABn 3n
yn A3n Bn3n (1)
yn1 3 A3n 3B n 13n 
2
yn2 9 A3n 9 B n 2 3n 
3
Eliminating arbitrary A and B from (1) , (2) and (3).
 yn 1 n 
 
yn 1 3 3 n 1 0
yn2 9 9 n 2 
 
27 n 2 27 n 1
yn  n 9 yn 1 3 yn2  0
 9 yn 1 n 2 3 n 1yn 2 

yn 27 n 54 27 n 27 
 9nyn1 18 yn 1 3nyn 2 3 yn 2 
9nyn 1 3nyn 2 0
or 3y 18 yn 1 27 yn 0
n 2

or y n 2 6 yn 1 9 yn 0.

Problem 40 Solve the difference equation using Z-transform

yn2 4 yn 0, y0 0, y1 2.
Solution:
yn2 4 yn 0
Taking Z transform on both sides

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Z y n 2 4 z 

yn 0

Y 
z2  4Y 
z y0 y1 z1  z 0

Y 
z2  4Y 
0 2 z1 
z  z 0

z 2
4 Y 
z 2z
2z
Y 
z
z 4 2

Y 
z 1 A B

2z z 4 z 2 z 2
2

1 Az 2 B z 2 

1
z 2,1 4 B B
4
1
z 2,1 4 A  A
4
Y 
z 1 1 1 1
  
2z 4 z 2 4 z 2
Y 
z 1 1 1 1
 
z 2 z 2 2 z 2
1 z 1 z
Y 
z  
2 z 2 2 z 2
Taking inverse Z-transform, we get
1 1 1 1
yn   2  2n 
2  2n
n n

2 2 2 2

2
n 1
2n 1.
Problem 41 Solve yn 2 2 yn 1 n with , y0 y1 0 using Z-transform.
Solution:
yn2 2 yn 1 n
taking z-transform on both sides

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Z y n 2 2 Z y n 1  Z 

n
z
Y 
z2  z y0 y1 z1  Y zy0 
2 z 
 
z 12
z
Y 
z2  z 
0 0  Y z0 
2 z 
 
z 12
z 2
2 z Y 
z
z
z 12
Y 
z 1 1
z z 2
2 z z 1
2
z z 2 z 1
2

A B C D
  
z z 2 z 1 z 12

Az 2 z 1 Bz z 1 Cz z 1z 2 Dz z 2 
2 2
1
1
z 1, 1 3D D
3
1
z 2, 1 18 B B 
18
1
z 0, 1 2 A  A
2
1 1 
9 1
z3 , 0 A
B C C 
A B 
2 18 18
8 4

18 9
Y 
z 11 1 1 4 1 1 1
    
z 2 z 18 z 2 9 z 1 3 z 12
1 1 z 4 z 1 z
Y 
z   
2 18 z 2 9 z 1 3 z 1
2

1 1 4 n 1

n  
2  
1  n 
n n
yn 1 .
2 18 9 3

Problem 42 Solve y n 33 y n 

1 2 y 
n 0, given that
y 
0 4, y 
1 0, y 
2 8 Using Z-transform
Solution:
y n 33 y n 
1 2 y 
n 0 . Taking z-transform on both sides

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Z y n 3 3Z y n 1 2Z 

yn

y 
z3  z y0 y1 z1 y2z 2  y zy0 
3 z  
2Y 
z 0
z3 Y  4 0 8 z2 3 z Y 
z  z 4 
2Y 
z 0
Y 
z z 3z 2 
3
 8 z 4 z 12 z
3

4 z3 4 z
Y 
z 4 z2 4 4 z2 4
 3
z z 3z 2 z 1
2
z 2 
(The other factor of z3 3z 2 is z2 
z 2 z 2 z 1
z3 3 z 2 z 1z 2 )
2

Y 
z 4 z2 4 A B C
  
z z 1z 2 
2
z 1 z 1 z 2
2

4 z2 4 Az 1z 2 B z 2 C z 1
2

z 1, 0 3B B 0
z 2 12 9c c 12 / 9 4 / 3
z2 , 4 A
C A 4 4 / 3 8 / 3
Y 
z 8 1 4 1
 
0
z 3 z 1 3 z 2
8 1 4 1
Y 
z 
3 z 1 3 z 2
8 4
  2 .
n
yn
3 3

Problem 43 Solve y n 2 4 y n  1 4 y 

n 0, y 
0 1, y 
1 0 using
Z- transform.
Solution:
y n 2 4 y n 
1 4 y 
n 0 . Taking z-transform on both sides
Z y n 2 4Z y n 1 4Z 
yn 0

Y 
z2  z y0 y1 z1  Y zy0 
4 z 
 4Y 
z 0
z2 Y  1 4 z Y 
z  1 4Y 
z  z 0

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 Y 
z 4 z 4  z2 4 z
2
z
z2 4
Y 
z
z3 4 z 4
Y 
z z 4 z 4 A B
 2 
z z 4 z 4 z 1 z 2 z 2 2
2

z 4 Az 2 B

z 2, 2 B B 2
z, 1 A  A 1
Y 
z 1 2
 
z z 2 z 2 2
z 2
Y 
z 
z 2 z 2 2
yn 2n n 2n 2n 1 n .

Problem 44 Solve yn 2 5 yn1 6 yn 5n , y 

0 0, y 
1 0 using Z-transform.
Solution:
yn2 5 yn 1 6 yn 5n .Taking Z-transform on both sides
Z y n 2 5Z y n 1 6 Z 
yn Z 
5n
z
Y 
z2  z y0 y1 z1  Y zy0 
5 z 
 6Y 
z
z 5
z2 Y  0 z1 0 5 z Y 
z 0 6Y 
z
z  z
z 5
z
 Y 
z 5 z 6 
2
z
z 5
Y 
z 1 1
z z 5z2 5 z 6  z 5z 2 z 3
A B C
 
z 5 z 2 z 3
1 Az 2 z 3B z 5 z 3C z 5 z 2 
1
z 5, 1 6  A
6
z 3, 1 2C C 1 / 2
z 2, 1 3B B 1 / 3

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Y 
z 1 1 1 1 1 1
  
z 6 z 5 3 z 2 2 z 3
1 z 1 z 1 z
Y 
z  
6 z 5 3 z 2 2 z 3
1 n 1 n 1 n
yn 5  2  3 .
6 3 2

Problem 45 Solve un 2 5un 1 6un 2n using Z-transform.

Solution:
yn2 5un 1 6un 2n .Taking z-transform on both sides
Z u n 2 5Z u n 1 6Z 
un Z 
2n
z
U 
z2  z u0 u1z 1  U zu0 
5 z 
 6U 
z
z 2
z 2
5 z 6 U 
z
z
z 2
u0z 2 u1z 5 zu0
z
z 2
z2 5 z u 0 zu1

z z 5 z
2
z
U 
z  u0  u
z 2 z 1z 6  z 2 z 6  z 1z 6  1
U 
z 1 z 5 1
u0  u 
1
z z 2 z 1z 6  z 1z 6  z 1z 6  1
1 A B C
Now  
z 2 z 1z 6 z 2 z 1 z 6
1 Az 1z 6 B z 2 z 6 C z 2 z 1
1
z 1, 1 21B B
21
z 6, 1 28C C 1 / 28
z 2, 1 12 A  A 1 /12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
   
z 2 z 1z 6 12 z 2 21 z 1 28 z 6
z 5 A B
Now 
z 1z 6  z 1 z 6
z 5 Az 6 B z 1
1
z 6, 1 7 B B
7
z 1, 6 7 A  A 6 / 7

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z 5 6 1 1 1
  and
z 1z 6 7 z 1 7 z 6
1 A B

z 1z 6  z 1 z 6
1 Az 6 B z 1
z 6, 1 7 B B 1 / 7
z 1, 1 7 B B 1 / 7
1 1 1 1 1
 
z 1z 6 7 z 1 7 z 6
From (1)
1 1 1
un  2n   1  6 n
n

12 21 28
6 1 
 
1  6n u0
n

7 7 
1 1 
 
1  6n u1
n

7 7 
1
C1 
1 C2 
6  2n where
n n

12
6 1 1
C1 u0  u1 
7 7 21
1 1 1
C2 u0  u1  .
7 7 28
*******

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