Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010

Farming the waters for People and Food

22-25 September 2010, Phuket, Thailand

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This is an unedited presentation given at the Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010. The Organising
Committee do not guarantee the accuracy or authenticity of the contents.

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2. Title.
3. Presented at the Global Conference on Aquaculture 22-25 September 2010, Phuket, Thailand.
 O
Opening
i Keynote
K t Address
Add
Aquaculture and Sustainable Nutrition
Security in a Warming Planet

By
Professor M.S. Swaminathan
UNESCO Ch i iin Ecotechnology
Chair E t h l
Chairman, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation

MSSRF / WFP : Food Insecurity Atlas

Hunger
Chronic
Hidden
Transient
Food
Security
Availability
Access
Absorption
Awareness – Analysis - Action
Food and Water Security will be the greatest
Victims of climate change

1
Impact of Climate on Fisheries

Source : Nature, Vol 467, 2 Sept 2010

After the Oil – Need for More

Bioremediation Research

Gulf of
Mexico

Source : Nature, Vol 467, 2 Sept 2010

2
 Ecological Footprint

Annual deficit adds up to a global ecological debt

Six percent of Global Ecological Footprint

Four percent of global biocapacity
S
Seventeen
t percentt off global
l b l population
l ti

Source : Global Footprint Network, 2008

3
World Capture and Aquaculture Production

Source: FAO (in preparation)

Contribution of aquaculture vs capture of

world food-fish supply (unit : Million tonnes)

4
 World Aquaculture Production
Annual Growth by Region since 1970

Source: FAO (in preparation)

Trends in World Aquaculture Production

Major Species Group

Source: FAO (in preparation)

5
 Top 14 Aquaculture Producers
by quantity and rate of growth
Production Average Annual Rate of growth
1990 2000 2008 1990-00 2000-08 1990-08
China 6,482 21,522 32,736 12.7 5.4 9.4
India 1,017
, 1,943
, 3,479
, 6.7 7.6 7.1
Vietnam 160 499 2,462 12.0 22.1 16.4
Indonesia 500 789 1,690 4.7 10.0 7.0
Thailand 292 738 1,374 9.7 8.1 9.0
Bangladesh 193 657 1,006 13.1 5.5 9.6
Norway 151 491 844 12.6 7.0 10.0
Chile 32 392 843 28.3 10.1 19.8
Phili i
Philippines 380 394 741 04
0.4 82
8.2 38
3.8
Japan 804 763 732 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5
Egypt 62 340 694 18.6 9.3 14.4
Myanmar 7 99 675 30.2 27.1 28.8
USA 315 456 500 3.8 1.2 2.6
Republic of Korea 377 293 474 -2.5 6.2 1.3

World Aquaculture Production by Environment

Environment 1990 1997 2000 2003 2008

Fresh water 7,620,418 16,136,892 18,471,971 22,039,411 31,486,051

Marine 4,151.007 9,626,991 11,833,004 14,142,479 16,990,899

Brackishwater 1,302,675 1,557,996 2,111,135 2,733,212 4,069,255

Total 13,074,100 27,321,879 32,416,110 38,915,102 52,546,205

6
 Fishery Production per Fisher or
Fish Farmer in 2008
Production Number of fishers Production per
Continent (Capture+ and fish farmers person
aquaculture
(T
(Tonnes)
) (N )
(No) (T
(Tonnes/year)
/ )
Africa 8 183 302 4 186 606 2.0
Asia 93 579 337 38 438 646 2.4
Europe 15 304 996 640 676 23.9
Latin America 17 703 530 1 287 335 13.8
and the
Caribbean
North America 6 170 211 336 926 18.3
Oceania 1 286 340 55 796 23.1
Total 142 287 124 44 945 985 3.2

Source: FAO (in preparation)

World Commodity Prices Jan 2000 - Sept 2010

450 120
Impact of
400
350
100 Oil and
300 80 Commodity
$/barrel
S$/ton

Prices
250
60
200
US

US$

150 40
100
50
20
Food and Fuel
0 0 Most precious
Jan-00
01-Jan
02-Jan
03-Jan
04-Jan
05-Jan
06-Jan
07-Jan
08-Jan
09-Jan
Jan-10

Jun-10
Jul-10
10-Feb
Mar-10
Apr-10
May-10

Aug-10
Sep-10

assets of the
future
Maize Rice Wheat Oil

Source: International Commodity Database of FAO

FAO, and US Energy
Information Administration (data updated as on 14/09/2010)

7
 World Fish Price

Year Price (US $/ton)

2000 992
2005 1105
2006 1183

Source : FAO

Maintaining Biosecurity in Aquaculture

o Transboundary Aquatic Animal Diseases

o Public
P bli Health
H l h Risks
Ri k from
f the
h use off Veterinary
V i
Medicinal Products
o Biological invasions
o Climate Change Scenarios that will affect
Biosecurity
o Et l vigilance
Eternal i il i the
is th price
i off stable
t bl aquaculture
lt

8
 UN Climate Change Conference, 2009
Copenhagen Accord

o Recognizes the scientific view that the increase in global temperature

should be below 2 deg C and agree to take action to meet this objective
with equity as basis
o Enhanced action and international cooperation on adaptation,
especially in least developed countries, small island states and Africa
o Annex I Parties of Kyoto Protocol commit to implement individually or
jointly the quantified economy wide emission targets for 2020, to be
submitted to the Secretariat by 31 January 2010 for compilation. This
will be measured, reported and verified
o N A
Non-Annex I Parties
P ti t the
to th Convention
C ti will
ill implement
i l t mitigation
iti ti
actions, including those to be submitted to the Secretariat by 31
January 2010.

Examples of Climate Impact

Indirect Ecological Direct Physical Indirect Socio-Economic

o Change in yield o Damaged infrastructure o Influx of migrant

o Change in species o Damaged gear fishers
distribution o Increased danger at o Increasing fuel costs
o Increased variability of sea o Reduced health due to
catches o Loss/gain of navigation disease
o Changes in seasonality routes o Relative profitability of
of production o Flooding of fishing other sectors
communities o Resources available for
managementt
o Reduced security
o Funds for adaptation

Source: FAO (in preparation)

9
 Building Climate-resilient Aquaculture

o Promotion of polyculture and fish-rice rotation in relevant

areas
o Integrated water management for rice agriculture and
brackish water aquaculture
o Integration of fish farming into farming systems that use
low-quality water and/or saline water
o Traditional diversification – The use of multi-species is
useful for adaptation to climate change
o Implementation of ecosystem approach to aquaculture
(EAA) to address climate change
Contd..

Building Climate-resilient Aquaculture

o Development of innovative integrated farming systems

where pond aquaculture increases diversity of farming
options
p and resilience to drought
g
o Identification of new candidate species for aquaculture that
are adapted to high or low temperatures and changed
salinities and developing methods for managing these in
farmed conditions
o Development of new strains of fish that are better adapted
to conditions brought about through climate change, change
notably increased temperature, salinity and risk of disease

10
 Breeding for Climate Change
Genetic mechanisms influence fitness and adaptation for
o Physiological stress and thermoregulatory control.
Selection of species with effective thermoregulatory control
will be needed.
eeded Thiss ca
calls
s for
o tthe
e inclusion
c us o oof ttraits
a ts
associated with thermal tolerance in breeding indices, and
more consideration of genotype environment interactions
(GxE) to identify animals most adapted to specific
conditions
o Improve heat tolerance through manipulation of genetic
mechanisms at cellular level
Use of genetic engineering to introduce genes for thermo and
salinity tolerance and resistance to diseases into aquatic
Species needs to be examined

National Biotechnology Regulatory Authority

The bottom line of our national

agricultural biotechnology policy should
be the economic well being of farm
families, food security of the nation,
health security of the consumer,
biosecurity of agriculture and health,
protection of the environment and the
security of national and international
trade in farm commodities”

(M S Swaminathan Panel 2004)

11
 Mariculture

o Marine finfish breeding &

culture – Sea bass, Cobia
o Mussel farmingg
o Ornamental Fish

Seabass (Lates calcarifer)

o Pond and cage culture practices recently initiated in Andhra

Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra & Tamil Nadu
o Projected yield by 2015: 20,000tonnes from 4000ha
o Feed is the main constraint for seabass culture
o Slow sinking and sinking pellets (FCR 1.5) developed for
nursery and grow-out culture of seabass

12
 Seabass (Lates calcarifer)

Technique developed for round the year seed production

Commercial seed production exists

Annual seed production ~1.2 million fry per year

Fish culture (Etroplus suratensis) in cages in

Vembanad Lake, Kumarakom, Kerala

13
 Aquaculture Self-help Groups in Kumarakom
A Small Producer Management Revolution

Innovations in below sea level farming in Kuttanad

ONE RICE - ONE FISH
April- October
Monoculture – Giant Prawn
(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
Polyculture
Polyculture*-- Indian major carps or
Punja season common carps or Silver carps and
November- February grass carps and Giant Prawn
Low chemical input or Organic Yield- Rice: 4.2 t/ha
Fish- Prawn: 480 kg;
Yield- 4.2 t/ha Carp : 300 kg.

* Recommended practice

14
Low External Input Sustainable Aquaculture (LEISA)

o Herbivore based

o Based largely on indigenous species

o Management of water quality, feed and health care

o Sustainable brand name, like organic fishes

Low External Input Sustainable Aquaculture (LEISA)

Fresh Water
Different Systems of LEISA
o Integrated farming with livestock (duck, poultry, pig) – fish
production of 2.5-4.0
2 5 4 0 t/ha/yr,
t/ha/yr besides meat and eggs
o Application of biogas slurry at 80 lit/ha/day – 3-4 t/ha/yr
o Weed-based system of carp culture with grass carp as the
main component (40-50%) - 3-4 tonnes/ha/yr without
supplementary feed
o Besides conventional manures,, farm yyard manure and
vermicompost are identified as potential inputs for such
farming systems

15
Low External Input Sustainable Aquaculture (LEISA)
Brackish Water
Improved Management – Traditional Farming
o Regulated tidal water exchange during culture
o Auto/selective stocking with disease free seeds
o Use of ggeolite,, dolomite and LSP for better water q
quality
y
o Use of pellet feeds for regular feeding
o Routine sampling for monitoring the growth and survivability
o Applying some of the proven ITKs like use of neem extracts

Productivity
o Monoculture -0.7-1.2 tons/ha; polyculture – 0.8-1.5 tons/ha

F t
Future St t
Strategy f Increasing
for I i Productivity
P d ti it
o Defining site specific interventions to increase productivity
o Developing biosecurity protocols
o Diversification of the species in culture systems
o More research focus on polyculture with suitable species combination

Organic Shrimp Farming

o 30% of pond area is kept green with mangrove and other

plants
o All organic inputs – vermicompost,
vermicompost yeast based
preparations and organic feed
o Relies more on natural productivity of pond
o Production range of 1200-1400 kg/ha/crop from a low
stocking of 6 pc/sq/m
o Cost of production reduces by 15-20# and organic shrimp
fetches more price
o Sustainability, eco-friendly, holistic, integrated approaches
to production

16
Crop-Livestock-Fish Farming System
Fresh Water

Chidambaram

Crop-Livestock-Fish Farming System

Brackish Water

Kendrapara, Orissa

17
 Genetic Shield against Sea Level Rise

Mangrove Forests

US Patent No. 7,622,636 Issued on Nov. 24, 2009, Assigned to

M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation for Dehydrin Gene

18
 Sea Water : A Social Resource

Dandi March(6 April 1930)

With nothing more than the salt of our sea, Gandhiji made
colonial rule unacceptable in a non-violent
non violent manner that
captured the imagination of the entire world. Gandhiji
emphasised through this struggle that sea water is a public
resource, which should be accessible to all.

Sea Water Farming

View of the Integrated
Inner bund Seawater farm near
Chidambaram

Mangrove plantation Grow out area

For fish, crab

TIDAL OUTLET

19
 Kuttanad Wetland
Below Sea Level Farming
Fig 4

o Part of a huge estuarine region

from Kayamkulam Lake to Kol
Lands including the longest
Vembanad Lake, occupying four
districts.
o Uniqueness of this wetland is
that its larger part is located
down to 2.6 m below MSL
o Six rivers feed the estuary from
south and east
o A unique ecosystem is
supported by the round the year
hydrological dynamics
Flood Plain o Kuttanad has 1,10,000 ha area,
of which 50 % is reclaimed and
88 % is under agriculture
o The region has great scenic
beauty and is an economic hub

Kuttanad – Below Sea Level Farming

Globally important Agricultural Heritage Site

20
 Genetic Garden of HALOPHYTES

Obligatory halophytes Facultative halophytes

Tolerate high concentration Most of the species tolerate only

of sodium salts moderate level of salinity

> 3 times of seawater salinity Reproduction requires low saline

condition
Even demand high NaCl for
survival
i l and
d reproduction
d ti M
Mangroves

1560 species 60 species

Different modules of Artificial reef in Therespuram Village

Groupe Lobsters
r

Sea horse
Reef fish

21
 Deployment pattern

30 numbers

Tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Jawaris Nicobaris Onge

Endowed with Traditional Ecological

prudence and wisdom

22
 Tsunami early warning system :
modern science plus traditional knowledge
o Tsunami warning o Nicobaris : when sea recedes,
turn back and run to higher
grounds

o Ongees tribe of Little o “giyangejebey” in their dilect

Andaman means solid earth becoming
liquid (i.e.) tsunami

o Animal behaviour a few hours o Swarms of crabs rushing out

before the December 26
26, 2004 of burrows
earthquake o Elephants and dogs
becoming restive

Reaching the Unreached: Voicing the Voiceless

Strategy for Strengthening Rural Knowledge Empowerment
Data
Uplink / Downlink
Generators &
Locale-Specific Satellites
Providers
demand driven
content in local Internet
language Telephone
Workshops
Meetings

Local Municipalities / Blocks – Village Resource Centres (VRCs)

Mobile

Information Users
(Rural families)
Village Knowledge Internet
Centres (VKCs) Radio

VRC

23
Information on Wave Height and location of fish shoal

Human Resource Development

Fish for All Centre at Poombuhar

From Capture or culture to consumption

24