F4 Chapter 4Bio: Chemical Composition in a Cell 4.

2 Organic Compounds
1. Organic Compound = chemical compound that contain carbon.
4.1 Water
2. Large & complex compounds form macromolecules. The 4 main
 hydrogen
(A) Polarity of Water H macromolecules in organisms = carbohydrate, protein, lipid & nucleic acid
bond
1. Water is an inorganic & polar molecule: O polymer
 H 
- oxygen is more electronegative () 3. Most macromolecules are
- hydrogen is more _____________ ( )   O polymers made of
H
 monomers (building blocks).
H
2. Polarity form __________ bond between 
water molecule & allows water to act as _____________ solvent Carbohydrate, protein
& nucleic acid are polymer
(B) Cohesive Force & Adhesive Force of Water molecules of organic compounds
1. Cohesive force * lipid is a macromolecule but not monomer
Water molecules attached to each other ________ a polymer
Adhesive force force
Water molecules attached to other surfaces 4.3 Carbohydrates

2. Both force produce xylem

1. Carbohydrates
capillary action in xylem tube,
- mainly function as source of energy
allows water to move up xylem ________
in cells (release about 17kJ/g)
against gravity force
- ratio of carbon : hydrogen : oxygen = 1 : 2 : 1
- chemical formula is (CH2O)n . Eg. C6H12O6
(C) Specific Heat Capacity of Water
1. Water has high specific heat capacity of 4.2 kJ kg1 C1 (4.2 kJ of heat
energy is needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 C)
2. There are 3 types of carbohydrates:
2. Allow water to maintain body temperature (water can
Monosaccharides Polysaccharides
absorb a lot of heat with a small rise in temperature) Disaccharides
(simple sugars) (complex sugars)
- glucose - maltose - starch
(D) Other importance of water in organism
- fructose - sucrose (eg. table sugar) - cellulose
- as transport medium in blood to transport glucose & electrolytes
- galactose - lactose (eg. milk) - glycogen
- form mucus (lubricate food in digestion) & synovial fluid (lubricate joints)
Sweet Not sweet
- provide moisture to _________ for gas to dissolve
Soluble in water Not soluble in water
- medium for biochemical reactions as most reaction need water
- maintain turgidity when water enter central vacuole & push
______________________________________

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(A) Monosaccharides 4. Only maltose & lactose are reducing sugars; sucrose is not a reducing
1. Monosaccharides sugar. When sucrose is heated with _________ solution, the blue mixture
- are monomers of carbohydrates ________________.
- combine together to form polymers through condensation reaction
- taste _______, form crystals & dissolve in ________ 5. If sucrose is boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid before heated with
Benedict’s solution, brick-red precipitate is formed because
2. Examples: __________________________________________________.
- _________ - the most common monosaccharides
- most polysaccharides are formed from this sugar (C) Polysaccharides
- found in rice, wheat, fruits, grapes… 1. Polysaccharides
- _________ - found in honey & sweet fruits - are polymers of carbohydrate
- _________ - found in milk - consists of hundreds of glucose joined together through _____________
- not ________ in water due to large molecular size
3. They are all reducing sugars
- has reducing power (can reduce Cu2 to Cu) 2. Examples:
- when heated with __________ solutions, - Starch - found in plants (eg. _______, _____ & __________
- result of iodine test: ________________________
Blue Brick _______________ - Cellulose - major component of ________ & found in dietary fibre
monosaccharides
copper (ll) sulphate of copper (l) oxide - Glycogen - storage in ________ (muscle & liver cells) & yeast

(B) Disaccharides
cell wall
1. Two monosaccharides joined together through condensation: glycogen
condensation
Glucose  ________ maltose  H2O
hydrolysis

Glucose  _________ sucrose  H2O

cellulose
Glucose  _________ lactose  H2O

2. The reverse process is hydrolysis (hydro: _____; lysis: _____): glucose

breakdown large molecule to small molecule with addition of _______

3. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides can be hydrolysed by

______ - found in grains, used in beer brewing - enzyme reactions - boiling with dilute acids
______ - found in sugar cane stems & sweet fruits
- plants transport carbohydrates in the form of sucrose
______ - found in ______

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4.4 Proteins Exercise:
1. State 2 importance of water in organism.
1. Proteins
- composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen
- most proteins also have sulphur & phophorus 2. Describe the 2 forces that allow water to flow against gravity in xylem.
- found in fish, _____, milk, beans & _____
peptide
2. Amino acid is the monomer of proteins.
bond
- there are 20 types of amino acids
- by joining different amino acids
together, various proteins can 3. (a) Describe the formation of sucrose.
be formed

3. Formation of dipeptide:
amino acid amino acid
- two amino acids link together
(b) List 2 sources of sucrose.
- by _________ bond dipeptide
- through _____________ process

condensation
Amino acid  _________ dipeptide  H2O 4. Compare the functions of 2 different polysaccharides.
hydrolysis

4. When more amino acids are added, polypeptide is formed.

A polypeptide can consists of fifty to thousands of amino acids.
Proteins composed of one or more polypeptides. 5. Among the 3 main types of carbohydrates, name the type(s) that is water
soluble.
5. Importance of proteins:
- build new cells & repair damaged tissues
- form enzyme: speed up biochemical ___________
6. List 3 reducing sugars.
- form antibodies: defend body from bacteria
- form hormones: as signalling molecules
- form haemoglobin: transport _________
- form myosin in muscle for body ____________ 7. Describe the reaction that forms dipeptide.
- structural support (keratin in skin & collagen in bones)

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4.5 Lipids 4. Two types of fatty acids: saturated & unsaturated fatty acids.
Saturated fats Unsaturated fats
1. Lipids - No double bond (only have single - Have at least 1 double bond
- composed of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen bonds between carbon) between carbon (more H atoms
- compared to carbohydrate, ratio of H : O in lipid is higher (has more O) - Cannot form anymore bond with can be added into the chain)
- are hydrophobic compound (insoluble in water) additional H atoms
- only soluble in organic solvent, eg. alcohol, ether & chloroform

2. The 4 types of lipids: fats, phospholipids, steroids & wax

- monounsaturated fats
(* not all lipids are fats)
(1 double bond)
- polyunsaturated fats
(A) Fats
(____ double bonds)
1. Fats & oil = triglycerides. Triglycerides are a type of ester.
Eg: animal fats, butter Eg: fish oil, corn oil & olive oil
Solid at R.T Liquid at R.T
2. Formation of triglycerides:
Lead to  LDL (bad cholesterol), Lead to  HDL (good cholesterol), 
condensation heart attack & diabetes LDL
_______  3 _________ triglyceride + 3H2O
hydrolysis Both contain (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen elements) & (glycerol, fatty acids)

(B) Phospholipids
Major component of ____________________,
- one glycerol  2 fatty acids  1 phosphate group

(C) Steroids
Do not contain fatty acids, eg. cholesterol,
testosterone, oestrogen & progesterone
oestrogen
glycerol fatty acid
(D) Waxes
_________ - are a type of three carbon alcohol Consist of 1 alcohol molecule  1 long fatty acid chain, so waxes are waterproof.
- contain ___ hydroxyl groups (OH) - In plants, it can be found in _______ of leaves, fruits and seeds of some
plants to prevent water loss & protect against infection
_________ - consists of long hydrocarbon chain - In animals, _______ from oil glands of skin contains wax to soften the skin.
(hydrophobic)
(E) Importance of lipids
3. Tests for fats = ethanol emulsion test - long term source of reserved energy (release about 38kJ/g)
Presence of fats will form white emulsion - heat insulator: form adipose tissue to insulate body from  temp
- provides physical protection: cushion body internal organs

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Exercise: (A) DNA
1. Compare the formation of triglycerides and phospholipids. - structure consists of __ polynucleotides that coil around each other to form
a double _____.

backbone

2. State 2 importance of lipids.

4.6 Nucleic Acids

1. Nucleic acids
- are polymer chains (polynucleotide) made of nucleotide monomers
- composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

nucleic acid nucleotide

- the backbone consists of _____________ & _______________
nitrogenous - the 2 polynucleotides are held together by ___________ bonds
base - has complementary base pairing: A paired with __; G with __
- different DNA molecule has different sequence of bases

phosphate group pentose sugar

(B) RNA
- each nucleotide consists of ______________, __________________ & - structure consists of __ polynucleotide chain (shorter compared to DNA)
______________________ that are combined together through - the nitrogenous base ________ in DNA is replaced with _______ in RNA
condensation process - the 3 types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) &
transfer RNA (tRNA)
2. Pentose sugar
- 2 types: deoxyribose & ribose (C) DNA VS RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid
3. Nitrogenous base Double stranded or double helix Single stranded
- 5 types: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U). Pentose sugar is Pentose sugar is
Found in nucleus only Found in nucleus & cytoplasm
4. There are 2 types of nucleic acids: Carry genetic information out of
Store genetic information
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (____) - Ribonucleic acid (____) nucleus for protein synthesis

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(D) Importance of nucleic acids (E) Formation of chromosomes
1. DNA act as - a carrier of hereditary information (contains genetic codes) 1. Chromosome
- a determinant of characteristics in living organisms
In nucleus
chromosome

DNA proteins nucleosomes

(histone)

nucleus
- long DNA double helix coils around histones to form a nucleosomes
- nucleosomes intertwine to form chromosome

2. A chromosomes contains thousands of genes

- a gene is a unit of inheritance that pass from parent cell to daughter
cells
cytoplasm
Exercise:
1. State 3 components in a nucleotide.

2. In transcription, segment of DNA (gene) on chromosome is used to 2. Describe the structure of DNA molecule.
produced mRNA.

3. In translation, every three-nucleotide (codon) codes for one amino acid.

These amino acids are joined together by _________ bond to form
_______________ (protein).

determine 3. Fill in the blanks to compare DNA & RNA.

Nucleotides sequence in Amino acids in
Aspect DNA RNA
DNA (the genetic code) polypeptides
Pentose sugar
determine Number of
Characteristics of organism determine strand
Type of protein
Eg. eye colour, curly hair Nitrogenous
bases

Location