AMA1110 2019/20 Semester 1 Exercise 4

AMA1110 Basic Mathematics I -

Calculus and Probability & Statistics
Exercise 4
Keywords: Continuity. The First Principles. Differentiability. L’Hôpital’s Rule. Linear
Approximations.
Note: If the expression obtained after this substitution does not give enough information
to determine the original limit, it is known as an indeterminate form. The indeterminate
0 ∞
forms include , , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 1∞ , 00 and ∞0 .
0 ∞

A Revision
Definition A.1 (The First Principles) The derivative of f (x) is defined by the for-
mula
f (x + ∆x) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim . (A.1)
∆x→0 ∆x
Note that, the function f (x) is differentiable on the interval J if f 0 (x) exist at every x in
J.
Theorem A.2 (L’Hôpital’s Rule) Let f (x) and g(x) be two differentiable functions
at all the points near a, but not at a. Suppose g 0 (x) 6= 0 for all x, with x 6= a. If
(1) lim f (x) = lim g (x) = 0 or ±∞.
x→a x→a

f 0 (x)
(2) lim exists or tends to infinity, then
x→a g 0 (x)

f (x) f 0 (x)
lim = lim 0 (A.2)
x→a g (x) x→a g (x)

B Exercise
1. Differentiate the following functions y with respect to x from the first principle.
x 1
(a) y = cos x (b) y = x3 (c) y = (d) y =
1 − x2 x+2
2. A function f is defined as
(
4 cos x + 1 if x ≤ 0,
f (x) =
ax + b if x > 0.
If f is differentiable everywhere, find the values of a and b.

3. Find the values of a and b such that f 0 (1) exists, where

 1

if |x| > 1,
f (x) = x
ax + b if |x| ≤ 1.


4. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

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AMA1110 2019/20 Semester 1 Exercise 4

3 3 5 (n) ee
x
(a) x + 4x2 − x + 7 + 9x−1 − 7x−2
5 2
(o) (1 − x−1 )−1
(b) (2x + 3)−2 (4x − 1)2
√ (p) ln(sin x) − 12 sin2 x
3+x
(c) √ (q) x tan−1 (4x)
2−x
(d) sin 2x cos 5x (r) ln(sec 5x + tan 5x)
(e) sinm x cosn x (s) cot(3x2 + 5)
√
(f) (x4 − 3x2 + 5)3 (t) sin(tan( 1 + x3 ))
√ 1 (u) tan2 (sin x)
(g) x+ √3 √
x4 x + 1(2 − x)4
√ (v)
(h) 2x x2 + 1 (x + 3)7
 
(i) esin 2x x
(w) ln
x x+1
(j)
1 − x2 x3 sin 5x
(x)
(k) xe−1/x (x2 + x)3
√
(l) tan( 1 − x) (y) sin 2x sin 3x sin 4x sin 5x
sec 2x (sin mx)n
(m) (z)
1 + tan 2x (cos nx)m

5. Consider the function


 x2 (x + 1) 23 if x > 0,
f (x) =
 −x2 (x + 1) 32 if x ≤ 0.

(a) Find f 0 (x) for x 6= 0, −1.

(b) Discuss the existence of f 0 (x) when x = 0, −1.

6. Prove the following identities.

(a) sinh(x + y) tanh x + tanh y

(c) tanh(x + y) =
= sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y 1 + tanh x tanh y

(b) cosh(x + y) (d) sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x

= cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y (e) cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x

7. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

(a) x sinh x − cosh x (d) sech 2 (ex )

(b) ln(cosh x) 1 − cosh x
(e)
(c) ecosh 3x 1 + cosh x
√
(f) cosh−1 ( x)
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AMA1110 2019/20 Semester 1 Exercise 4

8. Differentiate the following functions y with respect to x.

(a) sin(xy) = x2 − y (g) x + sin y = xy

(b) tan(xy) = y (h) y 2 = x2 + 1
(c) y = tan2 (x + y) (i) x2 + y 2 = 9
 
1
(d) y sin = 1 − xy (j) x2 + xy + y 2 = 9
y
(e) xy 4 + x2 y = x + 3y (k) y + sin x = cos y
(f) x2 (x − y)2 = x2 − y 2 (l) xy = exp(x + y)

dy
9. Find if
dx
  
x = t3 x = cos t x = a cos 2t
(a) (b) (c)
y = 2t2 − 1 y = sin t y = cos t + 1

10. Find y 00 for the following functions.

(a) y = x3 (x + 1)2 (c) y = x3 cos 2x

(b) y = (x2 − 1) sin 2x (d) y = x4 ex

11. Let x2 + y 2 = 2. Show that 1 + yy 00 + (y 0 )2 = 0.

2
sin x 2 d y dy
12. Let y = 2
. Show that (1 − x ) 2
− 4x − (1 + x2 )y = 0.
(1 − x ) dx dx

13. Use the following table of values for f , f 0 , g, and g 0 to find

f (x) − x3 x f f0 g g0
(a) H 0 (−2) if H(x) = .
g(x) + x -2 3 5 7 9
(b) K 0 (3) if K(x) = f (g(x)) + g(x)f (x). 3 3 -4 -2 1

√
3
14. Find a linear approximation to√f (x) = 1 + 3x at the point x = 0 and use it to
find an approximate value for 3 1.03.

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AMA1110 2019/20 Semester 1 Exercise 4

15. Evaluate the following limits by L’Hospital rule.

√
x2 − 1 sin−1 x 3
8+x−2
(a) lim 2 (i) lim (q) lim
x→1 x − x x→0 x x→0 x
x9 − 1 1 − cos x cos x − 1/2
(b) lim (j) lim (r) lim
x→1 x5 − 1 x→0 x2 x→π/3 x − π/3

sin 4x x + sin x 1/x2

(c) lim (k) lim (s) lim
x→0 tan 5x x→0 x + cos x
x→∞ sin(1/x)
x
e3x − 1 (l) lim 3x2 + 5x − 7
(d) lim x→∞ ln(1 + 2ex ) (t) lim
x→0 x x→∞ 2x2 − 3x + 1
ln x 1 − x + ln x
(e) lim (m) lim 3x − 1
x→∞ x x→1 1 + cos πx (u) lim 2
x→−∞ x + 1
ln x xa − ax + a − 1
(f) lim+ (n) lim 3x3 − 4
x→0 x x→1 (x − 1)2 (v) lim
x→∞ 2x2 + 1
ex − 1 − x x2 − 4 ln(x2 + 1)
(g) lim (o) lim (w) lim
x→0 x2 x→2 x − 2
x→∞ ln(x3 + 1)
x3 tan 3x
(h) lim (p) lim ln x
x→∞ ex x→0 sin 2x (x) lim+
x→0 1/x2

16. Evaluate the following limits by L’Hospital rule.

√ √
(a) lim+ x ln x (f) lim x2 + x − x (l) lim (ex + 1)−2/x
x→0 x→∞ x→∞

(b) lim cot 2x sin 6x (g) lim x − ln x

x→0
x→∞ (m) lim+ (cos x)1/x
x→0
−x2
(h) lim+ x ln x
(c) lim x3 e x→0
x→∞ (n) lim ln(1 − cos x) − ln(x2 )
 πx  (i) lim+ sin x ln x x→0
x→0
(d) lim+ (ln x) tan    12
x→1 2 1 1 
sin x x
(j) lim+ − (o) lim
1 x→0 x sin x x→0 x
(e) lim − csc x x
x→0 x (k) lim+ x
x→0

17. Let f (x) = xx for all x > 0. Prove that

f 0 (x) = xx (1 + ln x).
xx − x
Hence evaluate lim .
x→1 ln x − x + 1

18. Let f (x) = x4 − 2x2 + 1 for x ∈ [1, ∞). Determine the value of (f −1 )0 (9).

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AMA1110 2019/20 Semester 1 Exercise 4

19. (a) Prove that lim+ x ln x = 0.

x→0

(b) Let k be a real constant and f : R → R be defined by

(
sin x + cos 2x + k, when x ≤ 0,
f (x) =
x2 ln x, when x > 0.
It is given that f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
i. Find k.
ii. Is f (x) is differentiable at x = 0? Explain your answer.

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AMA1110 2019/20 Semester 1 Exercise 4

Answer:

2. a = 0 and b = 5 4y. 2 cos 2x sin 3x sin 4x sin 5x

+3 sin 2x cos 3x sin 4x sin 5x
3. a = −1 and b = 2 +4 sin 2x sin 3x cos 4x sin 5x
+5 sin 2x sin 3x sin 4x cos 5x
4a. 9 2
5x + 8x − 5
2 − 9x−2 + 14x−3
4z. mn(sin mx)n−1 (cos nx)−m cos mx
4b. 8(2x + 3) −2 2
(4x − 1) − 4(4x − 1) (2x + 3) −3 + mn(sin mx)n (cos nx)−m−1 sin nx
√ 
1√ 3+x 2x(4x+3)
4c. √ + 2(2−x)3/2
 1 for x > 0
2 3+x 2−x 
3(x+1) 3
5a. f (x) =
4d. −5 sin 2x sin 5x + 2 cos 2x cos 5x − 2x(4x+3)
 1 for x < 0 and x 6= −1
3(x+1) 3

4e. −n sinm+1 x cosn−1 x + m sinm−1 x cosn+1 x 5b. f 0 (0) = 0 and f 0 (−1) does not exist.

4f. 6x(x4 − 3x2 + 5)2 (2x2 − 3)2q 7a. x cosh x

1 4
4g. √
2 x
− √
3 7 7b. tanh x
3 x

2(2x2 +1) 7c. 3ecosh 3x sinh 3x

4h. √
x2 +1
7d. −2ex sech 2 (ex ) tanh(ex )
4i. 2 cos(2x)esin 2x
−2 sinh x
7e. (1+cosh x)2
x2 +1
4j. (1−t2 )2
√ 1
7f.
2 x(x−1)
4k. e−1/x (1 + 1/x)
√ 2x−y cos(xy)
− sec2 ( 1−x) 8a. x cos(xy)+1
4l. √
2 1−x
y sec2 xy
2(sec 2x)(tan 2x−1) 8b. 1−x sec2 xy
4m. (1+tan 2x)2
2 tan(x+y) sec2 (x+y)
x+ex 8c. 1−2 tan(x+y) sec2 (x+y)
4n. e
−y
4o. −(x − 1)−2 8d. sin(1/y)−(1/y) cos(1/y)+x

1−y 4 −2xy
4p. cot x − sin x cos x 8e. 4xy 3 +x2 −3

4q. 4x
1+16x2 + tan−1 (4x) 8f. 2x(x−y)2 +2x2 (x−y)−2x
2x2 (x−y)−2y

4r. 5 sec 5x y−1

8g. cos y−x
4s. −6x csc2 (3x2 + 5) x
8h. y
√ √
3x2 (cos(tan 1+x3 ))(sec2 1+x3 )
4t. √
2 1+x3 8i. − xy

4u. 2 cos x tan(sin x) sec2 (sin x) 2x+y

8j. − x+2y
(x−2)3 (5x2 −47x−46)
4v. √
2 x+1(x+3)8 8k. − cos x
1+sin y

1 ex+y −y
4w. x(x+1) 8l. x−ex+y

5(x+1) cos 5x−3 sin 5x 4

4x. (x+1)4 9a. 3t

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AMA1110 2019/20 Semester 1 Exercise 4

√
9b. − cot t 15r. − 3/2

1
9c. 4a cos t 15s. 0

10a. 20x3 + 24x2 + 6x 15t. 3/2

10b. (6 − 4x2 ) sin 2x + 8x cos 2x 15u. 0

10c. (6x − 4x3 ) cos 2x − 12x2 sin 2x 15v. ∞

10d. (x4 + 8x3 + 12x2 )ex

15w. 2/3
13a. −29/5
15x. 0
13b. 16
16a. 0
√
3
14. L(x) = 1 + x, 1.03 ≈ 1.01
16b. 3
15a. 2
16c. 0
15b. 9/5
16d. −2/π
15c. 4/5
16e. 0
15d. 3
16f. 1/2
15e. 0
16g. ∞
15f. −∞
16h. 0
15g. 1/2
16i. 0
15h. 0
16j. 0
15i. 1
16k. 1
15j. 1/2
16l. e−2
15k. 0

15l. 1 16m. 1

15m. −1/π 2 16n. ln(1/2)

1
15n. a(a−1) 16o. e− 6
2

15o. 4 17. −2

15p. 3/2 18. 1/24

15q. 1/12 19b. k = −1 and f is not differentiable at x = 0.

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AMA1110 2019/20 Semester 1 Exercise 4

F (x) F 0 (x)
Addition f (x) ± g(x) f 0 (x) ± g 0 (x)
Linearity af (x) af 0 (x)
Product Rule f (x)g(x) f 0 (x)g(x) + f (x)g 0 (x)
f (x) g(x)f 0 (x) − f (x)g 0 (x)
Quotient Rule
g(x) [g(x)]2
Chain Rule f (g(x)) f (g(x))g 0 (x)
0

Basic functions xn for any real n nxn−1

ex ex
ax (a > 0) (ln a)ax
1
ln x
x
Trig. functions sin x cos x
cos x − sin x
tan x sec2 x
cot x − csc2 x
sec x sec x tan x
csc x − csc x cot x
1
Inverse functions f −1 (x)
f 0 (f −1 (x))
1
Inverse Trig. sin−1 x √
1 − x2
1
cos−1 x −√
1 − x2
1
tan−1 x
1 + x2
1 x
Hyperbolic Trig. sinh x = (e − e−x ) cosh x
2
1
cosh x = (ex + e−x ) sinh x
2
sinh x 1
tanh x = = sech 2 x
cosh x p cosh2 x
1
sinh−1 x = ln(x + x2 + 1) √
1 + x2
p 1
cosh−1 x = ln(x + x2 − 1) √
2
x −1
 
−1 1 1+x 1
tanh x = ln
2 1−x 1 − x2

- The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain.
Jacques Salomon Hadamard (1865-1963). -
- Finis -