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Army Public School Gopalpur: Class-Xii Science Subject - Biology Chapter-1 Reproduction in Organisms Notes

1. The document discusses asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical. Sexual reproduction involves two parents of opposite sex and the fusion of male and female gametes, producing offspring that are not genetically identical. 2. The stages of sexual reproduction are described, including gamete formation, gamete transfer through pollination or other means, fertilization of the egg by sperm, and post-fertilization development of the zygote into an embryo. External fertilization occurs outside the body, while internal fertilization is inside the body. 3. The life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms begins as a zygote, which then develops into an

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86 views

Army Public School Gopalpur: Class-Xii Science Subject - Biology Chapter-1 Reproduction in Organisms Notes

1. The document discusses asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical. Sexual reproduction involves two parents of opposite sex and the fusion of male and female gametes, producing offspring that are not genetically identical. 2. The stages of sexual reproduction are described, including gamete formation, gamete transfer through pollination or other means, fertilization of the egg by sperm, and post-fertilization development of the zygote into an embryo. External fertilization occurs outside the body, while internal fertilization is inside the body. 3. The life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms begins as a zygote, which then develops into an

Uploaded by

Ashok Kumar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL GOPALPUR

CLASS-XII Science SUBJECT - BIOLOGY

CHAPTER–1 REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS

NOTES
Life span – The period from birth to the natural death of an organism represents its life
span. Life span of organisms varies from few days (Butterfly-1to 2 weeks) to thousands of
years (Banyan tree).
Types of Reproduction:
Based on whether there is one or two organisms taking part in the process of reproduction
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:-
When the offspring is produced by single parents with or without the involvement of gamete
formation, the reproduction is called asexual reproduction.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
When two parents (opposite sex) participates in reproduction process and also involves the
fusion of male and female gametes, it is called sexual reproduction.

Asexual Reproduction
1. Usually followed by organisms with relatively simpler organizations.
2. Offspring’s produced by single parent.
3. With/without involvement of gamete formation.
4. Offspring’s produced are genetically and morphologically similar to each other and to
the parent, they are clones.
• In Protista and Monera, the parent cells divides into two to give rise to new individuals. Thus,
in these organisms cell division is the mode of reproduction itself.
• Binary fission– in this method of asexual reproduction, a cell divides into two halves and
rapidly grows into an adult. e.g. - Amoeba, Paramecium.

Budding– Small buds are produced that remain attached initially with parents and get
separated on maturation. E.g. -Yeast.
• Fungi and simple plants like algae reproduce through special reproductive structures like
zoospores (motile structure), conidia (penicillium), buds (hydra) and gemmules (sponges).

• In plants, vegetative reproduction occurs by vegetative propagules like runner, rhizome,


sucker, tuber, offset and bulb.

WATER HYACINTH (Terror of Bengal)


 One of the most invasive weeds
 Grows wherever there is standing water
 Drains oxygen from water- leads to death of fishes.
 Introduced in India because of its pretty flowers & shape of leaves
 Vegetative propagation occurs at a phenomenal rate
Asexual reproduction is the most common method of reproduction in organisms having simpler
body like in algae and fungi but during unfavorable condition they shift to sexual reproduction.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
 Involves formation of male and female gamete by two individuals of the opposite sex.
 Offspring produced by fusion of male and female gametes not identical to each other or
to the parents.
 All sexually reproducing organisms share a similar pattern of reproduction.
• In sexual reproduction, fusion of male and female gametes results in offspring that are not
identical to parents.

DIFFERENT PHASES IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:


a. Juvenile phase – The period between birth and sexual maturity is called juvenile
phase. In plants it is known as vegetative phase. The end of juvenile/vegetative phase marks
the beginning of the reproductive phase.
b. Reproductive phase-
• Some plants show flowering in particular season and some other flowers in all seasons.
Some other plants like bamboo species flowers once in life time (after 50-100
years), Strobilanthus kunthiana (neelakuranji), flowers once in 12 years.
• The female placental animals exhibit cyclic change in activities ovaries and accessary
glands as well as hormone during the reproductive phase.

Menstrual cycle
• It occurs in monkeys, apes and human beings.
• Cycle consists of 3 phases-menstrual, proliferative and secretary phase.
• Blood flows in the last few days of the cycle. The broken endometrium is passed out
during menstruation.
• Female does not permit copulation during menstrual phase of the cycle.
Oestrous cycle
• It occurs in non primates like cow, sheep, rat, deer, dog, tiger etc.
• It consists of a short period of oestrous or heat. It is 12-24 hours in cow followed by
anoestrous or passive period.
• Blood does not flow in this cycle. The broken endometrium is reabsorbed.
• Female permits copulation only during oestrous period.
• Both in plants and animals, hormones are responsible for the transition between
different phases of life cycle. Interaction between hormones and environmental factors
regulate the reproductive processes.
c. Senescent phase –
 It is the end of reproductive phase.
 Old age ultimately leads to death

Events in Sexual Reproduction: Pre-fertilization, Fertilization, Post-fertilization


Pre-fertilization – all the events prior to fusion of gametes are included in it. It
includes gametogenesis and gamete transfer.
a. Gametogenesis is the process of formation of male and female gametes. Gametes
are haploid cells which may be similar or dissimilar in structure. In algae, both gametes
are similar in structure called homogametes (isogametes). In higher organism that
reproduces sexually, two morphologically distinct gametes are formed
called heterogametes, male gametes are called antherozoid or sperm and female
gametes are called ovum or egg.
Isogametes. heterogametes
In fungi and plants, homothallic and monoecious terms are used to denote the
bisexual condition and heterothallic and dioecious are used for unisexual condition. In
flowering plants, the unisexual male flower is staminate, i.e., bearing stamens, while the
female is pistillate or bearing pistils.
• In animals, species which possess both male and female reproductive organs in same
individual are called bisexual or hermaphrodites (earthworm, sponges, tapeworm etc.)
and both having either male or female reproductive organs are
called unisexual (cockroach, human).
 Gametes are always haploid (having half set of chromosome), although organisms may
be haploid and diploid. Diploid organisms form gametes by meiotic division. The
organisms belonging to algae, fungi, and bryophytes have haploid plant body and
pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms and most of animals are diploid ( having
double set of chromosome )
• In diploid organisms, gamete mother cell (meiocyte) undergoes meiosis in which one
set of chromosome is present in gametes.

b. Gamete Transfer – in majority of organisms, male gametes are motile and female
gametes are non-motile, except in fungi and algae in which both gametes are motile.
• In simple plants like algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes water is the medium
through which male and female gametes moves. The number of male gametes, are
much more than number of female gametes as most of male gametes fail to reach the
female gametes.
• In higher plants pollen grains are carrier of male gametes and ovule has eggs. Pollen
grains must be transferred from anther to stigma to facilitate fertilization. The transfer
of pollen grains from anther to stigma is called pollination. Pollination may be self
(anther to stigma of same flower) or cross (anther to stigma of different flower).
• Pollen grains germinate on stigma to produce pollen tube that delivers the male
gametes near the ovule.

c. Fertilization – The fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilization or


syngamy. It results in the formation of diploid zygote.
• The process of development of new organisms without fertilization of female gametes
is called parthenogenesis. For example honey bee, rotifers, and lizards.

EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION INTERNAL FERTILIZATION


Syngamy occurs outside the body of Syngamy occurs inside the body of the organism
the organism Large numbers of Numbers of ova produced are less, but large
gametes are released in the numbers of male gametes are released and they
surrounding medium. travel towards the ovum.
Ex. Bony fishes and Amphibians. Ex. Birds and Mammals.
d. Post Fertilization Events- events in the sexual reproduction after formation of
zygote.
Zygote is the vital link that ensures continuity of species between organisms of one
generation and the next. Every sexually reproducing organism, including human beings,
begins life as a single cell–the zygote.

• In the organisms, having external fertilization, zygote is formed in external medium


(water) and those having internal fertilization; zygote is formed inside the body of
female.

• In algae and fungi, zygote develops a thick wall resistant to desiccation and damage.
This germinates after a period of rest.

• In the organisms having haplontic life cycle, zygote divides to form haploid spores that
germinate to form haploid individual.

Embryogenesis: – the process of development of embryo from the zygote. During


this, zygote undergoes mitotic division and cell differentiation. Cell division, increase the
number and cell differentiation help information of new group of cells and organs.

Oviparous Viviparous
Development of zygote takes place outside Development of zygote takes place inside
the body of organisms and lay fertilized of the body of organisms and produces
unfertilized eggs. young ones.
Ex – Reptiles and birds. Ex- Human, dog, horse etc.

• In flowering plants, zygote is formed inside the ovule. After fertilization, sepals, petals
and stamens of flower fall off. The zygote develops into embryo and ovules into seeds.
The ovary develops into fruits which develop a thick wall called pericarp, protective in
function.
• After dispersal, seeds germinate under favorable condition to produce new plants.

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