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Electric Circuit Analysis

This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in electric circuit analysis for a mechatronics engineering course. It defines open and short circuits and explains series and parallel branches. Kirchhoff's laws relating to current and voltage are described. Formulas are given for calculating resistance and conductance in series and parallel circuits, as well as voltage and current division. Transformations between delta and wye circuits are also covered.

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Muhammad Hasnain
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
43 views

Electric Circuit Analysis

This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in electric circuit analysis for a mechatronics engineering course. It defines open and short circuits and explains series and parallel branches. Kirchhoff's laws relating to current and voltage are described. Formulas are given for calculating resistance and conductance in series and parallel circuits, as well as voltage and current division. Transformations between delta and wye circuits are also covered.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Hasnain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

EE-102

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Mechatronics Engineering

(02)

1
Practice Questions

Home Work / Tutorial Work:


• Learn by doing, Example 1.7 (Page 26-27)
• After doing this you should be able to do/ solve similar questions

2
Fundamental Laws …

Open/ Short Circuits

• A circuit element having no resistance is considered to be a Short


Circuit (infinite conductance)

• A circuit element having infinite resistance is considered an Open


Circuit (zero conductance)

3
Fundamental Laws …

Series and Parallel


• Two (or more) elements (or branches) are in Series if they share a
single node and hence.
– Elements (or branches) in Series carry same current, exclusively

• Two (or more) elements (or branches) are in Parallel if they connect
to the same pair of nodes
– Elements (or branches) are in Parallel if they are subjected to
the same voltage

4
Types of Branches
• Branches that are a Source of Energy:

• Branches that are a Load (Dissipate Energy):


e.g. Resistor,

(Half-arrows may be replaced with full-arrows)


5
Counting Branches and Nodes
• The number of Branches in a circuit is the same as the
number of circuit elements
• The number of nodes is representative of all places in
the circuit where branches connect

6
Kirchhoff’s Laws

Based on the Law of Conservation of Charge


(conservation of energy) : The algebraic sum of charges
within a closed system cannot change.
• KCL – Kirchhoff’s Current Law: at any instant of time, the
sum of all currents entering a node (n) must equal the
sum of all currents leaving that node.
∑n i IN = ∑n i OUT
or
The algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or any
closed boundary) is Zero.
∑n i IN - ∑n i OUT = 0, if incoming current is assumed +

∑n i OUT - ∑n i IN = 0, if outgoing current is assumed +


7
Kirchhoff’s Laws

• KCL – Kirchhoff’s Current Law: forms


a) This form is more intuitive, all currents appear positive; chances of
sign errors are minimum.
∑n i IN = ∑n i OUT

b) The following two forms make mathematical manipulations more


straight forward; a feature advantages in the nodal analysis.
∑n i IN - ∑n i OUT = 0, if incoming current is assumed +

∑n i OUT - ∑n i IN = 0, if outgoing current is assumed +

To apply KCL successfully, we must first label all branch currents


of interest and indicate their reference directions by means of
arrows.

8
KCL
• Application of KCL is straightforward (Incoming current assumed + )
+)

9
Kirchhoff’s Laws

For Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL), we note that if go


around a loop (in a circuit), voltages across each of its
branches (or elements) may appear as a voltage rise or
a voltage drop.
• KVL – Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: at any instant of time, the
sum of all voltage rises around a loop (l) must equal the
sum of all voltage drops around the loop.
∑l v RISE = ∑ l v DROP
or
The algebraic sum of voltages around a Loop (or any
closed path) is Zero.
∑l v DROP - ∑ l v RISE = 0
or ∑l v RISE - ∑ l v DROP = 0

10
KVL

• Use care in assessing each voltage as a drop or rise:


( ∑l v DROP - ∑ l v RISE = 0 )

11
RESISTORS IN SERIES

• Elements in series, each see the same current


• Resistors in series add directly:

Rac = Rab + Rbc

• Conductances in series add as the inverse, of the


sum-of-their-inverses:
1/Gac = 1/Gab + 1/Gbc , where
Gac = 1/Rac, Gab = 1/ Rab and Gbc = 1/ Rbc

12
VOLTAGE DIVISION
If VR is the voltage (to be found) across a resistor, and Vs is the total
voltage across all the resistor (in series), then

VR = Vs * (That Resistor Value /Sum of all resistor values in series)

13
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
• Elements in parallel are each, impressed with the same voltage
• Resistors in parallel add as the inverse, of the sum-of-their-inverses

• Conductances in parallel add directly:


Gab = G1 + G2 Where, Gab = 1/ Rab, G1 = 1/R1, and G2 = 1/R2

14
CURRENT DIVISION

If IR is the current (to be found) through a Resistor, and IS is the total


current flowing into the two resistors in parallel, then:
(other than)
IR = IS * (Other Resistor Value / Sum Value of two resistors)

15
Delta-Wye Transform
Resistors in a delta-shaped-arrangement can be transformed into the
corresponding wye-shaped-arrangement/ circuit using the following
relations:
Rx = Adj*Adj/Sum

16
Wye-Delta Transform
• Resistors in a wye shaped arrangement
can be transformed into the corresponding
delta shaped circuit:
Rx = Sum of Product Terms/Opposite

17

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