Lesson 10.

Signal processing (1)

Lesson
Learning contents and learning goals
Learning
Contents
1. Introduction

2. Classification

Learning Goals

Upon completion of this lesson, students will be able to:

1. Recall the concepts of signal, system, and signal
processing
2. Identify the different kind of signals and systems
1. Introduction

1.1. Introduction to Signal Processing

1.2. Introduction to Systems
1.3. Signals Basic Types
1. Introduction
❑ 1.1 Introduction to Signal Processing
▪ Signal is any physical quantity that carries information.
▪ Processing is a series of steps or operations to
achieve a particular end.
▪ Signal Processing is used everywhere to extract
information from signals or to convert information-carrying
signals from one form to another.
▪ Digital in Digital Signal Processing means that the
process is done by computers, microprocessors,
or logic circuits.
Minh N. Do et al: “Fundamentals of Signal Processing,” Rice University, Houston, Texas, 2014.
1. Introduction
❑ 1.1 Introduction to Signal Processing
▪ A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies
with one or more independent variables such as time
(one-dimensional signal), or space (2-D or 3-D signal).
▪ Signals exist in several types:

continuous-time or
have values continuously at every value of time
analog signals

discrete-time its values at a discrete set of time instants can be

signal stored in computer memory locations

digital signal a set of discrete values

Minh N. Do et al: “Fundamentals of Signal Processing,” Rice University, Houston, Texas, 2014.
1. Introduction
❑ 1.1 Introduction to Signal Processing
Analog signals
▪ Analog signals are usually signals defined over continuous
independent variable(s).

A speech signal's amplitude

relates to tiny air pressure
variations. Shown is a recording
of the vowel "e" (as in "speech")

Minh N. Do et al: “Fundamentals of Signal Processing,” Rice University, Houston, Texas, 2014.
1. Introduction
❑ 1.1 Introduction to Signal Processing
Digital signals

▪ The word "digital" means discrete-valued and implies

the signal has an integer-valued independent variable.

▪ Digital information includes numbers and symbols.

▪ Computers rely on the digital representation of

information to manipulate and transform information.

Minh N. Do et al: “Fundamentals of Signal Processing,” Rice University, Houston, Texas, 2014.
1. Introduction
❑ 1.1 Introduction to Signal Processing
Digital signals

▪ Signals are manipulated by systems.

y(t) = S(x(t))

The system depicted has input x(t) and output y(t). The notation
y(t) = S(x(t)) corresponds to this block diagram. We term S (·) the
input-output relation for the system.

Minh N. Do et al: “Fundamentals of Signal Processing,” Rice University, Houston, Texas, 2014.
1. Introduction
❑ 1.1 Introduction to Signal Processing
Digital signals

▪ Cascade Interconnection

w (t) = S1 (x (t))
y (t) = S2 (w (t))

The most rudimentary ways of interconnecting systems are

shown in the figures in this section. This is the cascade configuration.

Minh N. Do et al: “Fundamentals of Signal Processing,” Rice University, Houston, Texas, 2014.
1. Introduction
❑ 1.1 Introduction to Signal Processing
Digital signals

▪ Parallel Interconnection

y (t) = S1 (x (t))+S2 (x (t))

The parallel configuration

Minh N. Do et al: “Fundamentals of Signal Processing,” Rice University, Houston, Texas, 2014.
1. Introduction
❑ 1.1 Introduction to Signal Processing
Digital signals

▪ Feedback Interconnection

y (t) = S1 (e (t))
e (t) = x (t) - S2 (y (t))

The feedback configuration

Minh N. Do et al: “Fundamentals of Signal Processing,” Rice University, Houston, Texas, 2014.
1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Unit Step Function

▪ Unit step function is denoted by u(t). It is defined as

1 𝑡≥0
𝑢 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡<0

• It is used as best test signal.

• Area under unit step function
is unity.

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1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Unit Impulse Function

▪ Impulse function is denoted by δ(t). and it is defined as

1 𝑡=0
𝛿 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡≠0

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1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Ramp Signal

▪ Ramp signal is denoted by r(t), and it is defined as

𝑡 𝑡≥0
𝑟 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡<0

Area under unit ramp is unity.

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1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Parabolic Signal

𝑥 𝑡 = ቊ 𝑡 2 /2 𝑡 ≥ 0
▪ Parabolic signal can be defined as 0 𝑡<0

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1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Signum Function

▪ Signum function is denoted as sgn(t).

It is defined as 𝑠𝑔𝑛 𝑡
1 𝑡>0
𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑡) = ቐ 0 𝑡 = 0
−1 𝑡 < 0

sgn(t) = 2u(t) – 1

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1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Exponential Signal

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1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Exponential Signal

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1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Exponential Signal

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1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Rectangular Signal

▪ Let it be denoted as x(t) and it is defined as

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1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Triangular Signal

▪ Let it be denoted as x(t)

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1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Sinusoidal Signal

▪ Sinusoidal signal is in the form of

x(t) = A cos(w0±ϕ) or A sin(w0±ϕ)

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1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Sinc Function

▪ It is denoted as sinc(t) and it is defined as

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡 = = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 0, ±1, ±2, …
𝜋𝑡

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1. Introduction
❑ 1.2 Signals Basic Types
Sampling Function

▪ It is denoted as sa(t) and it is defined as

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals

▪ A signal is said to be continuous when it

is defined for all instants of time.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals

▪ A signal is said to be discrete when it is

defined at only discrete instants of time.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals

▪ A signal is said to be deterministic if there is no uncertainty

with respect to its value at any instant of time.

▪ Can be defined exactly by a mathematical formula.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals

▪ A signal is said to be non-deterministic if there is

uncertainty with respect to its value at some instant of time.

▪ Non-deterministic signals are

random in nature (random sign
als).
▪ Random signals are modelled i
n probabilistic terms.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Even and Odd Signals

▪ A signal is said to be even when it satisfies the

condition x(t) = x(-t)

Example 1: t2, t4… cos(t) etc.

Let x(t) = t2
x(-t) = (-t)2 = t2 = x(t)
t2 is even function

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Even and Odd Signals

▪ A signal is said to be even when it satisfies the

condition x(t) = x(-t)

Example 2: As shown in the following diagram, rectangle

function x(t) = x(-t) so it is also even function.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Even and Odd Signals

▪ A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies

the condition x(t) = -x(-t)

Example: t, t3 ... and sin(t)

Let x(t) = sin(t)
x(-t) = sin(-t) = -sin(t) = -x(t)
sin(t) is odd function.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Even and Odd Signals

▪ Any function ƒ(t) can be expressed as the sum of its

even function ƒe(t) and odd function ƒo(t).

ƒ(t ) = ƒe(t ) + ƒ0(t )

where
ƒe(t ) = ½[ƒ(t ) +ƒ(-t )]

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

▪ A signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition

x(t) = x(t + T) or x(n) = x(n + N).

Where
T = fundamental time period,
1/T = f = fundamental frequency.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

The above signal will repeat for every time interval

T0 hence it is periodic with period T0.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Energy and Power Signals

▪ A signal is said to be energy signal when it has finite energy.

▪ A signal is said to be power signal when it has finite power.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Energy and Power Signals

NOTE: A signal cannot be both, energy and power

simultaneously. Also, a signal may be neither energy
nor power signal.
Power of energy signal = 0
Energy of power signal = ∞

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2. Classification
❑ 2.1 Signals Classification
Real and Imaginary Signals

▪ A signal is said to be real when it satisfies

the condition x(t) = x*(t)
▪ A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies
the condition x(t) = -x*(t)
▪ Example:
If x(t)= 3 then x*(t)=3*=3 here x(t) is a real signal.
If x(t)= 3j then x*(t)=3j* = -3j = -x(t) hence x(t) is a odd signal.
▪ Note: For a real signal, imaginary part should be zero.
Similarly for an imaginary signal, real part should be zero.
2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Linear and Non-linear Systems

▪ A system is said to be linear when it satisfies

superposition and homogenate principles.

T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = a1 T[x1(t)] + a2 T[x2(t)]

or, T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t)

▪ From the above expression, is clear that response

of overall system is equal to response of individual
system.
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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Linear and Non-linear Systems
▪ Example:
y(t) = x2(t)
▪ Solution:
y1(t) = T[x1(t)] = x12(t)
y2(t) = T[x2(t)] = x22(t)
T [a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)] = [ a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)]2
Which is not equal to a1y1(t) + a2y2(t).
Hence the system is said to be non linear.
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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems

▪ A system is said to be time variant if its input and output

characteristics vary with time.
▪ Otherwise, the system is considered as time invariant.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems

▪ The condition for time invariant system is: y (n , t) = y(n-t)

▪ The condition for time variant system is: y (n , t) ≠ y(n-t)
Where: y (n , t) = T[x(n-t)] = input change
y (n-t) = output change

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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems

▪ Example:

y(n) = x(-n)
y(n, t) = T[x(n-t)] = x(-n-t)
y(n-t) = x(-(n-t)) = x(-n + t)
y(n, t) ≠ y(n-t).

Hence, the system is time variant.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Linear Time variant (LTV) &
Linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems

▪ If a system is both linear and time variant, then it is

called linear time variant (LTV) system.

▪ If a system is both linear and time invariant then that

system is called linear time invariant (LTI) system.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Static and Dynamic Systems

▪ Static system is memory-less whereas dynamic system

is a memory system.
▪ Example 1: y(t) = 2x(t)
For present value t=0, the system output is y(0) = 2x(0).
Here, the output is only dependent upon
present input. Hence the system is memory less or static.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Static and Dynamic Systems

▪ Static system is memory-less whereas dynamic

system is a memory system.
▪ Example 2: y(t) = 2x(t) + 3x(t-3)
For present value t=0, the system output is y(0) = 2x(0) + 3x(-3)
Here x(-3) is past value for the present
input for which the system requires memory to get this output.
Hence, the system is a dynamic system.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Causal and Non-Causal Systems

▪ A system is said to be causal if its output depends upon

present and past inputs, and does not depend upon
future input.

▪ For non causal system, the output depends upon future

inputs also.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Causal and Non-Causal Systems

▪ Example 1: y(n) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3)

For present value t=1, the system output is
y(1) = 2x(1) + 3x(-2).
Here, the system output only depends upon present
and past inputs. Hence, the system is causal.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Causal and Non-Causal Systems

▪ Example 2: y(n) = 2x(t) + 3x(t-3) + 6x(t + 3)

For present value t=1,
the system output is y(1) = 2x(1) + 3x(-2) + 6x(4)
Here, the system output depends upon future input.
Hence the system is non-causal system.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Invertible and Non-Invertible systems

▪ A system is said to invertible if the input of the system

appears at the output.

Y(S) = X(S) H1(S) H2(S) = X(S) H1(S) · 1/(H1(S))

Since H2(S) = 1/(H1(S)) , Y(S) = X(S) → y(t) = x(t)

Hence, the system is invertible.

▪ If y(t) ≠ x(t), then the system is said to be non-invertible.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Stable and Unstable Systems

▪ The system is said to be stable only when the output

is bounded for bounded input.
▪ For a bounded input, if the output is unbounded in the system
then it is said to be unstable.
▪ Note: For a bounded signal, amplitude is finite.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Stable and Unstable Systems

▪ Example 1: y (t) = x2(t)

Let the input is u(t) (unit step bounded input) then
the output y(t) = u2(t) = u(t) = bounded output.
Hence, the system is stable.

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2. Classification
❑ 2.2 Systems Classification
Stable and Unstable Systems

▪ Example 2: y (t) = ∫x(t)dt

Let the input is u(t) (unit step bounded input) then the output
y(t) = ∫u(t)dt = ramp signal
(unbounded because amplitude of ramp is not finite it goes
to infinite when t→infinite). Hence, the system is unstable.

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Quiz 1
OX Example Select
Quiz Number 1 Quiz Type

Question Telegraph signals are examples of

A. Digital signals B. Analog signals

Example
C. Impulse signals D. Pulse train

Answer A

A "telegraph" is a device for transmitting and receiving messa

Feedback
ges over long distances, i.e., for telegraphy.
Quiz 2
OX Example Select
Quiz Number 2 Quiz Type

Consider a system: y(t) = 3x(t) + 2x(t-2). This system is a stat

Question
ic or dynamic system.

A. Static system B. Dynamic system

Example
C. None of above

Answer B
For present value t=0, the system output is y(0) = 3x(0) +
3x(-2). Here x(-2) is past value for the present input for which
Feedback
the system requires memory to get this output. Hence, the
system is a dynamic system.
Summary

1. Introduction
Signal Processing is used everywhere to extract
information from signals or to convert information-carrying
signals from one form to another.
Summary

2. Classification
Signals can be classified into: Continuous Time and
Discrete Time, Deterministic and Non-deterministic, Even
and Odd signals, …

Systems can be classified into: Linear and Non-linear,

Time Variant and Time Invariant, Linear Time variant and
Linear Time Invariant, Static and Dynamic systems, …
Next time guide

Next time Lesson 11

Signal processing (2)

References
Engr. A. R.K. Rajput, Digital Signal Processing

Dr.Y. Narasimha Murthy, DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING – An Introduction