INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS No. 1

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion 12, Quarter 4
Finding the Answers to the Research
Questions: Data Analysis Method

Name: _____________________________________________ Section: ____________

I. LEARNING COMPENCY
Gathers and analyzes data with intellectual honesty using suitable techniques.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. Familiarize on the data analysis method;
2. Understand the steps involved in undertaking basic qualitative and
quantitative data analysis; and
3. Develop appreciation towards the conduct of data analysis of research.

II. KEY CONCEPTS

Data Analysis Methods
In reporting the results, the researcher stays close to the statistical findings
without drawing broader implications or meaning from them. Further, this section
includes summaries of the data rather than the raw data (e.g., the actual scores for
individuals). A results section includes tables, figures, and detailed explanations
about the statistical results.
Before writing this section:
 Rewrite the Chapters 1-3 before or after data analysis and before writing
Chapter 4.
 Rewrite the chapters in past tense, wherever applicable, and make corrections
for actual data collection and data analysis procedures.
What is the first thing that comes to mind when we see data? The first instinct is
to find patterns, connections, and relationships. We look at the data to find meaning
in it.
Similarly, in research, once data is collected, the next step is to get insights
from it. For example, if a clothing brand is trying to identify the latest trends among
young women, the brand will first reach out to young women and ask them questions
relevant to the research objective. After collecting this information, the brand will
analyze that data to identify patterns — for example, it may discover that most young
women would like to see more variety of jeans.
Data analysis is how researchers go from a mass of data to meaningful
insights. There are many different data analysis methods, depending on the type of
research. Here are a few methods you can use to analyze quantitative and
qualitative data.

Analyzing Qualitative Data

Qualitative data analysis works a little differently from quantitative data,
primarily because qualitative data is made up of words, observations, images, and
 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

even symbols. Deriving absolute meaning from such data is nearly impossible;
hence, it is mostly used for exploratory research. While in quantitative research there
is a clear distinction between the data preparation and data analysis stage, analysis
for qualitative research often begins as soon as the data is available.

Data Preparation and Basic Data Analysis

The Business Research Methodology (2021) stated that analysis and preparation
happen in parallel and include the following steps:
1. Getting familiar with the data: Since most qualitative data is just words, the
researcher should start by reading the data several times to get familiar with it
and start looking for basic observations or patterns. This also includes
transcribing the data.
2. Revisiting research objectives: Here, the researcher revisits the research
objective and identifies the questions that can be answered through the
collected data.
3. Developing a framework: Also known as coding or indexing, here the
researcher identifies broad ideas, concepts, behaviors, or phrases and
assigns codes to them. For example, coding age, gender, socio-economic
status, and even concepts such as the positive or negative response to a
question. Coding is helpful in structuring and labeling the data.
4. Identifying patterns and connections: Once the data is coded, the research
can start identifying themes, looking for the most common responses to
questions, identifying data or patterns that can answer research questions,
and finding areas that can be explored further.

Qualitative Data Analysis Methods

Several methods are available to analyze qualitative data. The most
commonly used data analysis methods are:
 Content analysis: This is one of the most common methods to analyze
qualitative data. It is used to analyze documented information in the form of
texts, media, or even physical items. When to use this method depends on
the research questions. Content analysis is usually used to analyze
responses from interviewees.
 Narrative analysis: This method is used to analyze content from various
sources, such as interviews of respondents, observations from the field, or
surveys. It focuses on using the stories and experiences shared by people to
answer the research questions.
 Framework analysis. This is more advanced method that consists of several
stages such as familiarization, identifying a thematic framework, coding,
charting, mapping and interpretation.
 Discourse analysis: Like narrative analysis, discourse analysis is used to
analyze interactions with people. However, it focuses on analyzing the social
context in which the communication between the researcher and the
respondent occurred. Discourse analysis also looks at the respondent’s day-
to-day environment and uses that information during analysis.
 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

 Grounded theory: This refers to using qualitative data to explain why a

certain phenomenon happened. It does this by studying a variety of similar
cases in different settings and using the data to derive causal explanations.
Researchers may alter the explanations or create new ones as they study
more cases until they arrive at an explanation that fits all cases.
These methods are the ones used most commonly. However, other data
analysis methods, such as conversational analysis, are also available.

Qualitative data analysis can also be conducted through the following three
steps:

Step 1: Developing and Applying Codes. Coding can be explained as

categorization of data. A ‘code’ can be a word or a short phrase that represents a
theme or an idea. All codes need to be assigned meaningful titles. A wide range of
non-quantifiable elements such as events, behaviors, activities, meanings etc. can
be coded.
There are three types of coding:
1. Open coding. The initial organization of raw data to try to make sense of it.
2. Axial coding. Interconnecting and linking the categories of codes.
3. Selective coding. Formulating the story through connecting the categories.

Coding can be done manually or using qualitative data analysis software such
as
NVivo, Atlas ti 6.0, Hyper RESEARCH 2.8, Max QDA and others.
When using manual coding you can use folders, filing cabinets, wallets etc. to
gather together materials that are examples of similar themes or analytic ideas.
Manual method of coding in qualitative data analysis is rightly considered as
labor-intensive, time-consuming and outdated.

In computer-based coding, on the other hand, physical files and cabinets are
replaced with computer based directories and files. When choosing software for
qualitative data analysis you need to consider a wide range of factors such as the
type and amount of data you need to analyze, time required to master the software
and cost considerations.
Moreover, it is important to get confirmation from your dissertation supervisor
prior to application of any specific qualitative data analysis software.
The following table contains examples of research titles, elements to be
coded and identification of relevant codes:
Research title Elements to be coded Codes
Born or bred: revising The Leadership practice Born leaders
Great Man theory of Made leaders
leadership in the 21st Leadership effectiveness
century
A study into advantages and Market entry strategies Wholly-owned subsidiaries
disadvantages of various Joint-ventures
entry strategies to Chinese Franchising
market Exporting
 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

Licensing
Impacts of CSR programs Activities, phenomenon Philanthropy
and initiative on brand Supporting charitable
image: a case study of courses
Coca-Cola Company UK. Ethical behavior
Brand awareness
Brand value
An investigation into the Tactics Viral messages
ways of customer Customer retention
relationship management in Popularity of social
mobile marketing networking sites
environment

Qualitative data coding

Step 2: Identifying themes, patterns and relationships. Unlike quantitative

methods, in qualitative data analysis there are no universally applicable techniques
that can be applied to generate findings. Analytical and critical thinking skills of
researcher plays significant role in data analysis in qualitative studies. Therefore, no
qualitative study can be repeated to generate the same results.
Nevertheless, there is a set of techniques that you can use to identify
common themes, patterns and relationships within responses of sample group
members in relation to codes that have been specified in the previous stage.
Specifically, the most popular and effective methods of qualitative data
interpretation include the following:
 Word and phrase repetitions – scanning primary data for words and
phrases most commonly used by respondents, as well as, words and phrases
used with unusual emotions;
 Primary and secondary data comparisons – comparing the findings of
interview/focus group/observation/any other qualitative data collection method
with the findings of literature review and discussing differences between them;
 Search for missing information – discussions about which aspects of the
issue was not mentioned by respondents, although you expected them to be
mentioned;
 Metaphors and analogues – comparing primary research findings to
phenomena from a different area and discussing similarities and differences.

Step 3: Summarizing the data. At this last stage you need to link research findings
to hypotheses or research aim and objectives. When writing data analysis chapter,
you can use noteworthy quotations from the transcript in order to highlight major
themes within findings and possible contradictions.
It is important to note that the process of qualitative data analysis described
above is general and different types of qualitative studies may require slightly
different methods of data analysis.

Analyzing Quantitative Data

Data Preparation
 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

The first stage of analyzing data is data preparation, where the aim is to
convert raw data into something meaningful and readable. It includes four steps:

Step 1: Data Validation

The purpose of data validation is to find out, as far as possible, whether the data
collection was done as per the pre-set standards and without any bias. It is a four-
step process, which includes…
 Fraud, to infer whether each respondent was actually interviewed or not.
 Screening, to make sure that respondents were chosen as per the research
criteria.
 Procedure, to check whether the data collection procedure was duly followed.
 Completeness, to ensure that the interviewer asked the respondent all the
questions, rather than just a few required ones.
To do this, researchers would need to pick a random sample of completed
surveys and validate the collected data. (Note that this can be time-consuming for
surveys with lots of responses.) For example, imagine a survey with 200
respondents split into 2 cities. The researcher can pick a sample of 20 random
respondents from each city. After this, the researcher can reach out to them through
email or phone and check their responses to a certain set of questions.

Step 2: Data Editing

Typically, large data sets include errors. For example, respondents may fill
fields incorrectly or skip them accidentally. To make sure that there are no such
errors, the researcher should conduct basic data checks, check for outliers, and edit
the raw research data to identify and clear out any data points that may hamper the
accuracy of the results.
For example, an error could be fields that were left empty by respondents.
While editing the data, it is important to make sure to remove or fill all the empty
fields.

Step 3: Data Coding

This is one of the most important steps in data preparation. It refers to
grouping and assigning values to responses from the survey.
For example, if a researcher has interviewed 1,000 people and now wants to
find the average age of the respondents, the researcher will create age buckets and
categorize the age of each of the respondent as per these codes. (For example,
respondents between 13-15 years old would have their age coded as 0, 16-18 as 1,
18-20 as 2, etc.)
Then during analysis, the researcher can deal with simplified age brackets,
rather than a massive range of individual ages.
Quantitative Data Analysis Methods
After these steps, the data is ready for analysis. The two most commonly
used quantitative data analysis methods are descriptive statistics and inferential
statistics.

Descriptive Statistics
 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

Typically descriptive statistics (also known as descriptive analysis) is the first

level of analysis. It helps researchers summarize the data and find patterns. A few
commonly used descriptive statistics are:
 Mean: numerical average of a set of values.
 Median: midpoint of a set of numerical values.
 Mode: most common value among a set of values.
 Percentage: used to express how a value or group of respondents
within the data relates to a larger group of respondents.
 Frequency: the number of times a value is found.
 Range: the highest and lowest value in a set of values.
Descriptive statistics provide absolute numbers. However, they do not explain
the rationale or reasoning behind those numbers. Before applying descriptive
statistics, it’s important to think about which one is best suited for your research
question and what you want to show. For example, a percentage is a good way to
show the gender distribution of respondents.
Descriptive statistics are most helpful when the research is limited to the
sample and does not need to be generalized to a larger population. For example, if
you are comparing the percentage of children vaccinated in two different villages,
then descriptive statistics is enough.
Since descriptive analysis is mostly used for analyzing single variable, it is
often called univariate analysis.

Intellectual Honesty in Research

Intellectual Honesty is an applied method of problem solving, characterized by
an unbiased, honest attitude, which can be demonstrated in a number of different
ways including:
 Ensuring support for chosen ideologies does not interfere with the pursuit of
truth;
 Relevant facts and information are not purposefully omitted even when such
things may contradict one's hypothesis;
 Facts are presented in an unbiased manner, and not twisted to give
misleading impressions or to support one view over another;
 References, or earlier work, are acknowledged where possible, and
plagiarism is avoided.

Ten Signs of Intellectual Honesty

1. Do not overstate the power of your argument. One’s sense of conviction

should be in proportion to the level of clear evidence assessable by most. If
someone portrays their opponents as being stupid or dishonest for disagreeing,
intellectual dishonesty is probably in play. Intellectual honesty is most often
associated with humility, not arrogance.
2. Show willingness to publicly acknowledge that reasonable alternative
viewpoints exist. The alternative views do not have to be treated as equally valid
 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

or powerful, but rarely is it the case that one and only one viewpoint has a
complete monopoly on reason and evidence.
3. Be willing to publicly acknowledge and question one’s own assumptions
and biases. All of us rely on assumptions when applying our world view to make
sense of the data about the world. And all of us bring various biases to the table.
4. Be willing to publicly acknowledge where your argument is weak. Almost
all arguments have weak spots, but those who are trying to sell an ideology will
have great difficulty with this point and would rather obscure or downplay any
weak points.
5. Be willing to publicly acknowledge when you are wrong. Those selling an
ideology likewise have great difficulty admitting to being wrong, as this undercuts
the rhetoric and image that is being sold. You get small points for admitting to
being wrong on trivial matters and big points for admitting to being wrong on
substantive points. You lose big points for failing to admit being wrong on
something trivial.
6. Demonstrate consistency. A clear sign of intellectual dishonesty is when
someone extensively relies on double standards. Typically, an excessively high
standard is applied to the perceived opponent(s), while a very low standard is
applied to the ideologues’ allies.
7. Address the argument instead of attacking the person making the
argument. Ad hominem arguments are a clear sign of intellectual dishonesty.
However, often times, the dishonesty is more subtle. For example, someone might
make a token effort at debunking an argument and then turn significant attention
to the person making the argument, relying on stereotypes, guilt-by-association,
and innocent-sounding gotcha questions.
8. When addressing an argument, do not misrepresent it. A common tactic of
the intellectually dishonest is to portray their opponent’s argument in straw man
terms. In politics, this is called spin. Typically, such tactics eschew quoting the
person in context, but instead rely heavily on out-of-context quotes, paraphrasing
and impression. When addressing an argument, one should shows signs of
having made a serious effort to first understand the argument and then accurately
represent it in its strongest form.
9. Show a commitment to critical thinking.
10. Be willing to publicly acknowledge when a point or criticism is good. If
someone is unable or unwilling to admit when their opponent raises a good point
or makes a good criticism, it demonstrates an unwillingness to participate in the
give-and-take that characterizes an honest exchange.
While no one is perfect, and even those who strive for intellectual honesty can
have a bad day, simply be on the lookout for how many and how often these criteria
apply to someone. In the arena of public discourse, it is not intelligence or knowledge
that matters most – it is whether you can trust the intelligence or knowledge of
another. After all, intelligence and knowledge can sometimes be the best tools of an
intellectually dishonest approach.

III. GUIDED PRACTICES

 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

Guided Task 1. Honest Test

Direction: Certain forms of communications may influence your beliefs or decision
making. These communications may include: product advertisements, sales
materials, blog posts, social media, news reports, medical advice, nutritional advice,
editorials, sermons, appeals to support some issue, organization, or cause; political
speeches, books, lectures, research reports, documentary films, rumors, or routine
conversations. Accomplish the table below based on the forms of communication.
Put your answer in the space provided.
Column A Column B
Intellectually honest form of Misleading form of
communication communication
1) 1)

2) 2)

3) 3)

4) 4)

5) 5)

Guided Task 2. Gather and Analyze

Direction:
1. Ten (10) respondents were interviewed and ask “Why would you not consider
getting a covid-19 vaccine?”. Their responses are presented in the table
below.
2. Do a qualitative content analysis by using a word analysis frequency to find
out which of the words or phrase from their responses are common.
3. Do it manually or use online tools such such as Text Analyzer or
WordCounter from the link below.
Text Analyzer: Text Analyzer - Text analysis Tool - Counts Frequencies of Words,
Characters, Sentences and Syllables (online-utility.org)
WordCounter: https://www.databasic.io/en/wordcounter/#paste
4. Analyze and present the summary of your data. Present the top two (2) major
responses. Write your analysis in the space provided.
Respondent Responses
s
1 I do not have enough information about the vaccine
2 Vaccine is not safe for me
3 Taking the vaccine will be ineffective towards Covid-19
4 I have less information about the vaccine.
5 I do not think this new vaccine will be safe
6 Less information were being provided.
7 I think young people are not affected by COVID-19, so I do
not need to get this vaccine
 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

8 I do not think this new vaccine will be effective

9 No enough information about the vaccines are presented.
10 Taking the vaccine is not safe.
Table 1. Respondent’s perception in not getting a covid-19 vaccine

Data Analysis

IV. INDEPENDENT PRACTICES

Practice Task 1. Justify

Why should researchers identify the data analysis method that is appropriate to your
study? Explain your answer and write it in the space provided.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Practice Task 2: The Venn
Direction: Give the differences and similarities of Qualitative and Quantitative data
analysis using Venn diagram. Do this on a separate sheet of paper.

Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis

Method Method
 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

Rubric
Criteria Percentage
1. Critical Thinking 30%
2. Appropriateness 20%
3. Content 30%
4. Organization 20%
Total 100%

V. APPLICATION
Task 1: Gather and Analyze
Direction:
1. Choose fifteen (15) respondents from your family and neighborhood.
2. Conduct an interview method and gather the following data.
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Preferred TV show (one only) from any TV channels
d. Reasons of their TV show preferences
3. Organize and Tabulate your data either manually in a paper or digitally using
Microsoft Excell, SPPS, or JASP softwares.
4. Do a descriptive quantitative analysis on the following: age, gender, and
preferred TV shows.
5. Do a qualitative analysis on the reason of their TV show preference.
6. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper or encode it in the Microsoft
Word or Microsoft Excel.
Task 2: Results and Discussion
Direction: Analyze and evaluate the result of the conducted survey of your research.
Prepare the Chapter 3 of your manuscript.

Rubric
Criteria Percentage
1. Procedure 25%
2. Execution 25%
3. Interpretation 50%
Total 100%

VI. ASSESSMENT
A. Identification
Instruction: Provide the correct answer of each item and write it in the space
provided or in a separate paper.
 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

________________ 1. It is applied method of problem solving, characterized

by an unbiased, honest attitude.
________________ 2. This is how researchers go from a mass of data to
meaningful insights
________________ 3. Interconnecting and linking the categories of codes.
________________ 4. It is also known as descriptive analysis—the first level
of analysis.
________________ 5. Can be a word or a short phrase that represents a
theme or an idea.

B. Enumeration
Instruction: Enumerate the items asked and write your answers in a
separate sheet of paper.
6-10 What are the methods to analyze qualitative data?
6. _____________________________
7. _____________________________
8. _____________________________
9. _____________________________
10. ____________________________
11-12 What are two most commonly used quantitative data analysis
methods.
11. ____________________________
12. ____________________________
13-18 Enumerate the few commonly used descriptive statistics.
13. ____________________________
14. ____________________________
15. ____________________________
16. ____________________________
17. ____________________________
18. ____________________________
19-20 Give 2 importance of intellectual honesty in research.
19. ____________________________
20. ____________________________
C. Essay
1. Why is it important that a researcher must have in-depth understanding of
 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

the different data analysis methods? (2 points)

2. Write in your own words one (1) paragraph description of either quantitative
or qualitative data analysis. Include its relevance in your research problem and
how it will assist you to qualify the data gathered. (5 points)

VII. ANSWER KEY

Guided Task 1. Honest Test
A. Certain forms of communications may influence your beliefs or decision making.
These communications may include: product advertisements, sales materials, blog
posts, social media, news reports, medical advice, nutritional advice, editorials,
sermons, appeals to support some issue, organization or cause; political speeches,
books, lectures, research reports, documentary films, rumors, or routine
conversations. Accomplish the table below based on the forms of communication.

Guided Task 2. Gather and Analyze

 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

Data Analysis
Not enough information and safety concerns are the most frequent
responses.
Practice Task 1. Justify
Answers may vary.
Practice Task 2. The Venn

Task 1. Gather and Analyze

Answer may vary.
Task 2. Results and Discussion
Answer may vary.
Assessment
A. Identification
1. Intellectual Honesty
2. Data Analysis
3. Axial Coding
4. Descriptive Statistics
5. Code
B. Enumeration
6. Content analysis
7. Narrative analysis
8. Framework analysis
9. Discourse analysis
10. Grounded theory
11. Descriptive Statistics
12. Inferential Statistics
 INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

13. Mean
14. Median
15. Mode
16. Percentage
17. Frequency
18. Range
19. Answer may vary
20. Answer may vary
C. Essay
Answer may vary.

VIII. REFERENCE
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analysis-methods/
Chua, Von Christopher. (2018) Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion.
MATHBYCHUA from https://mathbychua.weebly.com/inquiries-
investigations-and-immersion.html
Cristobal, De la Cruz Cristobal (2017)Practical Research 1 for Senior High
School 1.C & E Publishing, Inc.
Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (2016). Practical
Research 1: Teacher’s Guide. Pasig City, Philippines: Lexicon Press, Inc.
Dizon, H. (2019) EFFECTS OF TEACHERS’ ATTITUDES TO THE
PERFORMANCE OF THE SHS STUDENTS (Chapter III): Pamplona
High School.
Gray, D. E. (2020). Doing Research in Business World: Sage Publishing
https://study.sagepub.com/grayresearchbusiness2/student-resources/multiple-
choice-quizzes
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Legal and
Privacy Terms Copyright © 1995-2010.
fromhttps://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1490/381467
.cw/index.html
Prieto, N. G., Naval, V. C., Carey, T. G. (2017). Practical Research 2:
Quantitative Research. Metro Manila: LORIMAR PUBLISHING, INC.
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Prieto, N. G., Naval, V. C., Carey, T. G. (2017). Practical Research 1:

Qualitative Research. Metro Manila: LORIMAR PUBLISHING, INC.
Research Methodoloy. Qualitative Data Analysis.
https://research-methodology.net/research-methods/data-analysis/qualitative-
data-analysis/
Toledo-Pereyra, Luis. (2009). Intellectual Honesty. Journal of investigative
surgery: the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research. 15.
113-4. 10.1080/08941930290085868.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11241783_Intellectual_Honesty
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917255/#:~:text=I.-,Definition
%20and%20scope%20of%20bias,or%20answer%20over%20others
%E2%80%9D%207.