Parabola: Key Concepts
Parabola: Key Concepts
VERTICES :
A ( a, 0) & A (a, 0) .
MAJOR AXIS :
The line segment A A in which the foci
S & S lie is of length 2a & is called the major axis (a > b) of the ellipse. Point of intersection of major
axis with directrix is called the foot of the directrix (z).
MINOR AXIS :
The yaxis intersects the ellipse in the points B (0, b) & B (0, b). The line segment BB of length
2b (b < a) is called the Minor Axis of the ellipse.
PRINCIPAL AXIS :
The major & minor axis together are called Principal Axis of the ellipse.
CENTRE :
The point which bisects every chord of the conic drawn through it is called the centre of the conic.
2 2
C (0, 0) the origin is the centre of the ellipse x y 1.
a 2 b2
DIAMETER :
A chord of the conic which passes through the centre is called a diameter of the conic.
FOCAL CHORD : A chord which passes through a focus is called a focal chord.
DOUBLE ORDINATE :
A chord perpendicular to the major axis is called a double ordinate.
LATUS RECTUM :
The focal chord perpendicular to the major axis is called the latus rectum. Length of latus rectum
2b 2 ( minor axis ) 2
(LL) = 2a (1 e 2 ) = 2e (distance from focus to the corresponding directrix)
a major axis
NOTE :
(i) The sum of the focal distances of any point on the ellipse is equal to the major Axis. Hence distance of
focus from the extremity of a minor axis is equal to semi major axis. i.e. BS = CA.
2 2
(ii) If the equation of the ellipse is given as x y 1 & nothing is mentioned, then the rule is to assume
a 2 b2
that a > b.
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POSITION OF A POINT w.r.t. AN ELLIPSE : For evaluation only.
x12 y12
The point P(x1, y1) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse according as ; 1 > < or = 0.
a2 b2
3. AUXILIARY CIRCLE / ECCENTRIC ANGLE :
A circle described on major axis as diameter is
called the auxiliary circle.
2 2
Let Q be a point on the auxiliary circle x + y = a 2
such that QP produced is perpendicular to the x-axis
then P & Q are called as the CORRESPONDING POINTS
on the ellipse & the auxiliary circle respectively ‘’ is
called the ECCENTRIC ANGLE of the point P on the ellipse
(0 < 2 ).
( PN ) b Semi minor axis
Note that (QN ) a Semi major axis
Hence “ If from each point of a circle perpendiculars are drawn upon a fixed diameter then the locus of
the points dividing these perpendiculars in a given ratio is an ellipse of which the given circle is the
auxiliary circle”.
4. PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION :
x 2 y2
The equations x = a cos & y = b sin together represent the ellipse 1.
a 2 b2
Where is a parameter. Note that if P() (a cos b sin ) is on the ellipse then ;
Q() (a cos a sin ) is on the auxiliary circle.
5. LINE AND AN ELLIPSE :
x 2 y2
The line y = mx + c meets the ellipse 1 in two points real, coincident or imaginary according
a 2 b2
as c2 is < = or > a2m2 + b2.
x 2 y2
Hence y = mx + c is tangent to the ellipse 1 if c2 = a2m2 + b2.
a 2 b2
The equation to the chord of the ellipse joining two points with eccentric angles & is given by
x y .
cos sin cos
a 2 b 2 2
6. TANGENTS :
x x1 y y1
(i) 2 1 is tangent to the ellipse at (x1, y1).
a2 b
2a 2
Note :The figure formed by the tangents at the extremities of latus rectum is rhoubus of area
e
(ii) y = mx ± a 2 m 2 b 2 is tangent to the ellipse for all values of m.
Note that there are two tangents to the ellipse having the same m, i.e. there are two tangents parallel to
any given direction.
x cos y sin
(iii) 1 is tangent to the ellipse at the point (a cos , b sin ).
a b
(iv) The eccentric angles of point of contact of two parallel tangents differ by . Conversely if the difference
between the eccentric angles of two points is p then the tangents at these points are parallel.
cos 2 sin 2
(v) Point of intersection of the tangents at the point & is a , b .
cos 2 cos 2
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7. NORMALS : http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
a 2x b 2 y
(i) Equation of the normal at (x1, y1) is = a² b² = a²e².
x1 y1
(ii) Equation of the normal at the point (acos , bsin ) is ; ax. sec by. cosec = (a² b²).
(a 2 b 2 ) m
(iii) Equation of a normal in terms of its slope 'm' is y = mx .
a 2 b2m 2
8. DIRECTOR CIRCLE :
Locus of the point of intersection of the tangents which meet at right angles is called the Director Circle.
The equation to this locus is x² + y² = a² + b² i.e. a circle whose centre is the centre of the ellipse &
whose radius is the length of the line joining the ends of the major & minor axis.
9. Chord of contact, pair of tangents, chord with a given middle point, pole & polar are to be interpreted as
they are in parabola.
10. DIAMETER :
The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords with slope 'm' of an ellipse is a straight line
b2
passing through the centre of the ellipse, called its diameter and has the equation y = x.
a 2m
x 2 y2
11. IMPORTANT HIGHLIGHTS : Refering to an ellipse 1.
a 2 b2
H 1 If P be any point on the ellipse with S & S as its foci then (SP) + (SP) = 2a.
H 2 The product of the length’s of the perpendicular segments from the foci on any tangent to the ellipse is b2
and the feet of these perpendiculars Y,Y lie on its auxiliary circle.The tangents at these feet to the
auxiliary circle meet on the ordinate of P and that the locus of their point of intersection is a similiar ellipse
as that of the original one. Also the lines joining centre to the feet of the perpendicular Y and focus to the
point of contact of tangent are parallel.
H 3 If the normal at any point P on the ellipse with centre C meet the major & minor axes in G & g respectively,
& if CF be perpendicular upon this normal, then
(i) PF. PG = b2 (ii) PF. Pg = a2 (iii) PG. Pg = SP. S P (iv) CG. CT = CS2
(v) locus of the mid point of Gg is another ellipse having the same eccentricity as that of the original ellipse.
[where S and S are the focii of the ellipse and T is the point where tangent at P meet the major axis]
H 4 The tangent & normal at a point P on the ellipse bisect the external & internal angles between the focal
distances of P. This refers to the well known reflection property of the ellipse which states that rays from
one focus are reflected through other focus & viceversa. Hence we can deduce that the straight lines
joining each focus to the foot of the perpendicular from the other focus upon the tangent at any point P
meet on the normal PG and bisects it where G is the point where normal at P meets the major axis.
H 5 The portion of the tangent to an ellipse between the point of contact & the directrix subtends a right angle
at the corresponding focus.
H 6 The circle on any focal distance as diameter touches the auxiliary circle.
H 7 Perpendiculars from the centre upon all chords which join the ends of any perpendicular diameters of the
ellipse are of constant length.
H 8 If the tangent at the point P of a standard ellipse meets the axis in T and t and CY is the perpendicular on
it from the centre then,
(i) T t. PY = a2 b2 and (ii) least value of Tt is a + b.
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KEY CONCEPTS (HYPERBOLA)
The HYPERBOLA is a conic whose eccentricity is greater than unity. (e > 1).
1. STANDARD EQUATION & DEFINITION(S)
Standard equation of the hyperbola is
x 2 y2
2
2 1 . Where b2 = a2 (e2 1)
a b
b2
or a2 e2 = a2 + b2 i.e. e2 = 1 +
a2
2
C.A
= 1 +
T.A
FOCI :
S (ae, 0) & S ( ae, 0).
EQUATIONS OF DIRECTRICES :
a a
x = & x = .
e e
VERTICES : A (a, 0) & A ( a, 0).
2
2b 2 C.A.
l (Latus rectum) = = 2a (e2 1).
a T.A.
Note : l (L.R.) = 2e (distance from focus to the corresponding directrix)
TRANSVERSE AXIS : The line segment AA of length 2a in which the foci S & S both lie is called the
T.A. OF THE HYPERBOLA.
CONJUGATE AXIS : The line segment BB between the two points B (0, b) & B (0, b) is called as
the C.A. OF THE HYPERBOLA.
The T.A. & the C.A. of the hyperbola are together called the Principal axes of the hyperbola.
2. FOCAL PROPERTY :
The difference of the focal distances of any point on the hyperbola is constant and equal to transverse
axis i.e. PS PS 2a . The distance SS' = focal length.
3. CONJUGATE HYPERBOLA :
Two hyperbolas such that transverse & conjugate axes of one hyperbola are respectively the conjugate
& the transverse axes of the other are called CONJUGATE HYPERBOLAS of each other.
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
eg. 1 & 1 are conjugate hyperbolas of each.
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
Note That : (a) If e1& e2 are the eccentrcities of the hyperbola & its conjugate then e12 + e22 = 1.
(b) The foci of a hyperbola and its conjugate are concyclic and form the vertices of a
square.
(c) Two hyperbolas are said to be similiar if they have the same eccentricity.
4. RECTANGULAR OR EQUILATERAL HYPERBOLA :
The particular kind of hyperbola in which the lengths of the transverse & conjugate axis are equal is
called an EQUILATERAL HYPERBOLA. Note that the eccentricity of the rectangular hyperbola is 2 and
the length of its latus rectum is equal to its transverse or conjugate axis.
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5. AUXILIARY CIRCLE : http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
A circle drawn with centre C & T.A. as a
diameter is called the AUXILIARY CIRCLE
of the hyperbola. Equation of the auxiliary
circle is x2 + y2 = a2.
Note from the figure that P & Q are called
the "CORRESPONDING POINTS " on the
hyperbola & the auxiliary circle. '' is called
the eccentric angle of the point 'P' on the
hyperbola. (0 2).
x 2 y2
Note : The equations x = a sec & y = b tan together represents the hyperbola 1
a 2 b2
where is a parameter. The parametric equations : x = a cos h ,
y = b sin h also represents the same hyperbola.
General Note :
Since the fundamental equation to the hyperbola only differs from that to the ellipse in having
– b2 instead of b2 it will be found that many propositions for the hyperbola are derived from those for
the ellipse by simply changing the sign of b2.
6. POSITION OF A POINT 'P' w.r.t. A HYPERBOLA :
x12 y12
The quantity 1 is positive, zero or negative according as the point (x1, y1) lies within, upon
a 2 b2
or without the curve.
7. LINE AND A HYPERBOLA :
x 2 y2
The straight line y = mx + c is a secant, a tangent or passes outside the hyperbola 1 according
2 2
2 2 2
as: c > = < a m b .2 a b
8. TANGENTS AND NORMALS :
TANGENTS :
x 2 y2 xx yy
(a) Equation of the tangent to the hyperbola 1 at the point (x1, y1) is 21 21 1 .
a 2 b2 a b
Note: In general two tangents can be drawn from an external point (x1 y1) to the hyperbola and they are
y y1 = m1(x x1) & y y1 = m2(x x2), where m1 & m2 are roots of the equation
(x12 a2)m2 2 x1y1m + y12 + b2 = 0. If D < 0, then no tangent can be drawn from (x1 y1) to the hyperbola.
x 2 y2 x sec θ y tan θ
(b) Equation of the tangent to the hyperbola 2
2 1 at the point (a sec , b tan ) is 1.
a b a b
cos 1 2 sin 1 2
2 , y = b 2
Note : Point of intersection of the tangents at 1 & 2 is x = a
cos 1 2
cos 1 2 2
2
x 2 y2
(c) y = mx a 2 m 2 b 2 can be taken as the tangent to the hyperbola
1.
a 2 b2
Note that there are two parallel tangents having the same slope m.
(d) Equation of a chord joining & is
x y
cos sin cos
a 2 b 2 2
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NORMALS: http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
x2 y2
(a) The equation of the normal to the hyperbola 2 2 1 at the point P(x1 , y1 ) on it is
a b
a 2x b2 y 2 2
a b = a2 e2.
x1 y1
x2 y2
(b) The equation of the normal at the point P (a sec, b tan) on the hyperbola 2 2 1 is
ax by a b
a 2 b 2 = a2 e2.
sec tan
(c) Equation to the chord of contact, polar, chord with a given middle point, pair of tangents from an external
point is to be interpreted as in ellipse.
9. DIRECTOR CIRCLE :
The locus of the intersection of tangents which are at right angles is known as the DIRECTOR CIRCLE of
the hyperbola. The equation to the director circle is :
x2 + y2 = a2 b2.
If b < a this circle is real; if b2 = a2 the radius of the circle is zero & it reduces to a point circle at the origin.
2 2
In this case the centre is the only point from which the tangents at right angles can be drawn to the curve.
If b2 > a2, the radius of the circle is imaginary, so that there is no such circle & so no tangents at right
angle can be drawn to the curve.
10. HIGHLIGHTS ON TANGENT AND NORMAL :
x 2 y2
H1 Locus of the feet of the perpendicular drawn from focus of the hyperbola 1 upon any tangent
a 2 b2
is its auxiliary circle i.e. x2 + y2 = a2 & the product of the feet of these perpendiculars is b2 · (semi C ·A)2
H2 The portion of the tangent between the point of contact & the directrix subtends a right angle at the
corresponding focus.
H3 The tangent & normal at any point of a hyperbola
bisect the angle between the focal radii. This spells
the reflection property of the hyperbola as "An
incoming light ray " aimed towards one focus is
reflected from the outer surface of the hyperbola
towards the other focus. It follows that if an ellipse
and a hyperbola have the same foci, they cut at right
angles at any of their common point.
x 2 y2 x2 y2
Note that the ellipse 1 and the hyperbola 1(a > k > b > 0) Xare confocal
a 2 b2 a 2 k 2 k 2 b 2
and therefore orthogonal.
H4 The foci of the hyperbola and the points P and Q in which any tangent meets the tangents at the vertices
are concyclic with PQ as diameter of the circle.
11. ASYMPTOTES :
Definition : If the length of the perpendicular let fall from a point on a hyperbola to a straight line tends
to zero as the point on the hyperbola moves to infinity along the hyperbola, then the straight line is called
the Asymptote of the Hyperbola.
To find the asymptote of the hyperbola :
x 2 y2
Let y = mx + c is the asymptote of the hyperbola 2 2 1 .
a b
Solving these two we get the quadratic as
(b2 a2m2) x2 2a2 mcx a2 (b2 + c2) = 0 ....(1)
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roots of equation (1) must approach infinity, the
conditions for which are :
coeff of x2 = 0 & coeff of x = 0.
b2 a2m2 = 0 or m = b &
a
a2 mc = 0 c = 0.
x y
equations of asymptote are 0
a b
and x y
0.
a b
x 2 y2
combined equation to the asymptotes 2 2 0 .
a b
PARTICULAR CASE :
When b = a the asymptotes of the rectangular hyperbola.
x2 y2 = a2 are, y = ± x which are at right angles.
Note :
(i) Equilateral hyperbola rectangular hyperbola.
(ii) If a hyperbola is equilateral then the conjugate hyperbola is also equilateral.
(iii) A hyperbola and its conjugate have the same asymptote.
(iv) The equation of the pair of asymptotes differ the hyperbola & the conjugate hyperbola by the same
constant only.
(v) The asymptotes pass through the centre of the hyperbola & the bisectors of the angles between the
asymptotes are the axes of the hyperbola.
(vi) The asymptotes of a hyperbola are the diagonals of the rectangle formed by the lines drawn through the
extremities of each axis parallel to the other axis.
(vii) Asymptotes are the tangent to the hyperbola from the centre.
(viii) A simple method to find the coordinates of the centre of the hyperbola expressed as a general equation
of degree 2 should be remembered as:
Let f (x, y) = 0 represents a hyperbola.
f f f f
Find & . Then the point of intersection of = 0 & = 0
x y x y
gives the centre of the hyperbola.
12. HIGHLIGHTS ON ASYMPTOTES:
H1 If from any point on the asymptote a straight line be drawn perpendicular to the transverse axis, the
product of the segments of this line, intercepted between the point & the curve is always equal to the
square of the semi conjugate axis.
H2 Perpendicular from the foci on either asymptote meet it in the same points as the corresponding directrix
& the common points of intersection lie on the auxiliary circle.
x2 y2
H3 The tangent at any point P on a hyperbola 1 with centre C, meets the asymptotes in Q and R
a 2 b2
and cuts off a CQR of constant area equal to ab from the asymptotes & the portion of the tangent
intercepted between the asymptote is bisected at the point of contact. This implies that locus of the
centre of the circle circumscribing the CQR in case of a rectangular hyperbola is the hyperbola itself &
for a standard hyperbola the locus would be the curve, 4(a2x2 b2y2) = (a2 + b2)2.
x 2 y2
H4 If the angle between the asymptote of a hyperbola 1 is 2 then e = sec.
a 2 b2
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13. RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA : http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Rectangular hyperbola referred to its asymptotes as axis of coordinates.
(a) Equation is xy = c2 with parametric representation x = ct, y = c/t, t R – {0}.
1
(b) Equation of a chord joining the points P (t1) & Q(t2) is x + t1t2y = c(t1 + t2) with slope m = – .
t1 t 2
x y x
(c) Equation of the tangent at P (x1, y1) is 2 & at P (t) is + ty = 2c.
x1 y1 t
c
(d) Equation of normal : y – = t2(x – ct)
t
(e) Chord with a given middle point as (h, k) is kx + hy = 2hk.