Macadamia plant protection

guide 2020–21
NSW DPI MANA GEMENT

Jeremy Bright

ww w.dpi.ns w.g o v.au

 PROTEC
T YOUR
NUTS
 BORDEAUX WG HYDROCOP WG
Protectant Fungicide/Bactericide Protectant Fungicide/Bactericide
BORDEAUX 200g/kg COPPER (Cu) present as HYDROCOP WG 500g/kg COPPER (Cu) present as
WG Tri-basic copper sulphate CUPRIC HYDROXIDE

• Control of Husk Spot, Anthracnose, Pink limb blight and • Control of Husk Spot, Anthracnose, Pink limb blight and
Phytophthora stem canker Phytophthora stem canker (Qld only)
• Dry-Flowable granule for ease of mixing and • High loaded copper hydroxide formulation for lower
minimal dust application rates
• Superior weathering and • Dry-Flowable granule for ease of
sticking properties mixing and minimal dust
• Available in 15kg bags • Superior coverage and adhesion due to
C
Aer6 small particle size C
Aer6
35
t.

M
8
N
o.
• Available in 10kg bags 35
8
N
t.

M
o.

TRIBASIC CROP DOC 600

TRIBASIC LIQUID CROP DOC 600
Systemic Fungicide
600g/L of Phosphorous (Phosphonic) Acid
LIQUID Protectant Fungicide/Bactericide present as Mono and
190g/L COPPER (Cu) present as Di Potassium Phosphite
Tri-basic copper sulphate

• Control of Husk spot, Anthracnose, Pink limb blight and • Control of Phytophthora root rot and Trunk (stem)
Phytophthora stem canker canker (Permit PER84766)
• An SC (Suspension concentrate) liquid formulation of • Formulated to be near pH neutral for increased
Tribasic Copper Sulphate compatibility
• Superior mixing. • Available in 20L, 200L and 1000L packs
• Available in 20L, 200L and 800L packs

KINGFISH PEREGRINE
ER Contact and residual Insecticide
240g/L Methoxyfenozide
Systemic Fungicide
250g/L Difenoconazole

• Control of Husk spot • Control of Macadamia flower caterpillar and

• Available in 5L packs Macadamia nutborer
• Suspension Concentrate
• IPM compatible
• Controls both eggs and early instar larvae.
• Available in 5L and 10L packs

grochem.com | for all enquiries 1800 777 068

*Always read product labels and permits before use.

Macadamia plant protection
guide 2020–21
Jeremy Bright
Development Officer – Macadamia
NSW Department of Primary Industries
Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute
1243 Bruxner Highway
Wollongbar NSW 2477
P: 02 6626 1346
M: 0427 213 059
E: [email protected]
W: www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
© State of New South Wales through Regional NSW
2020. The information contained in this publication is
based on knowledge and understanding at the time of
writing (June 2020). However, because of advances in
knowledge, users are reminded of the need to ensure
that the information upon which they rely is up to Always read the label
date and to check the currency of the information
Agricultural chemical product users must always read
with the appropriate officer of the Regional NSW or
the label and any permit before using the product and
the user’s independent advisor.
strictly comply with the directions on the label and the
ISSN 2203-8868 Print conditions of any permit. Users are not absolved from
ISSN 2203-9864 Online any compliance with the directions on the label nor
Jobtrack No. 15171 the conditions of the permit by reason of any
You may copy, distribute, display, download and statement made in or omitted from in this publication.
otherwise freely deal with this publication for any Permits
purpose, provided that you attribute the Department
of Industry as the owner. You may freely link to the Some of the chemical use patterns quoted in this
publication on a departmental website. However, you publication are approved under permits issued by
must obtain permission if you wish to: the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines
Authority (APVMA) and in force at the time the
• charge others for access to the publication (other publication was prepared. Persons wishing to use a
than at cost) chemical in a manner approved under permit should
• include the publication in advertising or a product obtain a copy of the relevant permit and approved
for sale use pattern from the supplier of the product at point-
of-sale, must read all the details, conditions and
• modify the publication
limitations relevant to that permit, and must comply
• republish the publication on a website. with the details, conditions and limitations prior to
and during use.
Disclaimer
The information contained in this publication is Image acknowledgements
based on knowledge and understanding at the time Cover photo: Battle of the nymphs; an assassin bug
of writing (June 2020). However, because of advances feeding on a fruit spotting bug.
in knowledge, users are reminded of the need to
Unless otherwise stated, the images in this guide
ensure
have been sourced from the NSW Department of
that the information upon which they rely is up-to-
Primary Industries.
date and to check the currency of the information with
the appropriate officer of NSW Department of Industry, Printing
or the user’s independent adviser. DPI are pleased to support regional business and the
Recognising that some of the information in this environment in the publication of this guide.
document is provided by third parties, the State of Supplied by GK Craig Printing, Orange NSW www.
New South Wales, the author and the publisher take gkcraig.com.au. Printed on FSC accredited paper
no responsibility for the accuracy, currency, sourced from farmed trees/plantation grown pulp.
reliability or correctness of any information included
in the document provided by third parties. Advertising
The product trade names in this publication are If you wish to advertise within this guide and expose
supplied on the understanding that no your product or service to over 700 growers,
preference between equivalent products is processors and consultants, please contact Dr Amanda
intended and that the inclusion of a product Warren- Smith at amanda.warren-
name does not imply [email protected]
endorsement by the department over any or phone 02 6391 3953.
equivalent product from another manufacturer.

ii | Jeremy Bright
Contents
 3 About this guide 96 Non-bearing and nursery trees
5 What’s new? 97 97
NitrogenNutrient disorders
6 Macadamia development stages 98 Phosphorus
8 IPM project: year 3 updates 98 Potassium
9 New South Wales Department 99 Calcium
of Primary Industries 99 Magnesium
11 Queensland Department of 100 Iron
Agriculture and Fisheries
101 Boron
14 BioResources
102 Zinc
18 University of Queensland, Centre
102 Manganese
for Horticultural Science
103 Copper
22 Lessons learnt from the drought
104 Pollination with native stingless bees
26 2020 hindsight – plagues, fire, wind and
105 Honey bee best practice management
water: so what’s next?
107 Biosecurity: inspect, detect and report
32 Controlling pests and diseases in macadamia
109 Macadamia pesticides
33 Insect pests
33 Banana fruit caterpillar 111 Managing spray drift
35 Beetles (various) − an emerging pest
116 Legal responsibilities when
39 Black citrus aphid applying pesticides
40 Flower looper
41 Fruit spotting bugs 120 Disposing of farm chemicals
45 Green vegetable bug and their containers
46 Leptocoris 122 Avoiding pesticide resistance
48 Macadamia felted coccid 122 Preventing resistance
50 Macadamia flower caterpillar 122 Case study: mites in macadamia
52 Macadamia kernel grub 122 Insecticides
53 Macadamia lace bug 123 Fungicides
56 Macadamia leaf miner 124 Minimising glyphosate resistance in
58 Macadamia nut borer Australian orchards and vineyards
61 Macadamia seed weevil 125 Timing, calibration and spray coverage
63 Macadamia twig girdler
65 Mites 126 Chemical compatibility
67 Red-shouldered leaf beetle 127 Tank mixing chemicals
69 Scale 127 Introduction
71 Scarab beetle 127 Spray tank incompatibility
73 Thrips 127 Product formulation
76 Vertebrate pests 128 Tank mixing order
76 Birds 128 Macadamia tank mixing guide
77 Deer 130 Time between adding
79 Pigs products
130 Water quality
81 Rats 130 Water volume
131 Agitation
85 Macadamia diseases
131 Further reading
Contents
86 Branch dieback
88 Flower blight 132 Macadamia growers' resources
89 Green mould 135 NSW DPI Horticulture Leaders
90 Husk rot and canker and Development Officers
91 Macadamia husk spot
137 Permits

MACADAMIA PLANT PROTECTION GUIDE 2020–21 | 1

 Au
Sunshine Coast Convention Centre QLD

This event will now take place in early 2021 New dates to be announced soon!

Don’t miss the premier event on the Australian macadamia industry calendar!
Over 2 ½ days, internationally acclaimed growers, researchers and industry experts will share their ideas and
experiences to provide you with the latest results and technical information about key macadamia research, best
practice, on-farm innovation and management.

Workshops & sessions include: Social events

Water use management
Tree physiology and how it
affects timing of management
decisions
sMac 2021
So, the climate is changing, but
what does that mean for
macadamias?
Towards a better understanding of
organic amendments and healthy
Golf day
TICK
EAR
ETL
SY
Welcome cocktail

Women in
ON R
BI
reception NOW SALED
!
Using cover crop and inter row Macadamias
technology to improve soils and soil
luncheon
biodiversity How South Africa became the
world’s largest macadamia Happy hour
How can growers improve
pollination for better yields? producer Celebrity chef
The technology changing our breakfast
Grower case studies: The
secrets behind the success of our orchards Gala dinner
best growers The do’s and don’ts of best
Factors influencing total kernel practice orchard establishment
recovery Market update

Visit the AMS website www.australianmacadamias.org/industry and click on the AusMac2021

link for the full program, social events and to book your tickets & accommodation.

G OLD SPON SORS S I LV E R S P O N BRON ZE SPON SORS

SORS
About this guide
This 6th edition of the NSW Macadamia plant the pesticide user to ensure that their product
protection guide aims to provide commercial use is consistent with the label or permit
macadamia growers with up-to-date issued by the APVMA.
information on all aspects of protecting your Pesticide use is under constant scrutiny through
orchard from pests and diseases. residue surveys and reviews. It is vital that these
Feature article valuable tools for nut production are not
misused.
Many longer-term macadamia growers consider
the 2019 season to be the hardest they have Distribution
experienced. During flowering, rainfall was
The guide is available free to macadamia growers
significantly lower than average and there was
and is distributed to all macadamia processors
only minimal soil moisture available to the
within Australia. Copies can be collected from
plants. This was coupled with prolonged high
NSW DPI offices at Wollongbar and Coffs
temperatures and strong, hot dry winds that
Harbour, the Australian Macadamia Society, Local
extended through the kernel sizing and oil
Land Services and selected rural retail stores
accumulation phases. This year’s feature article
across NSW. The guide can be downloaded from
will review the effects of these conditions on
the
macadamia and provide some insight into
NSW DPI website (http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/
grower observations and survival strategies that
content/agriculture/horticulture/nuts/growing-
worked. It will also describe how we can prepare
guides/macadamia-protection-guide).
our orchards for the next drought, as well as
make them more 'climate ready'. Acknowledgements
Pesticides Special thanks to Associate Professor Femi
Akinsanmi for reviewing the diseases section
We do not list every pesticide that is and to Jenene Kidston, Technical Specialist Farm
registered for a specific use, but rather guide Chemicals NSW DPI, for reviewing the pesticide
growers in their choice of chemicals. It is our recommendations.
policy to use common chemical names or
active ingredients, Feedback please
not trade names, when referring to pesticides, crop NSW DPI wants to ensure the information
regulation compounds and nutrient sprays. Some we are providing is what you need to
users find this inconvenient because the chemical make your business grow. Please contact
name is often in small print on product labels us with
compared with the prominence given to the trade your suggestions on how we can make future
name. Unfortunately, this practice is necessary editions even more useful.
because there can be many product names for the
same active ingredient and it would be Jeremy Bright
impossible to list them all at each mention in the M: 0427 213 059
guide. E: [email protected]
Under the pesticides registration system

About this guide

administered by the Australian Pesticides
and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA),
individual products are registered for use in or
on specific crops for specific weeds, pests or
diseases. Also, there can be variations in use
recommendations between states for the
same crop; even differences in application
times or
treatment intervals. Using common
chemical names in recommendations is
intended to
simplify the advice. It means that at least one
product containing that active ingredient is
registered for the purpose given. The onus is on

MACADAMIA PLANT PROTECTION GUIDE 2020–21 | 3

 GRAPES
POME
FRUIT
STONE
FRUIT
CITRUS
TREE
NUTS
OLIVES
AVOCADOS
BLUEBERRI
ES

H E R B I C I D E
Scan here to see more information www.sumitomo-chem.com.au
about Chateau Herbicide Chateau® is a registered trademark of Sumitomo Chemical Australia.
 What’s new?

5 | Jeremy Bright MACADAMIA PLANT PROTECTION GUIDE 2020–21 | 5

APVMA review continues Orchard pests and diseases
The APVMA is reviewing several chemicals. management priorities
The priority list has been further extended This section of the guide has gone through a
and includes the following that are relevant to complete transformation. We have decided to
the macadamia industry: do away with the calendar-style format in favour
• acephate of having a section for each of the pests. Under
• carbamate the pest name will be a general description,
• methomyl risk period, pest identification, damage caused
• triazole and management, including cultural, biological
• trichlorfon. and chemical control. This will also contain
images
Further information, including the reasons why
of the pests and links to further information.
the selected chemicals have been chosen for
priority one review, are available on the APVMA
website (https://apvma.gov.au/node/10876).
Fall armyworm
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a new
If the macadamia industry is to remain viable, it
plant pest present in Queensland but not yet
is imperative that we continually search for
detected in New South Wales. This insect pest is
different management options. With our most
a serious threat to Australia’s grain, rice, cotton,
effective chemistry continually under review, we
horticultural and sugar industries.
must look for other options such as introducing
new predatory pests, identifying chemistry that Fall armyworm was detected in northern
is as effective as the old chemistry (and not Queensland in February 2020 and is now
under review), adopting better systems for considered established in that state.
monitoring and managing trees to be less For more information, refer to the Department of
desirable to pests. Essentially, we need to Agriculture's fall armyworm page (https://www.
continue developing agriculture.gov.au/pests-diseases-weeds/plant/
a sustainable integrated pest and disease exotic-armyworm).
management (IPDM) system for the
If fall armyworm is detected in macadamia, there
industry.
are four current permits for it: PER89241,
End of the line for Supracide PER89278, PER89293 and PER89353. All permits
can be found on the APVMA website (https://
We have recently seen the withdrawal of the
portal.apvma.gov.au/permits) and any referred to
chemical methidathion, commonly referred to as
in this guide are included from Page 137.
Supracide. This cancellation will affect macadamia
spray management on such pests as: IPM project update year 3
• fruit spotting bug
The macadamia IPM project is now 3 years
• macadamia felted coccid
old. Some of the partners within this project
• macadamia leaf miner have provided updates for the Plant Protection
• macadamia mussel scale and white scale Guide showing how their section of the
• macadamia nut borer project is progressing. IPM will not have a final
• macadamia twig girdler destination. The industry will continue along the
Growers may continue to use the cancelled path as we understand further the significance
product according to its label instructions until of cultural, biological and chemical practices.
4 February 2021.

6 | Jeremy Bright MACADAMIA PLANT PROTECTION GUIDE 2020–21 | 6

 "IPM is not an outcome; IPM is a journey"

What's new?

7 | Jeremy Bright MACADAMIA PLANT PROTECTION GUIDE 2020–21 | 7