Introduction To Optical Fibers
Introduction To Optical Fibers
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Optical Fiber
Transmission
Media
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Optical Principles
Wavelength
The length that one cycle of an
electromagnetic wave occupies in space.
λ = c/f
where:
λ = wavelength (meters/cycle)
c = velocity of light (
300,000,000 meters per
second)
f = frequency (hertz)
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Example
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Radiometry
measures light throughout the entire
electromagnetic spectrum
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Recitation
Determine the optical power in dBm and
dBμ for power levels of
10 mW
20 μW
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Physical Optics
refers to the ways that light can be
processed
Reflection
When light rays strike a reflective
surface, such as a mirror, the light
waves are thrown back or reflected.
Law of reflection “The angle of incidence
is equal to the angle of reflection.”
Refraction
the bending of a light ray that occurs
when the light rays pass from one
medium to another.
occurs because light travels at different
speeds in different materials
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Refraction of light
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Examples SEATWORK
1. For a glass (n=1.55) to ethyl alcohol 1. For a glass (n=1.5)/quartz(n=1.38)
(n=1.36) interface, and an angle of incidence interface and an angle of incidence of
of 33deg, determine the angle of refraction. 35deg, determine the angle of
refraction.
2. How many photons are arriving per
second at a receiver if the power is
1nW at a wavelength of 1.3um?
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Critical Angle
Examples
Minimum angle of
2. Calculate the resulting deviation from the normal line incidence at which a light
for a light signal that travels from air-to-glass-to-diamond ray may strike the interface
if the striking angle is 38o. of two media and result in
an angle of refraction of
90o or greater
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Acceptance angle /
Acceptance cone half-angle
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Example Example
For a multimode step index fiber with An optical fiber and its cladding have
glass core (n=1.53) and a fused quartz refractive indexes of 1.55 and 1.32
cladding (n=1.44), determine the critical respectively. Determine the acceptance
angle. angle.
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Graded-index Fiber
There is no cladding, and the refractive index of
the core is non-uniform; it is highest in the center
of the core and decreases gradually with distance
towards the outer edge
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0.887
𝐿=
𝜆4
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝜆 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝜇𝑚
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Light Sources
Light Detectors
1. PIN Diode
Light sources used for
the optical fiber - Is a depletion-layer photodiode and is
systems must be at probably the most common device used
wavelengths efficiently as a light detector in fiber-optic
propagated by the communications system
optical fiber.
Light sources must 2. APDs
also produce sufficient
power to allow the light - are more sensitive than PIN diodes
to propagate through and require less additional amplification
the fiber without
- disadvantages are relatively long
causing distortion in
the cable itself or in the transit time and additional internally
receiver. generated noise due to the avalanche
multiplication factor
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Light Amplification
by Stimulated
Emission of
Radiation
The first laser was
developed by
Theodore H.
Maiman.
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Example
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