SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING

SEMESTER 2 – ACADEMIC YEAR 2020/2021

RES 303: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY STUDIO III

ASSIGNMENT TITLE : RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

STUDIO MASTER : DR. FAIZAL BIN BAHARUM
NO. OF GROUP : GROUP 3
SUBMISSION DATE : 2ND NOVEMBER 2020

GROUP MEMBERS MATRIC NO.

CHAN YOONG CHIE 140942

BOH ZHUANG JIE 143286

CHEANG HONG TATT 140842

CHENG EN SHENG 143905

LEE JIA SIN 143704

 TABLE OF CONTENT

No. Content Pages

1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Renewable Energy Sources in Malaysia 2
2.1 Biomass Energy 3-5
2.2 Geothermal Energy 6-7
2.3 Hydroelectric Energy 8-9
2.4 Solar Energy 10 - 11
2.5 Wind Energy 12 - 15
3.0 Proposal 16
3.1 Justification 17 - 18
3.2 Cases Study in Malaysia 19 - 22
3.3 Renewable Energy Scheme Available in Malaysia 23 - 27
3.4 Requirement of Solar PV System Installation 28 - 29
3.5 Site Location 30 - 32
3.6 Installation Cost & Return on Investment (ROI) 33 - 34
4.0 Conclusion 35
5.0 Reference 36 - 41
1.0 INTRODUCTION

As we all know renewable energy is the energy harness from the natural resources
which can replenish and renew continuously. In fact, renewable energy is considered as a new
technology which allow the generation of electricity or power while reducing the
environmental issues such as rising of global warming, emission of carbon dioxide and
greenhouse effect at the same time. Generally, renewable energy able to bring a vast of benefit
towards the community and its potential of expansion is greatly unlimited. Besides reducing
environmental issues, renewable energy also help to conserve the fluctuation price of
generation of resources as well as improving the energy efficiency initiatives. Today, the
energy produced from the renewable sources not only for supporting the common daily usage
but also allow us to sell off the extra energy to the grid which may return as an extra revenue.

According to The Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change

Ministry, Malaysia energy policy vision has targeted to generate the country’s electricity from
renewable energy by around 20% (Progressive Impact Technology Sdn. Bhd., 2020). Since
then, the government has come out with three main objectives in order to prompt the country
to go forward on this aspect: providing a secure and cost effective supply, ensuring efficient
utilisation and minimising the impact on environment. Therefore, to achieve these objectives,
Malaysia government has implemented various policy and provision aiming to increase the
development of renewable energy efficiently. In addition, Malaysia also pledged to reduce the
emission intensity of GDP to 40% by 2020 voluntarily compared to the level in 2005 at the
COP15 in Copenhagen. Hence, government has enacted the Renewable Energy Act (RE Act
2010) in 2011 with the provision of Feed-in-Tariff (FiT), thereby stipulating more attractive
incentives to encourage the implementation of grid-connected power generation from
renewable energy resources. This has greatly spur the involvement of different authorities in
the development activities of enhancing the exploitation of renewable energy resources.

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2.0 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN MALAYSIA

Nowadays, renewable energy is widely used around the world as it does bring much of
benefits to environment and consumer. Renewable energy is a clean energy that is collected
from natural sources which can be replenished within a human’s lifetime. For instance, the
renewable energy that we can collect around the world is sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and
geothermal heat. Malaysia also known as a country that use renewable energy to generate
energy. The renewable energy that can be developed in Malaysia is biomass, hydro, solar, wind,
geothermal and wave. Solar energy has become one of the emerging technologies in renewable
energy industry for Malaysia. The Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) is
known as an authority for Malaysia to manage the implementation of feed-in-tariff (FiT)
mechanism which formed under the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 [Act
726]. In 2018, Malaysia announced that a target of 20% of its electricity generation from
renewable energy sources by 2025. It is estimated that Malaysia will need to invest 33 billion
ringgits in the renewable energy sector to achieve the 2025 target. The estimated investment
not only include the involvement from government, but also from public-private partnerships
and private financing.

The use of renewable energy in Malaysia had bring much environmental and economic
benefits. First of all, the use of renewable energy can reduce some of the air pollution. This is
because the energy generated by renewable energy produces no greenhouse gas emissions from
fossil fuels. Besides, the use of renewable energy can reduce the dependence of Malaysia on
the imported fuel. Last but not the least, the application of renewable energy can help to
improve the growth of economic development gradually and provide a wide range of
employment opportunities at renewable energy industry in Malaysia.

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2.1 BIOMASS ENERGY

2.1.1 Introduction of Biomass Energy

Biomass can be explained as biological material that obtained from either living or dead
organisms. Although biomass is known as carbon-based material, but it also contains other
compound such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Biomass releases carbon dioxide into the
air, but the carbon dioxide released is absorbed by the plant when they grow up. The carbon
cycle ensure biomass did not contribute to the carbon dioxide emission. Malaysia is a country
that rich with the agro-biomass resources and this made Malaysia develop biomass industry as
the renewable energy. Malaysia is widely recognized that it is stepping up its efforts to create
potential and improve the growth in biomass energy industry. There are some plans and policies
which launched in Malaysia in order to help the development of biomass industry such as
National Green Technology Policy in 2009, the 10th Malaysia Plan (10MP) and the Economic
Transformation Programme (ETP) in 2010, and the Renewable Energy Act 2011.

The biomass commonly used in Malaysia are oil palm waste, timber waste, rice husk,
sugar cane waste and municipal solid wastes. Basically, Malaysia can generate a minimum of
168 million tonnes of biomass waste in a year. Palm oil contributes for 94% of biomass raw
materials, while the remaining contributors are wood residues, rice husk, and sugarcane wastes
which contributes 4%, 1% and 1% respectively. Most of the biomass plant in Malaysia are
located in East Malaysia which are Sabah and Sarawak. TSH BIO ENERGY Sdn Bhd is known
as the most popular biomass plant in Sabah as it can generate energy up to 14MW. Generally,
the biomass industry in Malaysia generates the electricity by using steam turbines. The biomass
will be burned and turned into steam and the steam produced will generate electricity by
rotating the turbine.

Although there are many of research and development (R&D) activities are carried out
by local research institutions and universities, but the biomass is not yet fully utilized in the
market. The obstacle faced is the policies formulated to promote the biomass and renewable
energy by small and medium-sized enterprises are still being implemented, and this has caused
the efficiency of coordination between Malaysian local agencies and the biomass industry is
limited. Besides, the less incentives and financial support to afford the initial cost of biomass
power plant also known as the barriers met.

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2.1.2 Process of Biomass Power Plant Works

Figure 1- Working Design of Biomass Power Plant

Source: https://biomassfutureenergy.wordpress.com/

Components consists in biomass power plant:

1) Heat exchanger
2) High pressure boiler
3) Turbine
4) Generator
5) Condenser

How biomass power plant works:

1) Biomass source will be carried into combustion chamber using a conveyor belt.
2) The material will be burned at combustion chamber, and hot gases is released
3) The hot gases will heat up feedwater at heat exchanger and will be treated before released
back into the air
4) The water then will leave the heat exchanger into the high pressure boiler
5) The water will then be heated up into high pressured steam.
6) The high pressure steam will enter the turbine to rotate the turbine blades.
7) The spin of turbines blades will then generate the electricity.

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2.1.3 Advantages of Biomass Energy

A. Carbon neutral
Biomass will not emit harmful emissions such as carbon dioxide unlike oil and other
fossil fuels. It helps to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions which will lead to the
depletion of ozone layer and increase of greenhouse effects in Malaysia.

B. Less dependency on fossil fuels

The use of biomass energy can reduce the dependency on the fossil fuels that are
harmful to climate change and other environmental problems. The abundance of
available biomass raw materials are far exceed the fossil fuels, making biomass a better
sources.

C. Low cost in comparison to fossil fuels

While fossil fuel production requires a heavy outlay of capital, biomass technology is
much cheaper. Manufacturers and producers can generate higher profits from a lower
output.

D. Reduction in landfill
The amount of garbage dumped in landfill is reduced by using the waste such as oil
palm waste, rice husk, municipal solid wastes for the purpose of biomass generation

2.1.4 Disadvantages of Biomass Energy

A. High cost compared to other alternatives

The cost of completion of biomass projects are considered high and not worth when
compared to others renewable energy such as solar, water and wind. The cost is higher
because the biomass resources need to be maintained and replanted as well as the cost
of machinery used for extraction.

B. Possible deforestation
Although biomass is renewable, but they need to be maintained. Wood chips which also
known as one of the sources for biomass might cause environmental issue if
deforestation is uncontrolled. The uncontrolled deforestation might leads to the
extinctions of species of wildlife.

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2.2 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

2.2.1 Introduction of Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy is the hydrothermal resources that derived within the sub-surface of
the earth. It is contained in the rocks and fluids beneath the earth’s crust and can be found as
far down to the earth’s extremely hot molten rock, magma. The geothermal power plants are
usually located near tectonically active regions. The wells are drill a mile deep into the
underground reservoirs to carry the hot water and steam which use to power the turbines
connected to the electricity generators.

There are three types of geothermal power plants, which are dry steam power plant,
flash steam power plant and binary cycle power plant. Dry steam power plant is the oldest type
of geothermal power plant which carry the steam from the reservoir to drive the turbines
directly. Secondly, the flash plant carries high-pressure hot water from the reservoir and turn it
into the steam to power the generator turbines. When the steam cool down, it would condense
to water again and the water is injected back to the reservoir to be used again. The flash plant
is the most popular geothermal power plant to be used. Lastly, the binary cycle power plant
passes the heat from the hot water to a secondary liquid with a lower boiling point, which turn
to steam to drive the generator turbine.

Figure 2- Dry Steam Power Plant Figure 3- Flash Steam Power Plant

Figure 4- Binary Cycle Power Plant

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2.2.2 Advantages of Geothermal Energy

A. Constant and reliable

Compared with other renewable energy such as wind energy, the geothermal energy is
more stable as it is always available and independent from weather condition. The
energy generated from geothermal energy is easy to calculate as it is stable and does
not vary from time to time. Therefore, the power output from the geothermal power
plant can be predicted with remarkable accuracy.

B. Massive potential
The energy stored inside the earth is unpredictable and over our forecast. There are a
lots of capacity for additional geothermal energy generation that we haven’t discover.
Therefore, there are many potential opportunity about the geothermal energy that could
be discover in the future.

2.2.3 Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy

A. Location restricted
The geothermal power plants needed to be built where accessible to the geothermal
energy, so the locations are limited. This should not be a problem to the country which
ready accessible to the geothermal energy like Philippines and Iceland.

B. Potential environmental impacts

During drilling process, the toxic gasses store under the earth’s surface might escape
into the atmosphere. This might contribute to the greenhouse effect and climate change.
In addition, the geothermal power plants can cause land instability which can lead to
subsidence and earthquakes due to drilling process too. The conventional geothermal
power plant construction involves drilling hot rock that contains trapped water or steam
in its pores spaces and natural fractures. When these fractures are intersected by a drilled
hole, the trapped water erupts as steam due to instant drop in pressure.

C. High cost
The installation of geothermal power plants, the exploration and the drilling process
make the initial cost of geothermal energy higher than other renewable energy such as
solar energy. As the geothermal power plants are usually far away from the population,
it requires a more complicated network of distribution systems. This also increase the
overall cost to build a geothermal power plant.

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2.3 HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

2.3.1 Introduction of Hydroelectric Energy

Hydroelectric energy or hydropower can be best explained as the energy extracted from
the motion of water, which can be harnessed for power machinery or produce electricity. It is
known as one of the widely-used renewable energy sources as water constantly moves through
an endless water cycle where it will not be used up or reduced in the process. Approximately
71% of renewable electricity is generated from hydropower over the world (National
Geographic Society, 2019) as even a small-scale of hydropower project able to benefit the
communities enormously. This had made hydropower become a common method of electricity
generation today.

The hydropower plant is a system used to generate electricity and it can be classified
into three different types namely impoundment facility, diversion facility and also pumped-
storage facility. Both impoundment and pumped-storage facility are under the configuration of
with dams and reservoirs while diversion facility is without. In general, the flow of water that
stored in reservoir is being controlled by a dam. The dam will release water when energy is
needed. Once water is released, potential energy of flowing water is produced to spin the
turbine. This will generate mechanical energy to drive the generator and finally produce
electricity as output which can be distributed directly to homes, factories and businesses over
a long-distance electric lines. Basically, the amount of electricity generated is based on the
velocity of the water moves through the system. Therefore, the size of hydropower plant will
directly affect the aspect of power generating.

In Malaysia, the largest hydropower plant is the Bakun dam (2400 MW) located in
Sarawak, follow by Murum dam (9447 MW) in Sarawak. Utilised to date, hydropower only
account of around 18% of Malaysia’s electricity generation, yet the technically feasible power
generation potential is still less than 20% (ANDRITZ, 2019). Meanwhile, the total energy
consumption in Malaysia poses an increase over years, hence the potential of hydropower in
electricity generation can be further expand and develop in order to achieve a more balance
energy mix in future.

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2.3.2 Advantages of Hydroelectric Energy

A. Long lifetime
Since hydropower is a renewable energy source, hence it will never use up unless there
is drought or water stop flowing. Moreover, electricity can also continue to generate
without the reduction of the quantity of water even after double amount of time has
passed.

B. Emission free
Hydropower is known as a clean fuel source as it is fueled by water. Therefore, it does
not release harmful emission which will cause pollution to the environment.

C. Flexible
Hydropower plant able to control the water flow based on the demand in which
allowing the plant to generate more energy when it is required while reducing it when
it is not necessary. Generally, hydropower is available as needed and controllable where
no other renewable energy source can do.

2.3.3 Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Energy

A. Higher initial cost

In order to support hydropower, dams and reservoirs are required to build for stopping
the running water and also storing of water. Since building a power plant is not an easy
task, hence a lot of time and cost will be needed in the construction progress.

B. Disruption of environment
The construction of hydropower station will affect the land use, homes and also natural
habitats in surrounding environment. Communities’ homes, agricultural lands and
archaeological sites are being covered by reservoirs and dams in which a large amount
of people were affected and displaced. In addition, wildlife habitat can also be disrupted,
especially of the population of fish due to the entrapment and restriction of passages.
Not only that, hydropower can also bring impaction towards the quality of water such
as altering the temperature and flow of water which will directly threat native flora and
fauna.

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2.4 SOLAR ENERGY

2.4.1 Introduction of Solar Energy

Solar energy is the radiation of the sun that can produce heat, cause chemical reactions
or generate electricity for humanity. This energy can be used by solar energy technologies for
a number of purposes, including the generation of electricity, the provision of light or a
comfortable indoor environment, and water heating for residential, commercial, or industrial
use (Solar Energy Industries Association, 1974). Solar energy is a form of renewable energy
that is clean, healthy and can be used almost anywhere in the world where there is a potential
for solar power to be produced in any location exposed to sunlight.

Generally, there are several ways to harness solar energy which are photovoltaic (PV),
concentrating solar power, and solar heating and cooling. The electricity can be generated by
photovoltaic cells from sunlight then can be used to power anything from small electronics
such as small calculators, road signs, and large commercial enterprises. Moreover, the heat
generated from the sunlight is used to generate solar power to produce electricity in the case of
concentrating solar power (CSP). Solar heating and cooling (SHC) systems also uses the same
techniques with CSP to provide hot water, space heating, cooling, etc.

Malaysia is a nation with variety of energy resources which include fossil fuels, as well
as diverse sources of renewable energy. Although the production of renewable energy sources
energy is still limited and not completely exploited, the government has initiated a lot of new
policies, funds, investments and programmes to accelerate its progress. One of the advantages
of developing solar energy in Malaysia is due to its position in the equatorial region which is
located between 1°and 7°north of the Equator (Omar, N. et at., 2013). Therefore, the solar
energy production in Malaysia has considerable potential to supplement the energy demand in
Malaysia.

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2.4.2 Advantages of Solar Energy

A. Renewable energy source

Unlike any other non-renewable sources such as coal, fossil fuel and nitrogen gas, solar
energy is one of the renewable energy that can be received or harness anywhere and
available every day. As long as the sun remains, the solar radiation produced by the Sun
is the benefit human received.

B. Lower electricity bill

The use of solar power panels helps to reduce the electricity received from the local
utility. Other than that saving on the electricity bill, there is a possibility to sell any
extra power back to the electricity grid through Malaysia’s Net Metering Scheme of
SEDA and earn profits.

C. Keep the environment clean and air pollution-free

Due to the combustion of fossil fuels and coal that produce greenhouse gases such as
carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) resulting the atmosphere trap more
and more heat. As a result, the Earth temperature warm up and global warming occurs.
On the other hand, generating a large amount of electricity by solar energy keeps the
environment clean and free of air pollution.

2.4.3 Disadvantages of Solar Energy

A. Higher initial investment and longer return of investment (ROI)

From a simple device of 3kW, a typical residential installation could range from 4kW
to 12kW, with costs ranging from RM16,000 to RM23,000 (Ygrene, 2020). This
indicates that the installation cost for the solar panels is expensive at the beginning. The
average payback time for a solar power system investment nowadays can be around 5
– 7 years. Therefore, the costs for a LSS would be even greater with 5MWp requirement.

B. Weather-Dependent
Solar panels depend on the solar radiation received from the sun. The maximum solar
power input only occurs when the sky is clear and without any cloud blocking from the
sun. During the rainy season (NorthEast monsoon) in Malaysia from November until
March the solar panels would not work at maximum rate due to the solar radiation
received is low. Therefore, the solar energy came with an inconsistent power input to
the consumers.

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2.5 WIND ENERGY

2.5.1 Introduction of Wind Energy

Wind energy has become one of the trendy renewable energy that used by us world
widely. Almost 82 countries use wind energy to power homes and town such as the traditional
markets like Europe and North America, new market like China and India. Most of these
countries have the mature technology, initiatives of government and the strategic geographical
position. However, this technology is still in its infancy in developing countries.

When talk about wind energy, one thing will come attached our mind automatically,
and that is using wind to generated electricity. Undoubtedly, wind turbine will convert the
kinetic energy that form by the movement of air (wind) into the mechanical power or electricity
by the generator.

There are three main types of wind energy which are the utility-scale wind, distributed
wind and the offshore wind. Each of them obtains its characteristic as shown as table below:

Types Wind turbine Characteristic

Utility-scale wind 100 Kilowatts to several Generated power will delivered to power
Megawatts grid and distributed to user by electric
(Land-based turbines) utilities.
Distributed wind Below 100 Kilowatts Not connected to the grid and the generated
(Land-based turbines) electricity will directly power a home, farm
and small business.
Offshore wind Larger than land-based Wind turbine is built in large bodies of
turbines water which on the continental shelf.
Capture the ocean winds and able to
generate huge amount of energy.

Table1: Types of wind energy with their characteristic

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 Malaysia is considered as a low wind speed area compared to others countries. To
generated electricity, the minimum annual wind speed should be 4 m/s. However, the annual
wind speed for our countries is only 2 m/s.

Generally, the strong wind in our countries is blown from the South China Sea and
Indian Ocean. Therefore, the suitable and potential places for wind power generation are
located at coastal area. Some of the places are specified as high wind area in Malaysia like
Mersing (Johor), Kuala Terrenganu and Kudat (Sabah). The onshore wind power at Kudat,
Sabah is consider as a highest wind potential area which could reach up to 1.5MW. In additional,
Mersing and Kudat are the potential wind generation stations where it could obtain averages
3m/s of wind speed at 60 meter heights.

In Malaysia, wind energy is considered at early stage compared to the others renewable
source sector like solar energy, biogas, biomass and small hydropower. As the reason of
geographic location, there is lacking of Government’s initiative to develop the wind power
plant project. Our government is still assessing the potential of wind energy so it is not under
FiT scheme and not verified as a RE development in Malaysia. Therefore, wind energy power
plant not like others RE power plant which can get the government’s incentives like investment
tax allowance or income tax exemption.

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2.5.2 Advantages of Wind Energy

A. Clean fuel source

Wind is a clean fuel source because it will not produce any pollution especially air or
water pollution to environment. Wind power plant is not relying to the combustion of
fossil fuel. Therefore, no greenhouse gases will be release into the atmosphere. It is able
to dissolve the issue of global warming when the greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases is reduce. In additional, it will not emit
any harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide that affect a person’s
physical health. Besides, it can keep the water resource clean as the wind turbine will
not emit any harmful contamination like mercury into our streams and lakes.

B. Small land footprint

The land footprint of the wind turbines is much more smaller than the others energy
sources power plant like solar power plant, hydropower plant, fossil fuel power station
and the others. This is because the wind turbines are tall and slender tower so their
occupation on the land base is small. Usually, wind turbine is constructed at fields,
hilltops, coastal area or out of the sea which will not bring any inconvenience to the
surrounding land. For instance, farmer still can still operate their agriculture farm and
the fishermen can still trawl the sea. Besides, the farmer can increase their income by
renting the land to the developer of wind energy plant.

C. Increase energy security

In traditional market, non-renewable sources such as the fossil fuel, coal or natural gas
are used to generate the electricity. Sometime, we may face the problems like economic
problems, uncertainty of prices or supply shortage. Indirectly, wind power plant can
reduce our dependence on this non-renewable energy. Therefore, countries that use
local renewable energy can increase their own energy security.

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2.5.3 Disadvantages of Wind Energy

D. Wind Fluctuates
Wind is the movement of air that move randomly which does not obtain a constant of
wind speed. Therefore, it will be affect to the efficiency of a wind turbine. Developer
need to invest more money and time to justify and do research to looking for the suitable
location to build up the wind power. To get the adequate of wind energy, wind turbine
will built on top hill, rural area or out at sea where consist lesser of land obstacle.

E. Pose a threat to wildlife

Since wind turbine tower is tall which around 466 ft to 590ft, it already poses a threat
to wildlife – primarily birds and bats. Although, wind turbine is pose lesser threat to the
wildlife compared to the other manmade structure such as the cell phone masts.
However, the high mortality rates among the bird and populations is due to the wind
turbine. Birds can be killed by spinning blades when they inadvertently flying into it.

15
3.0 PROPOSAL

This proposal is prepared to convince the client on a potential large scale renewable
energy sources with application of 5MWp.

There are many renewable energy sources available now in Malaysia, such as biomass
energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, solar energy and wind energy. The biomass energy is
not entirely clean as the use of waste produces greenhouse gasses and the biomass plants
requires a large amount of space. The geothermal power plants can cause land instability which
can lead to subsidence and earthquakes. The hydroelectric energy has potential environmental
impacts although it is non-polluting. The natural wildlife habitats might be disrupted and
threatened as the hydroelectric facilities might alter the river’s flow and water temperature. The
wind energy is not suitable for most of the area in Malaysia as Malaysia has a basically low
wind speed and ununiformed wind blow throughout the year. Most of the wind turbines require
4 m/s of wind speed to generate electricity, but the mean annual wind speed of Malaysia is less
than 2 m/s. After consideration from all aspect, the most suitable renewable energy source
proposed to the client is the solar energy.

The photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed to the client. The PV system is using the
solar panels with the inverter and other hardware to generate electricity from the sunlight. The
sunlight which the photons from the sun falls onto the solar cells of the solar panels would
create electric current through photovoltaic effect. The electric current in the form of direct
current (DC) is produced on the solar panel, so the inverter is needed to convert it to the
alternating current (AC). The conversion is essential to interface with the electric grid.

Figure 5- How Does the PV System Works?

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3.1 JUSTIFICATION

There are some reasons for proposing the solar energy as the best renewable energy
source to the client. First of all, Malaysia has the advantage in developing solar energy as it
locate in the equatorial zone. Malaysia is a tropical country which influenced by natural tropical
climate. Therefore, Malaysia can always receive abundant sunlight of average 12 hours per day
and average solar radiation of 4500 kWh m−2 per day. These factors bring benefits to the
application of solar energy as the PV system can operated well throughout the year with
minimum interference.

Besides, Malaysia has mature and advanced technology in solar equipment

manufacturing worldwide. According to the speech of Science, Technology and Innovation
Minister, Datuk Seri Wilfred Madius Tangau at Astana Expo 2017, Malaysia is the second
largest manufacturer of photovoltaic modules and the third largest producer of photovoltaic
cells in the world. There are many outstanding local solar equipment manufacturing companies
in Malaysia such as TS Solartech and Plus Solar while many international companies has
production capacity in Malaysia such as First Solar, Hanwha Q Cells and LONGi Solar.
Therefore, Malaysia has emerged as a world leading major international hub for solar
equipment manufacturing. This show that Malaysia has matured experience and world class
technology in solar equipment manufacturing that can meet the requirement and fulfil the
satisfaction of the clients.

Moreover, the solar energy is proposed due to the cost. Among the five energy
researched, the PV system of solar energy can be done with the least initial cost. This is because
the installation of the PV system is the easiest and requires least construction works from them.
Due to the simple installation, the manpower needed is lesser and the installation period is
shorter. All of these factors help in initial cost saving. After the PV system installed and
operated, the spending on the maintenance and repair works are expected low too as the PV
system not require much of maintenance. The solar panels of the PV system usually have a
long lifespan and most the manufacturers of the solar panels provide at least 20 years of
production warranty on their solar panels. This is because the PV system does not include any
moving parts inside the system. The maintenance generally happened on the inverter only
which needed to replace after using for 15 years. The solar panels are designed to be very strong
and reliable as they needed to operate in the open and exposed circumstances.

17
 On the other hand, the solar energy is more environmental friendly. It is unavoidable
that almost all the energy production even the renewable energy creates some level of potential
impacts to the environment. In this matter, the solar energy is a better choice as it does not
cause direct impact towards the environment. The sun offers abundant sunlight as an unlimited
source of sustainable energy which does not harm the ozone layer. In the production of solar
cells, some toxic metals like cadmium and lead have been used. However, they are used inside
the production plants in strict controlling to minimize the environmental impacts. For other
pollutions caused during transportation and installation, all the energy production cannot
escape from them. Compare to other energy resources, using solar energy in generating
electricity can help in reducing the carbon footprint. In the process of generating electricity,
the PV system released almost no direct pollutants to the environment. Therefore, the solar
energy is considered as more environmental friendly.

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3.2 CASES STUDY IN MALAYSIA

3.2.1 Kumpulan Melaka Berhad Solar Farm at Melaka World Solar Valley

Figure 6- Solar Farm at Alor Gajah, Melaka

In 2010, Melaka was declared as developed state by Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD). One of its objectives is to achieving Melaka as a Green
Technology City State. Therefore, Melaka World Solar Valley (MWSV) which located at Alor
Gajah is developed to be a sustainable city and catalyst for solar industry. At the same time, it
had become the first solar valley in Malaysia.

A 5MW solar photovoltaic (PV) farm was built in Rembia Industrial Area, Melaka
World Solar Valley. This project was developed by Kumpulan Melaka Berhad (KMB) with the
investment of RM46 Million.

The built up area of solar farm is 17.29 acre which only takes up 0.0965 % of the total
land area of MWSV. The solar farm components are consists of PV modules, inverter,
combiner box, transformer, 11kv HT breaker and a monitoring system in a control building.
The solar farm were built in three phases where each phases have its own capacity, completed
date, operation date and also the Feed – in Tariff Commencement date (FiTCD) as shown as
table below:

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 Installed capacity
Phases Completed date Operation date FiTCD
(MW)
First phase 1.3 December 2012 11th April 2013 20th April 2013
Second phase 1.22 January 2013 16th May 2013 24th May 2013
Third phase 2.48 February 2013 2nd August 2013 9th August 2013
Table 2: Three phases of Solar Farm with Different Installed Capacity

After operation of solar farm, the generated power will be sold to Tenaga Nasional Berhad
(TNB) under Feed-In-Tarrif (FiT) Scheme. As it is a Renewable Energy Power Purchase
Agreements (REPPA), the effective period with TNB will up to 21 years. According to the FIT
rate:
 1.30 MWp = RM0.98 / kWh
 1.22 MWp = RM0.9016 / kWh
 2.48 MWp = RM0.9016 / kWh

In estimation, the average solar power that can be produced by KMB solar farm is 6162
MWh per year. Therefore, they can make a profit of RM 71 Million after 21 years where the
total income (RM117 Million) minus the investment cost (RM46 Million).

Profit = Total income – Investment cost

= {[(6162×10^3) kWh] × [RM0.9016/kWh] × 21 years} – RM 46 Million
= RM 117 Million – RM46 Million
= RM 71 Million

20
3.2.2 Jentayu Solar Farm at Pokok Sena, Kedah

Figure 7- Solar Farm at Pokok Sena, Kedah

Kedah’s first large-scale of solar (LSS) photovoltaic plant is located at Kampung

Bendang Baru, Pokok Sena, Kedah. The LSS farm with 8.9 MW capacities was developed by
Jentayu Solar Sdn Bhd. Contract value for this project is RM 5 Million. The construction work
was started on February 2019 and completed on September 2019.

A 25 acre of solar farm consists of 27200 solar panels and 84 inverters. After that, the
solar system will be connected to a seven kilometres away TNB substation. Similar to the
others solar farm, the generated solar power will be sold to Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)
under the Feed-In-Tarrif (FiT) Scheme.

Jentayu Solar Sdn Bhd was targeted to produce 274002 MW of solar power throughout
21 years with traffic rate of RM0.39 per kWh. In estimation, 12454 MW per hour will be
produced along this period which sufficiently supplies power to 548,004 units of household at
Pokok Sena area if the average of daily energy consumption for every household is 0.5 MWh.
This solar project can also reduce the dependency on limited petroleum as the main source to
produce electricity at Pokok Sena area. Indirectly, it can reduce the emission of greenhouse
gases. Moreover, this solar project is successfully to create 150 jobs for the locals.

21
3.2.3. Fortune 11 Sdn Bhd Solar Farm at Sepang, Selangor

Figure 8- Solar Farm at Sepang, Selangor

A 5MW of ground - mount solar farm was developed by Fortune 11 Sdn. Bhd. at a land
that leased from Malaysia Airports (Sepang) Sdn. Bhd. SunEdison was the main contractor
which to lead the solar technology manufacturer of their solar energy services.

This solar farm was built on an oil palm plantation with area of 36 acres which located
at Sepang. This solar farm is one of the airport solar power systems under Feed-in Tariff
Scheme at KL International Airport (KLIA) other than the parking canopy (10MW) and roof
– top (4MW) system. In expectation, this solar power system could be save RM2.1 Million of
energy cost of the airport anually.

This Fortune 11 Sdn Bhd Solar Farm consists of 17,000 solar panels with single tracker
system which allow the solar photovoltaic modules to track the movement of sun or sun path,
starting from sunrise to sunset. Therefore, the maximum of sun radiation can be tapped as the
angle of solar panel can be adjusted according to the direction movement of sun. The The solar
tracker will fixed at a specific angle before operation. Moreover, it can also obtain a more
constant of solar power compared to the others solar farm that obtain the static solar PV. The
farm is considered as a good site because it is away from tall building which can avoid shading
and allow the panel trap the exposure of sunlight directly.

22
3.3 ENERGY SCHEME AVAILABLE IN MALAYSIA

3.3.1 Feed-In Tariff (FiT)

The Feed-in Tariff (FiT) scheme was introduced in Malaysia in year 2004 to lead the
country towards energy independence. In April 2011, the Malaysian House of Representatives
finally passed the Renewable Energy bill (creating the FIT policy) and the Sustainable Energy
Development Authority (SEDA) bill that resulted to the practice of the FiT. The FiT scheme is
aimed to make the renewable energy becomes a viable and long-term investment for
individuals, companies and also industries through offering a long-term contracts and
guaranteed pricing to the renewable energy generators.

The FiT scheme requires distribution licensees (DLs) such as Tenaga Nasional Berhad
(TNB), Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd (SESB), NUR Power Sdn Bhd to buy the electricity
generated from the renewable resources from the Feed-in Approval Holders (FIAHs) at the FiT
rate for a specific duration. One of the condition of the FiT scheme is the renewable energy
resources must be originated within Malaysia and not imported from other countries. The
duration that the FIAHs could sell the electricity to the DLs with FiT rate is 16 years for
biomass, and 21 years for biogas resources, small hydropower and solar photovoltaic
technologies. The FiT rate is vary with different renewable resources and installed capacities.

When the cost is lower to generate electricity from renewable energy than from
conventional fossil fuels, the grid parity achieved. Once the grid parity achieved, FIAHs would
be paid at the prevailing displaced cost for the remaining effective duration of their power
purchase agreements.

The Feed-in Approval (FiA) needed to be applied and granted by SEDA Malaysia to
be authorize to sell the energy generated at FiT rate. The application can be done manually at
SEDA Malaysia’s office or online via SEDA Malaysia’s official website. The application
would be treated through a transparent process with no preferential treatment.

23
Table 3- FiT Rates for Solar PV (Non-individual >500kW) Year 2016

Table 4- FiT Rates for Solar PV (Non-individual >500kW) Year 2020

24
Table 5- Annual Power Generation (MWh) of Commissioned RE Installation under FiT Scheme

Table 6- Installed Capacity (MW) of Commissioned RE Installation under FiT Scheme

Table 7- Prevailing Displaced Cost

25
3.3.2 The Net Energy Metering (NEM)

The Net Energy Metering (NEM) is the scheme first introduced by the Ministry of
Energy, Green Technology and Water in year 2017 as one of the solar PV initiatives to
encourage the use of the renewable energy in Malaysia. After installing the PV system, the
energy generated from the system would be consumed by the owner first, and the excess would
be exported to Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) based on “one-on-one” offset basis. The “one-
on-one” offset basis is the result of improvement from the net billing previously to the current
true net metering and this could help in improving the return of investment (ROI) of the PV
system too. Based on this offest basis, 1kWh of energy exported to the TNB would be offset
against 1kWh of energy consumed from the TNB. The credit could be rolled over for maximum
24 months.

This scheme is applicable to the registered TNB customers at Peninsular Malaysia. The
property developers are allowed to reserve NEM quota for their new and on-going projects by
submitting a “Letter of Interest and Manual Application” form to the Sustainable Energy
Development Authority (SEDA) Malaysia.

NEM offers 500MW of quota allocation up to year 2020. The quota allocation divided
into domestic and non-domestic category, and then divided into the categories of residential,
commercial, industrial and agriculture. For domestic or residential category, the PV system is
allowed to be installed at the maximum capacity of 12kWac for single phase system or 72Kwac
for 3 phase system. The PV system installation above 24kW for single phase and above 72kW
for three phase should require license as stipulated under the ST Guidelines On Licensing
Under Section 9 Of The Act. For installation over 72kW, NEM Assessment Study (NEMAS)
should be conducted by TNB or its appointed consultant before NEM application to establish
the technical and safety requirements and verify the feasibility of the connection.

This scheme is target to help in reducing the dependency of the country on imported
fossil fuels. NEM is now executed by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (KeTSA),
regulated by the Energy Commission (EC), and SEDA Malaysia acts as the implementing
agency.

26
3.3.3 Large Scale Solar (LSS)

The Large Scale Solar (LSS) scheme was introduced by the Malaysian government in
year 2016 to replace the Feed-in Tariffs (FiT). The LSS scheme is a competitive bidding
programme to depress the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for the development of LSS
photovoltaic plant. Energy Commission Malaysia acts as the implementing agency to manage
and administer the LSS scheme.

LSS allowed the electricity to generate via solar PV farm and then sell the electricity
generated to the grid. The potential developers would be selected through the competitive
bidding. This scheme is only offer to the fully-owned local companies or minimum 75% local
shareholding for companies listed on Bursa Malaysia.

The first LSS tender round (LSS1) happened on March 2016 and awarded a total of
450MW of capacity. For Peninsular Malaysia, there are three packages offered which are P1
(1-5MW), P2 (6-29MW) and P3 (30-50MW). The lowest tariff received is RM0.426/kWh for
P1, RM0.400/kWh for P2 and RM0.390/kWh for P3. For Sabah, there are two packages offered
which are S1 (1-5MW) with lowest tariff received RM0.450/kWh and S2 (6-10MW) with
lowest tariff received RM0.508/kWh.

The second LSS tender round (LSS2) offered 563MW of capacity successfully. LSS2
was only offer 460MW of capacity originally, and it was heavily oversubscribed. For
Peninsular Malaysia, there are three packages offered which are P1 (1-5.99MW), P2 (6-
9.99MW) and P3 (10-30MW). For Sabah, there are two packages offered which are S1 (1-
5.99MW) and S2 (6-10MW). The lowest tariff bided dropped 15% from LSS1 to
RM0.3398/kWh while the mean tariff bided declined 14% to RM0.3902/kWh.

The third LSS tender round (LSS3) awarded 491MW out of 500MW quota allocation
to 5 companies successfully. There are 4 bidders win for 100MW allocation and 1 bidder win
for 90.88MW allocation. The lowest tariff bided was only RM0.17777/kWh. The forth LSS
tender round (LSS4) had opened competitive bidding for 1GW of quota allocation which worth
around RM4 billion from May to August 2020. This is the largest capacity offered under LSS
scheme so far. There are two packages offered which are 500MW quota for 10-30MW capacity
and the rest 500MW quota for 30-50MW capacity. The bidding price for LSS4 are expected
around the same as LSS3. The solar farms under LSS4 are expected to develop for 18 months
and operated by the end of year 2023.

27
3.4 REQUIREMENT FOR SOLAR PV SYSTEM INSTALLATION

In particular circumstances, the location, tilt angle and orientation of solar panels are
just as critical as which type of solar panel is used. The solar panels can fully utilise the energy
as the Sun’s rays reach its surface perpendicularly (Robert Foster et al., 2010). In addition,
since the solar panels are exposed to the sunlight along the day, the solar panel with an
appropriate direction and tilted level ensure that the power generated is at the maximum output
(B, Zientara. 2012). In Malaysia, the optimum tilt angles for the solar panel are range between
0°- 27°. The ideal orientation of solar panels for the proposed site location is facing south.
This is because the monthly period of sunlight in the southern sky is greater than in the northern
sky. As a result, solar radiation would also have a favourable angle (Fadaeenejad, M. et al.,
2015). Figure 4 shows the annual sun path diagram at the site location, which is the location
set for the LSS PV.

Solar Radiation AC Energy

Tilt Angle
(kWh/m2/day) (kWh/year)
0 4.96 6,797,320
1 4.97 6,803,168
3 4.97 6,810,760
5 4.98 6,812,877
7 4.98 6,809,519
9 4.97 6,800,688

Table 8: Annual amount of solar radiation & energy produced for optimum tilt angles
Source: NREL, https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/pvwatts.php

From the data given in Table 8, it can be seen that the highest solar radiation for Ulu
Kimanis, Papar in Sabah is 5°. The solar radiation received and the AC energy produced is the
highest among the others. Therefore, the ideal tilt angle for the solar panels install is 5°and
facing south. Therefore, the solar panels able to work at its maximum efficiency.

28
 Figure 9- Sun Path Diagram of the Proposed Site Location

Next, another requirement for the solar system installation is to identify the energy
usage information. By identifying and summarizing the electricity use of the previous year, the
size and power of the solar panel required will be correctly estimated, based on energy usage.

After that, an inverter in a solar system is also required. Its function is to convert
electricity from direct current (DC), which is what a solar panel produces, to alternating current
(AC), which is used by the electric grid (Power. M, 2001). The frequency requirement in
Malaysia is 50Hz, it is therefore 50Hz inverter only needed to be used (Khan, R., & Go, Y. I.,
2020). Based on the requirement, a centralized inverter is most suited for the LSS PV system
(Khan, R., & Go, Y. I., 2020). It fulfils most grid requirements which are control of ramp rate,
control of active power, reactive power on demand, continuous curtailment and dynamic grid
support (LVRT), etc (Khan, R., & Go, Y. I., 2020).

29
3.5 SITE LOCATION

Malaysia is situated in the equatorial zone, so in developing solar energy, it has

advantages in the development of solar energy. On the other hand, Malaysia has a natural
tropical climate, with an average daily solar radiation of 4500 kWh/m2 and approximately 12
hours of sunshine per day (Aziz et al., 2016).

Figure 10- Annual Average Solar Radiation by State

Source: (Aziz et al., 2016)

Month Solar Radiation (W/m2)

January 151.77
Febraury 201.77
March 221.26
April 224.25
May 176.51
June 171.63
July 164.84
August 173.10
September 177.47
October 168.35
November 193.78
December 156.81
Annual average 182.00

Table 9: Monthly average solar radiation at Kota Kinabalu

Source: (Markos & Sentian, 2016)

30
 Figure 10 shows the solar radiation according to State. Kota Kinabalu has the greatest
solar radiation of 1900 kWh/m2 (Aziz et al., 2016). The solar radiation data was collected from
pyranometer that located at Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Table 9 shows the monthly average
solar radiation at Kota Kinabalu in the Year 2014. During February, March and peak time in
April, the maximum solar radiation collected is shown in the table above. About the same
amount of solar radiation was collected during May until October while January and December
collected the less solar radiation. The lowest solar radiation collected was during November.
The trend of solar radiation is still higher compared to other months due to the rainy season
(NorthEast monsoon) in South East Asia during November until March (Markos & Sentian,
2016).

Figure 11- District Map of Sabah

Source: (William, T et al., 2014)

Figure 12- Site Location

Source: iProperty, Ul kimanis, Sabah

31
Site location :
Ulu Kimanis, Papar, Sabah

Justification :
1. Greatest solar radiation received compared to other states which lead to the development
of solar energy has the greatest advantage.
2. One of the approaches to achieving green growth, according to Malaysia Eleventh Plan is
to follow a sustainable consumption and development concept that encourages economic
growth without harming the environment. Therefore, installation of LSS PV plants can
reduces the emission of CO2 in Malaysia.
3. For LSS, as this technology is quite mature, Malaysia can consider developing solar farm
to boost the deployment rate.

Land size :
17 acres (68796.6 m2)

Coordinates :
5°36' 30.4884'' N, 115°58' 28.938'' E

32
3.6 INSTALLATION COST & RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI)

Generally, the costs for the installation of solar panel is calculated depends on the type
and the size of solar system we are going to install at the location selected. The price of the
solar system per watt will be lower if the system installed has a higher watt. The price of the
solar system per watt from year 2015-2020 is shown at the figure following.

Table 10- Installation Cost Benchmark for Solar Panes

Source: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/77010.pdf

For this project, a large scale solar with 5MWp is being proposed. As we can see from
the figure above, the price of 500kW- 5MW solar system is $1.4/W. The exchange rate for $1.4
to Malaysian Ringgit is about RM5.82. ($1 = RM4.16, 2020). Therefore, the cost for installing
a 5MW solar farm at Malaysia is estimated at RM5.82/W.

Calculation of installation cost:

5MW = 5,000,000 watts
The total installation cost = 5,000,000 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 × 𝑅𝑀5.82
= RM29,100,000

Therefore, the installation cost for 5MW solar farm is estimated about RM29,100,000.

The total energy generated from the 5MW solar farm has to be calculated in order to
calculate the return of investment (ROI) and payback period. The total energy generated can
be measured by using the PV watts calculator from NREL website. The total energy generated
per year is stated at the table below.

33
 Plane of Array DC array
AC System Solar Radiation
Month Irradiance Output Value (RM)
Output(kWh) (kWh/m^2/day)
(W/m^2) (kWh)
1 579,321 4.95 153.40 605,049 208,555.40
2 530,890 5.01 140.33 554,428 191,120.54
3 649,930 5.63 174.39 678,530 233,974.82
4 583,630 5.28 158.40 609,409 210,106.69
5 565,877 4.87 151.06 591,060 203,715.68
6 527,532 4.68 140.52 551,379 189,911.68
7 547,003 4.71 146.00 571,903 196,921.13
8 588,632 5.05 156.52 614,865 211,907.52
9 564,715 4.98 149.38 589,468 203,297.36
10 589,951 5.04 156.33 615,548 212,382.34
11 545,020 4.80 143.88 568,894 196,207.11
12 540,376 4.71 146.08 564,407 194,535.41
Total 6,812,877 59.71 1816.28 7,114,942 2,452,635.68

Table 11: Energy generated from 5MW solar power plant

According to the Table 11, we can see that the total energy generated is different from
month to month. This is because the energy generated by solar panels is depends on the
radiation of the sun on each day and the plane of array irradiance. Basically, the higher the
radiation of the sun and the plane of array irradiance, the higher the total energy generated. The
total energy generated per year is 6,812,877kWh by referring the table above. The tariff for
5MW solar farm in Malaysia is assumed as RM0.36. Therefore, the ROI and payback period
can be calculated with the tariff and total energy generated per year.

The annual energy value = RM2,452,635.70

Operation and maintenance cost per year = RM249,360
Annual profit = RM2,203,275.70
The price of solar farm system = RM29,100,000
Return on investment (ROI) in a year = (RM2,203,275.70 / RM29,100,000) x 100%
= 7.6%
Solar payback period = RM29,100,000 / RM2,203,275.70
= 13.2 years

34
5.0 CONCLUSION

After discussing in depth with different aspects of various renewable energy available
in Malaysia, we can conclude that each renewable energy source carries its own characteristics
as well as pros and cons that are needed to be taken into consideration while designing any
relevant application in order to match with the requirements set. We should also study the
details such as components, technology and site location against each energy sources for a
better result of electricity generation.

At the end of it all, we have chosen solar energy as the most suitable renewable energy
source that can be proposed to the client in order to design a 5MW of application. The main
reason is due to the geographical location of Malaysia where abundant sunlight and average
solar radiation can be received every day. Meanwhile, the technology available is also mature
enough which giving the client confident in investing on this application. Due to simple
installation of PV system, the initial cost required is also much lesser if compared with other
energy sources. Since solar energy able to reduce the carbon footprint effectively, hence no
direct pollutants will be released to the environment through the PV system. This had fulfil the
government’s objectives greatly. Apart from that, the basic energy schemes available in
Malaysia are FiT system, NEM and LSS. However, the final energy scheme we choose to
propose for the application is LSS. It is a competitive bidding programme introduced by the
government to replace the FiT system which is no longer provide any quota today. If compare
with NEM, LSS is definitely more suitable to the client’s need as it is applicable for a larger
scale of capacity up to 1000MW.

On the other side, before installing a solar system, we need to take location, tilt angle
and orientation into consideration to ensure the output is maximized. After referring to various
case studies on solar farm in Malaysia, we decided to propose Ulu Kimanis, Papar, Kota
Kinabalu (17 acres) as the site location of our solar farm as it has higher solar irradiation and
highest potential which allow for better electricity generation.

Lastly, the price of each watt of 500 kW to 5 MW solar system will be around RM 5.82,
so the total installation cost estimated is approximately RM 29,100,000. From NREL, we able
to estimate that the total energy generated per year is 6,812,877 kWh. Assuming that the tariff
is RM 0.36, the annual energy value will be RM 2,452,635.70. While RM 249,360 will be the
operation and maintenance cost of the solar farm system per year. As a result, the annual profit
will be RM 2,203,275.70 and the ROI is 7.6% per year which will be payback by 13.2 years.

35
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 APPENDIX – TASK DISTRIBUTION

No. Content Person In-Charge

1.0 Introduction Lee Jia Sin
2.0 Renewable Energy Sources in Malaysia Cheang Hong Tatt
2.1 Biomass Energy Cheang Hong Tatt
2.2 Geothermal Energy Boh Zhuang Jie
2.3 Hydroelectric Energy Lee Jia Sin
2.4 Solar Energy Cheng En Sheng
2.5 Wind Energy Chan Yoong Chie
3.0 Proposal Boh Zhuang Jie
3.1 Justification Boh Zhuang Jie
3.2 Cases Study in Malaysia Chan Yoong Chie
3.3 Renewable Energy Scheme Available in Malaysia Boh Zhuang Jie
3.4 Requirement of Solar PV System Installation Cheng En Sheng
3.5 Site Location Cheng En Sheng
3.6 Installation Cost & Return on Investment (ROI) Cheang Hong Tatt
4.0 Conclusion Lee Jia Sin
5.0 Reference All Members

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