Name: Ranah Marie N.

Deanon Course, Year, & Section: BSCE – 1B

GE 102 CONTEMPORARY WORLD - MODULE 2

Can we really end poverty? Explain
Poverty, like other social issued, are known to be a result of ineffective societies. And
with every problem, there is no denying that it cannot be solved. With that being said, it is
common knowledge that poverty, like other issue is not unsolvable. If all the things we had done
so far actually helped, then poverty would not exist. Clearly, what we are doing and had done to
those in poverty does not work and should instead be approached another way. We have the
financial and economical resource to solve poverty. Do we, on the other hand, have the political
will and courage to make the hard decisions? Political will isn't just a vague requirement; it
generally requires political sacrifice for the common good and radical policy changes to alter the
path of our future.
Explain how the following can cause poverty:
1. INEQUALITY AND MARGINALIZATION
Discrimination and marginalization can be a source of poverty as well as a barrier
to its alleviation and the largest poverty-increasing factor. The alarming experience we
have in terms of how we've perceived people of color, gender, race and tribal affiliations
appears to contribute to where people are now; which leads to unequal or no accessibility
to the resources necessary to keep or raise a family out of poverty.

2. CONFLICT
Conflict may lead to poverty by destroying property, resources, and production,
breaking up families and social networks, forcible displacement, growing unemployment
and inflation, and declines in expenditure on welfare services. All of these enable people
to move to other places, causing families to sell or abandon all of their properties behind.
However, even minor acts of violence may have devastating consequences in already
troubled societies. Farmers, for instance, would not engage in planting if they are
concerned about their crops being robbed. Women are subjected in these types of
disputes, since they are often sexually assaulted when working alone through the
countryside.

3. LACK OF EDUCATION
Not everybody who lacks an education lives in severe poverty. However, the
majority of people living in severe poverty lack even a basic education. Poverty makes it
more possible for parents to pull their children out of school, putting their children at risk
of falling into poverty as well. Many households are unable to afford to send their
children to school and so need them to work.

4. LACK OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

 Our government has the financial and economical resource to solve poverty.
However, the people that runs our government doesn’t focus more on this problem. In the
event of a disaster, inefficient governments are unable to provide appropriate
infrastructure or guarantee the protection and welfare of their people. One great example
is during the COVID-19 pandemic, our government chooses to purchase much expensive
vaccines even though there is another option that is much cheaper but also effective. The
excessive money then after should have been given to the most affected families during
the pandemic.

5. LACK OF JOBS OR LIVELIHOODS

People have faced poverty because they do not have a work or any other means of
earning money. It's natural to believe, though, that if someone wants a job, they'll get one.
That simply isn't the case, especially in the developing and rural areas. Many
conventional livelihoods are under - strain due to declining access to fertile land and
depletion of natural resources such as fish and minerals.

What is the difference between poverty and inequality? Cite a situation to express your
idea intelligibly.
They're divergent, and they deserve to be classified as well. Most notably, the same factor
that is now pushing global poverty down is still driving inequality up across many places. In a
conventional sense, an uneven distribution of wealth does not imply that those at the bottom of
the economic ladder are poor. When people don't really have much, they are in poverty, and
when some people have more than others, they are said to be unequal.

Enumerate the different varieties of inequality and explain each by citing a situational
example.
 INTERSECTING INEQUALITIES
Sex intersects with other factors such as age, disability, migration history, race,
sexual identity, and socioeconomic background which leads to intersecting inequalities.
Example: The health and nutrition of adolescent boys is often prioritised in
Ethiopia when it comes to intra-household hierarchy because of their role in livelihood
security

Jones, N., Pincock, K., Baird, S., Yadete, W., & Hicks, J. H. (2020, June 15). Intersecting inequalities,
gender and adolescent health in Ethiopia. International Journal for Equity in Health.
https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-020-01214-3.

 VERTICAL INEQUALITIES
Vertical inequality refers to disparities between people or families.
Example: revenue accruing from oil and minerals is often unequally distributed
within countries because elites hold control over the resources and, as a consequence,
 tend to direct them towards their own benefit. Thus, contrary to our observations, a
resource boom is expected to increase inequality.

Gachet, I., Grijalva, D. F., Ponce, P. A., & Rodríguez, D. (2019, March 12). Vertical and Horizontal
Inequality in Ecuador: The Lack of Sustainability. Social Indicators Research.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-017-1810-2.

 HORIZONTAL INEQUALITIES
Horizontal inequality refers to disparities between populations, which are
generally characterized culturally by caste, religion, or race.
Example: According to Fearon (2003) cultural fractionalization in Ecuador was
0.48. These ethnic and cultural scores make Ecuador one of the most fractionalized
countries in Latin America.

Gachet, I., Grijalva, D. F., Ponce, P. A., & Rodríguez, D. (2019, March 12). Vertical and Horizontal
Inequality in Ecuador: The Lack of Sustainability. Social Indicators Research.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-017-1810-2.

 INEQUALITY OF OUTCOMES
When people don't have the same amount of material resources or overall living
standards, they have inequality of outcomes.
Example: France and Germany experience a similar level of inequality of income
but the former country is much more unequal than the latter from the point of view of
equality of opportunity.

Filauro, S., Thirion, G., & Van Rie, T. (2006). Inequality of Outcomes. Ecineq.
http://www.ecineq.org/milano/WP/ECINEQ2006-54.pdf.

 INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITIES
It happens because members of the same society do not have equal access to
resources. Due to high levels of deprivation of opportunity, people's birth conditions –
gender, place of birth, race, and parental history – decide who they are.
Example: France and Germany experience a similar level of inequality of income
but the former country is much more unequal than the latter from the point of view of
equality of opportunity.

Filauro, S., Thirion, G., & Van Rie, T. (2006). Inequality of Outcomes. Ecineq.
http://www.ecineq.org/milano/WP/ECINEQ2006-54.pdf.

 GLOBAL INEQUALITY
This inequality refers to the topic of inequality between countries and can be
compared to global inequality, which refers to inequality between people across
countries. The world is an unequal place. It means that not everybody has the same
 access to the same rights, opportunities, or quality of life. A good way to understand this
is to look at life expectancy.
Example: 91 people have access to safe drinking water - 9 people do not have a
way to get clean water.

What is Global Inequality? Kids Boost Immunity. (2019, October 29).

https://kidsboostimmunity.com/what-global-inequality.

How does Modernization Theory explain how low-income countries improve their global
economic standing?
Low-income countries, according to modernization theory, are negatively affected by
their shortage of industrialization and can strengthen their global economic status by adjusting
cultural traditions and attitudes toward employment, as well as industrialization and other modes
of economic growth.

Explain the last sentence of the last paragraph ‘the challenge, then, is to allow the benefits
of modernization while maintaining a cultural sensitivity to what already exists.’
It is hard to enable modernization's advantages while preserving cultural sensitivity. Yes,
it is important for us to preserve our cultural heritage, because it keeps our integrity as a people.
The importance of intangible cultural heritage is not the cultural manifestation itself but rather
the wealth of knowledge and skills that is transmitted through it from one generation to the next.
However, there are a lot of challenges to overcome in cultural sensitivity. First is the high cost of
cultural resource protection. Another disadvantage is that cultural resource protection hinder
production. The over-commercialization of society is the last disadvantage mentioned.

Differentiate core, semi-peripheral and peripheral nations from each other and then give
each at least two characteristics.
Dependency theory states that rich nations profit from and manipulate the population of
other countries. Thus, the world economic system is divided into a hierarchy of three types of
countries: core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral.
Core countries are dominant industrialized countries that extort labour and raw materials
from periphery countries. These countries are capital-intensive, with high incomes and high-tech
manufacturing practices, as well as lower levels of unemployment and coercion of workers.
Increasing rate of industrialization and urbanization are the two characteristic of core countries.
Semi-peripheral countries have a lower level of development than core countries, but are
more industrialized than peripheral countries. Semi-peripheral countries take advantage of
periphery countries in the same way as core countries take advantage of both semi-peripheral and
peripheral countries.
Peripheral countries are less developed and urbanized, and they depend on core countries
for capital. Core countries depend on peripheral countries for labor and materials. The majority
of peripheral countries are mainly agricultural, have poor educational opportunities, and lack
reliable Internet connectivity.

Explain this last sentence of the last paragraph ‘companies want to see their partner
countries healthy enough to provide work, but not so healthy as to establish a threat’.
Core countries want to see their partner countries to be well enough to supply them the
best quality of products in which they can buy at a cheap prices. These products carries their
names on it that it should be reasonable enough to take care of small countries. However, they
managed it well not to become their competitor. They made that country healthy, they know its
capabilities, so might as well control them to guarantee that they’re the only ones that could
benefit from them. Their partner countries are good suppliers and workers, nonetheless, they
could also be turned as bad competitors.

Give the primary mission of IMF, WORLD BANK and WTO and explain how these three
helps poverty-stricken countries.
The IMF's primary goal is to maintain the international monetary system's stability,
which includes the exchange rate and international payment systems that enable countries and
their people to trade with one another. The IMF provides poor countries a wide range of services,
including surveillance and capacity-building, as well as payable financial assistance, to help
them reach, preserve, or rebuild a prosperous and sustainable macroeconomic status that is
conducive to good and long-term poverty reduction and development.
The World Bank Group is a major source of support and expertise for developing
countries around the world. Its five organizations are united in their effort to alleviate hunger,
increase mutual wealth, and promote long-term economic expansion. The World Bank supports
long-term sustainable growth and reduce poverty by assisting countries in reforming specific
industries or implementing specific programs, such as constructing schools and health centers,
supplying sanitation and energy, combating disease, and environmental sustainability.
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is the sole diplomatic organization responsible for
enforcing global trade laws. Its primary goal is to keep commerce flowing as seamlessly,
predictably, and efficiently as possible. Global trade has made a significant contribution to
poverty reduction, but there are also significant obstacles in having a trade work for the poorest.
Economic growth is one of the ways the WTO combats poverty. WTO has made a strong
contribution to assisting developed countries in realizing their full trade potential. This comes in
an attempt to gain a firm foothold on the international trade.
Despite the three organizations fostering positive development, why is it that protests from
different places still erupted?
A common refrain running through the protests has become that of poverty and
socioeconomic deprivation, which has sparked global demands for action. New
telecommunications, challenging economic transformations and regressions, structural
transformation, and the rise of civil society organisations have all contributed to a global
environment that is conducive to mass protests. Not even an innovative approach to politics
causes surge of protests that does not reflect a modern kind of politics in terms of its forms,
tactics, or goals. The concept of "rebels without a cause" does not extend to all recent protests;
most of them have clear concerns and goals in mind.

What is the general mission of the UN?

As we all know, the general mission of the UN is to maintain universal peace and order,
and to that end: to take appropriate joint steps for the prevention and elimination of threats to the
peace, and for the repression of acts of aggression or other violations of the peace, as stated in
Article 1 of the Charter.

What benefit the member-state will get from the Organization?

An international agency will can provide them with safety, business advantages, stronger
partnership opportunities, and, ultimately, a stronger voice in the global system. Smaller states
will benefit from international institutions by gaining economic clout. When a phenomenon
occurs such as typhoons, tsunami, earthquake, etc., the member-state also benefit through the aid
and assistance sent by the organization.

Describe the role and functions of the General Assembly?

The General Assembly is the cooperative's highest decision-making body, with ultimate
jurisdiction over the administration of the cooperative's affairs. The General Assembly's role, as
described by the United Nations Charter, is to discuss, debate, and come up with
recommendations on issues concerning friendly relations among nations, such as progress,
disarmament, human rights, humanitarian treaties, and the peaceful resolution of international
disputes.

What are the six main committees of the General Assembly? Describe the work of each?
 First Committee (Disarmament & International Security)
 The First Committee is responsible for dealing with disarmament, economic
issues, and obstacles to stability that concern the international community, as well as
finding solutions to the challenges that the international security system faces.

 Second Committee (Economic & Financial)

It address macroeconomic policy challenges, funding for progress, sustainable
development, human settlements, globalization and interdependence, poverty eradication,
institutional activities for development, and agriculture.

 Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian & Cultural)

It is concerned with social, environmental, and humanitarian problems that impact
people all over the world, and it devotes a significant portion of its efforts to human
rights issues.

 Fourth Committee (Special Political & Decolonization)

Democracy, international relations for peaceful uses in outer space, consequences
of atomic radiations, aid to Palestine refugees, intelligence matters, peacekeeping
activities, special diplomatic missions, mine action, and the University for Peace are all
dealt with by the Fourth Committee.

 Fifth Committee (Administrative & Budgetary)

The General Assembly's Fifth Committee manages the Organization's financial
operations and passes its budgets.

 Sixth Committee (Legal)

The Sixth Committee is the official platform for the General Assembly's review
of legal issues. As one of the key committees of the General Assembly, all UN Member
States are entitled to representation on the Sixth Committee.

Who are the permanent members of UN Security Council? How many members are there
all in all in this organ?
The UNSC has 15 members. China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States are the five permanent members of the Security Council, commonly known as the P5. A
statement can be withdrawn by all of them. The ten members of the council, who are chosen for
two-year non-consecutive terms, do not have veto rights.

Discuss the role and functions of the UN Security Council? How many yes votes are needed
to pass a resolution? Explain the extent of power of the right to veto.
 The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the UN's six main organs, tasked
with maintaining international stability and security, endorsing new UN representatives for
admission to the General Assembly. Under the United Nations Charter, the Security Council has
prime responsibility for maintaining internal peace and security. The Security Council is
responsible for deciding whether and when a UN peacekeeping mission should be deployed.
Article 27 of the UN Charter and Rule 40 of the Provisional Rules of Procedure prescribe
the Security Council's voting procedure. Article 27 states that the Security Council's votes are
taken by a nine-person affirmative vote, with each member having one vote.
China, France, Russia, UK, U.S. and U.K. were accorded the title of Permanent Member
States at the UN Security Council. They were given the "right to veto," a special voting privilege.
The drafters decided that the agreement or recommendation would not even be adopted if either
of the five permanent members cast a dissenting vote in the 15-member Security Council. In one
point or another, all five permanent members have used their veto power. If a permanent member
does not agree with a proposed resolution but does not choose to cast a veto, it can choose to
abstain, allowing the resolution to pass if it receives the requisite nine positive votes.

Where does 70% of the work of the UN system devoted?

The mandate. The advancement of higher living standards, full jobs, and quality of
economic and social growth and prosperity is one of the UN's core mandates. The UN
framework devotes up to 70% of its efforts to fulfilling this mandate.

Give the importance of ECOSOC to its member state.

One of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), the Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC) is responsible for the supervision and arrangement of the UN's economic,
social, humanitarian, and cultural operations. It is the UN's largest and most powerful subsidiary
body.

Describe the job of the Trusteeship Council. Does the council still operational? Explain
your answer why?
The Trusteeship Council was established as one of the United Nations' principal organs.
Its task was to oversee and promote the shift to independence and self-governance of the Axis
Powers' colonies from World War II, as well as the League of Nations' mandated territories.
When Palau, the last of the original 11 trust territories, achieved independence in 1994,
the Council ceased operations. The Trusteeship Council was created to look after territory under
foreign control and assist them in achieving self-government. Since all Trust Territories gained
independence, the Council was closed down in 1994.
Who are the members of the Council?
The Trusteeship Council is made up of the Security Council's five permanent members:
China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Give and explain the roles and functions of the ICJ.

The Court's function is to resolve legal disputes presented to it by States in compliance
with international law, as well as to provide advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it
accredited by the United Nations organs and specialist agencies.

How many judges occupies the ICJ seat and how many years-term every judge has to
serve?
The International Court of Justice is made up of 15 judges who are elected for a nine-year
term; no state can have more than one member of the Court. The judges serve the world's major
judicial structures. The President and Vice-President of the Court are elected by the Court for a
three-year term.

Who is the present Secretary General of the United Nations?

The ninth and the present Secretary-General of the United Nations is António Guterres
who took office on 1st January 2017.

Describe the roles and function of the UN Secretariat.

The Secretariat is responsible for carrying out the United Nations' substantive and
logistical function as ordered by the General Assembly, Security Council, and other organs. The
Secretary-General, who gives overall administrative oversight, will be at the control.

Define Demography both in quantitative and qualitative means.

Quantitative Means
Demography is an area of analysis in which researchers look at a population's
quantifiable numbers. Participants for quantitative analysis surveys of populations should
preferably be chosen at random from larger populations.
Qualitative Means
 The term demographics refers to a population's specific characteristics. Demographic
data contains information about test subjects and is required to determine if the people in a
survey are a representative sample of the target population for generalization purposes.

According to Donald J. Bogue what is demography? Explain how he elucidated the

definition.
According to Donald J. Bogue, “Demography is a statistical and mathematical study of
the size, composition, spatial distribution of human population, and of changes overtime in these
aspects through the operation of the five processes of fertility, mortality, marriage, migration and
social mobility.”
He explains that the statistical analysis of population size, structure, and unique
distribution, as well as shifts caused by the five cycles of reproduction, death, marriage,
migration, and social mobility, is known as demography.

Explain on your own words and understanding the importance of Demography.

Demography is the study of the characteristics of human population. This studies the
overall population, geographical distribution, and structure, as well as shifts in these
characteristics, such as childhood mortality, fertility, geographic movements, and standards of
living.

Cite a realistic situation where each of the importance of demography is useful.

It is easy to find out how many people are aged between 18 and 24 years, and how many
people live in a city or town etc. Being able to measure such characteristics allows you to
identify the number of people to which you could potentially target your products or services.

The importance of demographics. FutureLearn. (n.d.). https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/online-

business-success-profiling/0/steps/16201.

Explain comprehensively how each demographic transition model stages shift in terms of
the birth and death rates.
In the late 1700s, mortality rates began to fall. A larger number of people lived through
their childhood years as a result of modern agricultural and manufacturing developments, as well
as advances in health and sanitation, rising average life expectancy and setting a new population
growth trend.
 Each stage of demographic transition model is characterized by a specific relationship
between birth rate and death rate. The overall population of a nation grows as it progresses in the
demographic transformation model; the difference between the birth and death rates widens at
first, then narrows. The two rates are equal in stage one. They differ significantly in stage 2 when
the death rate decreases in relation to the birth rate. They overlap again in stage 3 when the birth
rate decreases in relation to the death rate. In stage 4, the death and birth rates are finally aligned,
but at a much lesser proportion.

In what demographic transition stage does the Philippines belong now? Explain why?
In the Demographic Transition Model, the Philippines is now in Stage 2. Death and birth
rates are decreasing, resulting in rapid population growth.

List 5 characteristics of a family who are food secure.

 They have enough good and balanced food during the year. This allows them to live an
active and balanced lifestyle.
 Raises and breeds farm animals for food production.
 Families use food preservation techniques such as drying herbs, fruits, and fish.
 Buys food in large quantities in order to save money
 Families understand how to budget for food and how to use their money responsibly.

Defines and explain the three main aspects of food security according to World Health
Organization (WHO).
Food security is determined by three pillars, according to the WHO: food availability,
food access, and food utilization. When all individuals have appropriate quantities of food
available on a regular basis, this is referred to as food availability. Food processing and trading
decide the supply of food. The supply side of food security is the availability of food.
Individuals' access to sufficient resources for obtaining enough foods for a healthy diet is called
as food access. To achieve a state of nutritious well-being in which all metabolic requirements
are fulfilled, food must be used by a sufficient diet, clean water, sanitation, and health care. Food
utilization is the appropriate functional use of food, which necessitates a diet rich in energy and
basic nutrients, as well as access to water sources and proper sanitation.

What is the key factor in addressing the world's food security challenges? Does offering
food assistance to low-income families through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program like the U.S. government did effective in addressing food insecurity? Explain your
answer.
 Improving food availability, access, and utilization through communities is a critical
component of solving the world's food security challenges. The Supplemental Nutrition
Assistance Program or the SNAP is a dietary aid program for low-income people. SNAP offers
wellness incentives to help low-income households supplement their food budgets so they can
buy healthier food and transition toward self-sufficiency.

Explain how climate change alter the life of the future generations? Is there a way we can
change it? Explain.
People's lives is now being harmed by climate change, which is rising the number of
severe weather conditions and worsening air pollution. Children are more prone to the
environmental hazards posed by climate change. Since their bodies and immune systems are still
evolving, they are more vulnerable to diseases and pollution. We can change it by demanding the
government to take immediate, bold, and aggressive action towards climate change. We should
also use energy wisely, and sustain and develop our natural resources.

Explain the fifth assessment report of the IPPC on greenhouse gases emission; its scientific
link; its effect and its conclusions.
The fifth assessment report tackles the rise of sea level due to CO2 emissions. The
increase in CO2 emission brought by the progressing industrialization including industrial
factory waste, car smoke, and even domestic activity such as burning waste, influence the global
temperature. Increase in global temperature results to warmer surroundings, sea level rise,
melting of ice, forest fires, drought, strong typhoons, and more. This assessment concluded that
the accumulated CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere were
commercially caused by human activity.

Define and describe GMO. Does GMO was already tested?

A GMO is a plant, mammal, microorganism, as well as other organism whose genetic
structure has been altered in a process through genetic modification or transgenic technology.
This results in plant, animal, bacterial, and viral gene mutations that do not exist in nature or can
only be obtained by conventional crossbreeding practices. Yes. Many of the things we use on a
regular basis are genetically modified.

What is the concept of GMOs discovery?

To create a GMO plant, scientists must first decide what trait they would like the plant to
have, such as drought tolerance, herbicide resistance, or insect resistance. Then they look for an
organism with the feature already encoded in its genome, whether it's a plant, mammal, or
microbe.
Give three (3) GMOs success story. What is your point of views of how these stories would
address problem regarding food insecurity?
Golden rice, rainbow papaya, and corn are one of the examples of GMOs. Most of
genetically modified organisms are food crops which addresses problem regarding food
insecurity. Crops are usually larger, allowing more people to be supplied. GMO helps us to
sustain our daily nutrient and health requirements.
Golden Rice was genetically engineered to have a nutrient that white rice lacks: beta-
carotene, which the body converts to vitamin A.
Hawaii hit by the papaya ringspot virus that nearly wiped the crop out. Thus they came
up with an idea to develop a genetically modified papaya which is known as rainbow papaya,
designed to be resistant to the virus.
GMO corn does increase crop yields and can provide more health benefits than
traditional corn. Disease-resistant corn crops may have lower levels of mycotoxins, potentially
carcinogenic compounds to humans. They result from fungal activity in insect-infested corn
crops.

Give your perspective on the proposed bill NLUA. How do you think this bill will protect
our environment?
Given the fact that the amount of our natural resources and food production are
decreasing, the proposed National Land Use Act (NLUA) will be beneficial to maintain these
resources in our country. It is stated in the first session of the House of the Representatives that
this bill will maintain and preserve the integral and stability of the environment. Our natural
resources will be sustained and well-managed.
This act will also protect our prime agricultural lands for food security, with emphasis on
self-sufficiency through efficient and sustainable use of land resources consistent with the
principles of sound agricultural development, natural resources development, and agrarian
reform. And lastly, it includes the protection and conservation of the country’s natural heritage,
permanent forest lands, natural forests, critical watersheds and key biodiversity areas to ensure
adequate forest cover to maintain ecological processes in the country.

What motivation do you think should be needed for our leaders to realize the timeliness of
this bill? Why is it necessary?
There’s no need such motivation to prove the timeliness of this bill. Our environment
reveals its needs to be fulfilled by human beings, and that is to sustain, cultivate, and protect our
natural resources for our consumption. What we experience today is only the beginning, we
should take action now to build and develop a better future for the children of our country.
 In addition to this, Philippines is susceptible to natural disasters. It is a tropical country
that has been historically prone to harsh weather conditions and calamities. Thus, it should be
analyzed through its exposure (hurricanes, cyclones or typhoons, flooding, droughts, and sea
level rise), susceptibility (competencies in public infrastructure), coping capacity (government
and emergency preparedness), and adaptive capacity (habitat conservation help to even out these
risks).

Are the disciplinary measures against the violators enough or befit the act?
The disciplinary measures are enough and just, however, our farmers will suffer the
landowners are fail to commence the conversion of their agricultural land within a year.

Describe how you comprehend the Sec. 2 and Sec 14 of Senate Bill No. 1522
All lands of the public domain, and the natural resources should be owned by the state to
ensure the optimal use of the country's land through fair, holistic, and enough distribution,
consumption, management, and production, in accordance with the concept of environmental
sustainability. This ensures the maintenance and stabilization of the ecosystem, especially the
constant conservation of permanent forests and watersheds for the accumulation of food, water,
and energy sufficiency.