WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Cost Efficient Construction Group Project

Title: - Cost Comparison between Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall and Cast
in Situ Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

Group -5 section “A”

Name ID No
1. Tsinat Shimels----------------------------------4791
2. Kalkidan Amare-------------------------------4664
3. Miheret Anetneh-------------------------------4838
4. Lidiya Gelchu-----------------------------------4723
5. Gente Shewarega-------------------------------4527
6. Melat Gizachew--------------------------------4788

Submitted to: Ms. Hana.M

Submission date: 23/10/2013

Cost Comparison Between Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall And Cast In Situ
Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

ABSTRACT
Construction is an important activity that has to be done very carefully. So it has to be completed
at some faster rate without affecting the cost. But with the conventional construction the speed
cannot be achieved. So we opt for some other methods of construction. Prefabrication
construction is one of the method by which the total time of construction can be minimized.
Prefabrication construction has its own advantages such as it reduces the construction time; the
erection is easy etc. this project cover about the wan conventional material cast in situ RCC shear
wall and the cost comparison with the alternative material which is prefabricated RCC shear
wall. In our country prefabrication is practiced before 20 and more years ago but still or as the
information we get there is no prefabrication of RCC shear wall this make huge cost variance
though make comparison.

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Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First we thank to Almighty for help us in each and every thing and we would like to express our
gratitude and deep appreciation to Ms. Hana.M to give us this kind of project which helps us to
know more. Secondly our gratitude is for to Engineer Andebet Waleleghe, who gives us the
necessary information that we want.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................II

LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................IV

LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................V

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1

1.1. Background...........................................................................................................................1

1.2. Objectives.............................................................................................................................4

1.3 Methodology..........................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................5

2. Review of Conventional and Alternative Materials....................................................................5

2.1.2. Disadvantage of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall........................................................5

2.2. Alternative Material..............................................................................................................5

2.2.1. Advantages of Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall.....................................5

2.2.2. Disadvantages of Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall................................6

CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................................8

Cost analysis....................................................................................................................................8

CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................11

4. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................11

4.1. Conclusion..........................................................................................................................11

4.2 Recommendation.................................................................................................................11

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Cost Comparison Between Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall And Cast In Situ
Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3. 1 Rate analysis of RCC shear wall cast in situ..................................................................8

Table 3. 2 Rate analysis for Prefabricated RCC shear wall.............................................................9

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Cost Comparison Between Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall And Cast In Situ
Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Reinforced concrete shear wall cast in situ.......................................................................2
Figure 2 Prefabricated reinforced concrete shear wall....................................................................4

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Cost Comparison Between Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall And Cast In Situ
Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background

A wall is a structure and a surface that defines an area carries a load provides security, shelter,
soundproofing or, is decorative. There are many kinds of walls including:
 Curtain wall
 Partition wall
 Shear wall
 Cavity wall
 Retaining wall
On this project we used to comparison shear wall.
Shear walls is a vertical element of a seismic force resisting system that is designed to resist in-
plane lateral forces, typically wind and seismic loads. There are different kinds of shear walls
such as the steel plate shear wall and reinforced concrete shear wall. Also it can be constructed in
site or prefabricated.
Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings often have vertical plate-like RC walls called Shear Walls.
These walls generally start at foundation level and are continuous throughout the building height.
Their thickness can be as low as 150mm, or as high as 400mm in high rise buildings. Shear walls
provide large strength and stiffness to buildings in the direction of their orientation, which
significantly reduces lateral sway of the building and thereby reduces damage to structure and its
contents. Since shear walls carry large horizontal earthquake forces, the overturning effects on
them are large. Shear walls in buildings must be symmetrically located in plan to reduce ill
effects of twist in buildings. They could be placed symmetrically along one or both
direction[ CITATION Asw19 \l 1033 ].

Buildings with cast-in-situ reinforced concrete shear walls are widespread in many earthquake-
prone countries and regions, such as Canada, Chile, Romania, Turkey, Colombia, the republics of
the former Soviet Union, etc. This type of construction has been practiced since the 1960s in
urban regions for medium- to high-rise buildings (4 to 35 stories high). Shear wall buildings are

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Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

usually regular in plan and in elevation. However, in some buildings, lower floors are used for
commercial purposes and the buildings are characterized with larger plan dimensions at those
floors. In other cases, there are setbacks at higher floor levels. Shear wall buildings are
commonly used for residential purposes and can house from 100 to 500 inhabitants per
building[ CITATION MOf \l 1033 ].
Reinforced concrete shear wall mostly casted in situ.

Figure 1 Reinforced concrete shear wall cast in situ

The concept of Prefabrication (also known as “precast”) construction includes those structures
where the majority of structural components are standardized and produced in plants in a location
away from the building, and then transported to the site for assembly. Many precast components
have thinner cross sections than that cast in place concrete. For Precast structures there must be

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conscious effort to ensure the structural continuity such as slabs, beams and columns are
connected effectively. All structural elements forms stable structural system after the joints is
connected. Seismic performance of the prefabricated structure can be increased by providing
precast shear wall[ CITATION Asw19 \l 1033 ].

Prefabrication define as a continuity of production implying a steady flow of demands,

standardization and integration of the different stages of the whole production process, a high
degree of organization of work, mechanization to replace manual labor wherever possible, and
search and experimentation integrated with production process . The government of Ethiopia
operates a housing building program to address the high demand for affordable housing brought
about by the fast growing rate of urban expansion. However, this plan cannot be easily achieved
by means of conventional method of construction (CMC).In contrary, the prefab factory in
Ethiopia becomes to terminating[ CITATION TES20 \l 1033 ].
Prefabricated concrete shear walls provide an excellent envelope for low and high rise
commercial and industrial buildings. They are relatively easy to manufacture, structurally
efficient, durable, and attractive. Precast concrete walls are also extremely energy efficient when
built with an insulation Wythe. In addition, their desirability to the owner and design
professionals can be increased tremendously if they provide lateral-load resistance. The focus of
this paper is to develop a means for practicing engineers to use precast concrete members with
thin cross sections, such as hollow-core panels, as shear walls.
In practice, precast concrete walls have been used for seismic load resistance by designing them
to emulate cast-in-place shear walls. This is typically accomplished using ductile vertical
reinforcing coupled with splice sleeves or other devices to create continuity across horizontal
wall joints because some codes prohibit the use of prestressing across joints to resist seismic load

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Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

Figure 2 Prefabricated reinforced concrete shear wall

1.2. Objectives

The aim of this project is to provide cost efficient house and to be affordable. Also this project
try to show the cost comparisons between prefabricated reinforced concrete shear wall and post-
cast reinforced concrete shear wall.

1.3 Methodology
In this project the methodology used secondary sources of information’s like: - journals, book,
related videos, and other publishes

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CHAPTER TWO
2. Review of Conventional and Alternative Materials

2.1 Conventional Material

The conventional material is reinforced concrete shear wall casted in situ.

2.1.1. Advantages of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

 Homogenies connection
 Wide variety of surface & textures can be achieved
 Use both skilled and unskilled labor
 Easy connection

2.1.2. Disadvantage of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

 Need high labor and plant on site
 Formwork of shear wall is time consuming
 Quality control is difficult
 There is material wastage

2.2. Alternative Material

The alternative material is prefabricated reinforced concrete shear wall.

2.2.1. Advantages of Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

 High quality
 Flexibility in use
 It is high standard
 Less material waste
 Protection of environment or environmental friendly
 Reduce energy consumption
 Cost effective solution
 Low finishing cost

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Cost Comparison Between Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall And Cast In Situ
Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

2.2.2. Disadvantages of Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

 Use heavy- duty cranes

 Connections may be difficult
 Use special task force
 Local job maybe lost

Perhaps the best way to see just how great precast concrete is to highlight the differences
between precast and site cast concrete directly. Here are some key aspects between the two
methods placed side-by-side

Quality control: Because precast RCC shear wall is mixed, poured and cured in a factory, ideal
conditions and exacting measurements can be maintained throughout the process. Unfortunately,
the logistics of site casting make this far more challenging. You are subject to the humidity and
temperature of the day you are doing the casting.

Labor efficiency: Precast is much more labor efficient. Because work is done in a factory, the
effort is maximized through the use of tools and machinery that simply isn’t available on the job
site. Therefore, with site casting, work that might be done with machines has to be instead
performed by hand. This is much more labor intensive, thus increasing labor costs and making
the process more costly.

Additionally, because machines aren’t involved, the labor needed for on-site casting needs to be
skilled rather than unskilled. Thus, not only are more labor hours required, but those labor hours
are more costly!

Curing conditions: Because curing conditions can be controlled in a factory, they can be
accelerated without sacrificing strength or quality. That simply isn’t the case on site. While you
can do certain things to accelerate curing on site, they are difficult and generally not worth the
logistical hassle and costs. Furthermore, they run the risk of lower quality concrete, as delicate
variables are hard to account for. If you need accelerated curing, precast is the only way to move
forward confidently.

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Cost Comparison Between Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall And Cast In Situ
Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

Full strength: Because concrete gains strength over time, it isn’t fully strong immediately after
drying. However, with precast RCC shear wall, that hardening process takes place before arriving
on the job site. That’s not the case with site cast concrete. Before you can raise the concrete into
place, you have to wait for site cast concrete to harden fully. This can delay construction and
increase costs. It is much more time and cost efficient to have fully hardened concrete slabs ready
to be placed the moment they arrive.

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CHAPTER THREE
Cost analysis

The following tables show the cost comparison between prefabricated RCC shear walls and cast
in situ RCC shear wall.

Cast in situ RCC shear wall

Table 3. 1 Rate analysis of RCC shear wall cast in situ

Material Cost (1:01) Labor (1:02) Equipment Cost (1:03)

**
Index Type
Type of Cost Labor ed of
Materia Uni Qt per by Hourl Hourly Equip Hourly Hourly
l t y* Rate Unit Trade No. UF y Cost Cost ment No. Rental Cost
Cement 3.7 2570. Forma
(PPC) Qnt. 8 680 4 n 1.00 0.10 40.00 4.00 mixer 1.00 450 450
0.4 424.1 Plaster Vibrato
Sand m3 5 942.5 25 er 1.00 1.00 30.52 30.52 r 1.00 54.40 54.40
Gravel 0.9
(02) m3 0 725 652.5 DL 6.00 1.00 15.00 90.00 Tools 3.00 2.00 6.00
0.2 Operat Bar
Water m3 3 3.50 0.81 or 1 1 37.00 37.00 cutter 1 30.3 30.3
dia. 20
mm.
deforme 1.0 Bar
d bars Kg 5 54.12 56.83 bender 2 1 23.75 47.50
1.5 mm
black
Anneale 0.0
d wire " 2 55.41 1.11

A= Materials Unit Cost B=Manpower Unit Cost C= Equipment Unit Cost

3705.78 215.83birr/hr. 540.7birr/hr.

Direct Cost of work item = A+B+C = 4462.31

Overhead Cost: 15% =669.35

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 Cost Comparison Between Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall And Cast In Situ
Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

Profit Cost: 10%=446.23

Total Unit Cost =4462.31+669.35+446.23=

=5577.89birr/m2

There for this unit price change to 15m2, to show the difference by more amount.

=5577.89*15m2

= 83668.297birr

Cast in situ of reinforced concrete shear wall for 15m 2 coasted 83668.297, by using current
market on Ethiopia.

Prefabricated RCC shear wall

 The cost take for prefabricated RCC shear wall converted from Dollar to ETB currency.

Table 3. 2 Rate analysis for Prefabricated RCC shear wall

Material Cost (1:01) Labor (1:02) Equipment Cost (1:03)

**
Index Type
Type of Cost Labor ed of
Materia Uni Qt per by Hourl Hourly Equip Hourly Hourly
l t y* Rate Unit Trade No. UF y Cost Cost ment No. Rental Cost
RCC
shear 10. 1291 Forma Crane
wall Ft 76 1200 2 n 1.00 1.00 70.00 70.00 (5t) 1.00 1500 1500
Skilled Tools
labor 3.00 1.00 50.00 150.00 3.00 10.00 30.00
Hangin
g labor 6.00 1.00 15.00 90

A= Materials Unit Cost B=Manpower Unit Cost C= Equipment Unit Cost

1200.00 310birr/hr 1530birr/hr

Direct Cost of work item = A+B+C = 3040.00

Transportation =1500birr/hr

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Cost Comparison Between Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall And Cast In Situ
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Profit Cost: 10%=304.00

Total Unit Cost =3040+304+1500

=4844.00birr/m2

There for this unit price change to 15m2, to show the difference by more amount.

=4844*15m2

= 72660.00birr

Prefabricated reinforced concrete shear wall for 15m2 coasted 72660, this price used on the
analysis are found form differ worldwide markets.

There for when we use prefabricated RCC shear wall we can save 11008.297 birr per 15m 2.which
mean the saved money can cover other 3 or more meter squares.

As the above two rate analysis show the cost comparison of the materials have a slight difference
because of prefabrication of reinforced concrete shear wall doesn’t fabricate in Ethiopia.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

4.1. Conclusion
In above chapters we show the littertural reviews and cost comparison of the two material. The
general conclusion of the project is as follow as:-

 As the table show in chapter three the cost of prefabrication in moderately decrease than
cast in situ but prefabricated shear wall is not fabricate currently in Ethiopia, because of
this it affect by currency exchange.
 To install prefabricated RCC shear wall need a skilled labor this may be another
additional cost.
 Use of heavy crane, in Ethiopia it is not that much accessible.
 Cast in situ have high labor intensive but in the outcome of products prefabricated RCC
wall is best.

Generally the as whole project show the alternative material is better than the conventional one
but because of our country development the supplying of alternative material get problem. If
there an opportunity to fabricate RCC shear wall the cost may show huge difference than this.

4.2 Recommendation
Our first recommendation is to the government which is:-

 The government should work attraction for investment as anew sector or as an economic
sector. Especially to attract foreign investors.
 When the alternative material is imported be as a tax stimulus, it will make the material to
be competitive and country marketable.
 Creating of an educated workforce for this job by providing trainings.

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REFERENCES
Aswathi V.K & Dona Chacko. (2019). Effectiveness Of Shear Wall On Prefabricated Structures
Using ETABS. International Journal Of Applied Engineering Research ISSN, 14(Special
Issue), 154-160.

Moroni, M. O. (N.D.). CONCRETE SHEAR WALL CONSTRUCTION. Santiago, Chile:

University Of Chile.

TESSERA, B. M. (2020, May). REVIEW ON THE PRACTICING OF PREFABRICATED

BUILDINGCONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN ETHIOPIA VS WORLD
EXPERIENCES. NOVATEUR INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN
ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNO LPOUGBYL I[CIAJITEIROTN], 7(5).

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