lesson 5: SOLVABLE GROUPS OF TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Group 1.

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ; where m and n are positive integers

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Case 1: m is odd, factor out sin u du, then use sin2 u = 1 – cos2 u

Case 2: n is odd, factor out cos u du, then use cos2 u = 1 – sin2 u

Case 3: m and n are even, use the following identities

𝟏 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒖
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒖 = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒖
𝟐 𝟐

GI - example case 1.

Given ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠1/2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

solution

rewrite ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠1/2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠1/2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

then = ∫( 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠1/2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

by substitution let u = cos x, du = - sin x dx

- du = sinx dx

= − ∫( 1 − 𝑢 2 ) 𝑢1/2 𝑑𝑢

= − ∫ ( 𝑢 1/2 − 𝑢5/2 ) 𝑑𝑢

2𝑢3/2 2𝑢7/2
= − + + 𝑐
3 7

𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟑/𝟐 𝟐(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝟕/𝟐

answer = − + + 𝒄
𝟑 𝟕
G I - example case 2
1
Given ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 4
𝑦 𝑑𝑦

solution
1 1 1
rewrite ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 4
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 4
𝑦 cos 𝑦𝑑𝑦
4

1 1
then = ∫ (1 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 4
𝑦) cos 𝑦𝑑𝑦
4

1 1
by substitution let u = sin y, 4 du = cos y dy
4 4

= 4 ∫( 1 − 𝑢 2 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3
= 4( 𝑢 − ) +c
3

𝟏
𝟏 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚)𝟑
𝟒
answer = 𝟒 ( 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 − )+ 𝒄
𝟒 𝟑

GI -example Case 3

Given ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

solution
1 1 1 1
rewrite ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫( 2
−
2
cos 2𝑥) (
2
+
2
cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
then = ∫( − cos 2 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4

1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ cos 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4

1 1 1 1
=
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥 - 4
∫[ 2
+
2
cos 2( 2𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1
= [ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ] − ∫ cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 8 8

𝟏 𝟏
answer = 𝒙 - 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟖 𝟑𝟐

a. exercises

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧
1
3. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3
Group 2.

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑚 𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ; where m and n are positive integers

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑚 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑛
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Case 1: m is odd, factor ou sec u tan u du, then use tan2 u =sec 2 u - 1

Case 2: n is even and greater than 2, factor out sec 2 u du,

then use sec2 u = 1 + tan2 u

Case 3: m is even, and integrand is tangent only,

then use tan2 u =sec 2 u - 1

G 2- example Case 1.

Given ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 5 𝑧 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4

𝑧 𝑑𝑧

solution

rewrite ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 5 𝑧 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4

𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 𝑧 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3
𝑧 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑧 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

then = ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑧)2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3

𝑧 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑧 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧 − 1)2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3

𝑧 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑧 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

= ∫( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑧 − 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧 + 1 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 3

𝑧 . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑧 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

and if u = sec z; du = sec z tanz dz

then = ∫( 𝑢4 −2𝑢2 + 1 )𝑢 3 𝑑𝑢
= ∫( 𝑢7 −2𝑢5 + 𝑢 3 ) 𝑑𝑢

1 2 1
= 𝑢8 - 𝑢6 + 𝑢4 + c
8 6 4

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
answer = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟖 𝒛 - 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟔 𝒛 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟒 𝒛 + c
𝟖 𝟑 𝟒
G 2 -example Case 2
3 4
Given ∫ √tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

solution
3 4
rewrite ∫ √tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 1/3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑥 . ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑥)𝑑𝑥

then = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 1/3 𝑥 ( 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2

𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

let u = tan x ; du = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

then = ∫ 𝑢 1/3 ( 1 + 𝑢 2
) 𝑑𝑢

= ∫ ( 𝑢 1/3 + 𝑢 7/3
) 𝑑𝑢

3 3
= 𝑢4/3 + 𝑢10/3 + c
4 10

𝟑 𝟑
answer = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟒/𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟏𝟎/𝟑 𝒙 + c
𝟒 𝟏𝟎

Group 3.

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑚 𝑢 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑛
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ; where m and n are positive integers

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑚 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑛
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Case 1: m is odd, factor out csc u cot u du, then use cot2 u = csc 2 u - 1

Case 2: n is even and greater than 2, factor out csc 2 u du,

then use csc2 u = 1 + cot 2 u

Case 3: m is even, and integrand is cotangent only,

then use cot 2 u = csc 2 u - 1

G3 - example Case 3.

Given ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

solution

rewrite ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫( 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑢 )2 𝑑𝑢

then = ∫( 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 − 1)2 𝑑𝑢

= ∫( 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑢 − 2𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 + 1 ) 𝑑𝑢

= ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 - 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑢

= ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 - 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑢

= ∫ ( 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑢) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 - 2 cot u + u + c

and if v = cot u; dv = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢

= ∫ ( 1 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑣 - 2 cot u + u + c

= ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 - 2 cot u + u + c
1
= v + 𝑣 3 - 2 cot u + u + c
3

1
= cot u + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑢 - 2 cot u + u + c
3

𝟏
answer = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟑 𝒖 - cot u + u + c
𝟑

b. exercises
𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑦
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑦
√csc 𝑦
1
3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3

Problem Set No. 5 – pages 87 and 88, solve 10 #s

end lesson 5