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District Cooling Guide

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20 views

District Cooling Guide

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Qdlm Knoc
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Chapter 3.

fm Page 12 Monday, July 29, 2013 2:58 PM

© ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or


transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.

District Cooling Guide

• Ammonia has a flammability range of 16%–25% by volume of air. It is also very


toxic and if released to the atmosphere in large quantities may affect the local
community.

Local chiller service organizations should be consulted to determine appropriate


maintenance costs. One significant consideration in the use of absorption chillers is the
higher heat rejection rates per unit of net cooling, which require significantly larger heat
rejection equipment capacity (e.g., condenser-water piping and pumping, and cooling
tower), and thus increased costs in that regard should be accounted for.
One of the absorption chiller features is the linear reduction of energy consumption at
part-load operation, as shown in Figure 3.11.
As stated earlier, the refrigerant in LiBr CHW absorption chillers is water, and hence
does not pose any environmental problems. Since LiBr is essentially a nontoxic salt solu-
tion, its environment impact is negligible. Corrosion inhibitors are typically used in con-
junction with the LiBr to retard the natural corrosion between the LiBr and internal metal
surfaces. These inhibitors can be toxic and must therefore be handled carefully and dis-
posed of in accordance with environmental laws.
The demand for absorption chillers is increasing as these machines are used through-
out the world where waste steam heat is available from power generation or other pro-
cesses. Experience with these types of machines is that they require constant attendance
by technicians that are factory trained and qualified, or else they become prone to failure,
such as crystallization.
Absorption chillers have parasitic loads such as solution pumps, purge pumps, and
refrigerant pumps that must be taken into account if an energy analysis is being performed.
These parasitic loads are dependent on chiller size, but are typically 1% (0.28%) (in kW) of
chiller output in tons for chillers above 1000 tons; 1.5% between 500 and 900 tons and 2.5%
for chillers under 300 tons. For SI units this would be 0.28% (in kW) of chiller output (in
kW) for chillers above 3500 kW; 0.43% between 1750 and 3200 kW, and 0.71% for chillers
under 1050 kW. As an example, for a 300 ton chiller the ancillary electric load would be
approximately 300 × 2.5% = 7.5 kW, for a 1250 ton chiller the ancillary electric load would
be approximately 1250 × 1% = 12.5 kW). The designer should consult with the chiller man-
ufacturer for information pertaining to a specific chiller selection.

Figure 3.11 Absorption chiller part-load capacity chart, single-effect.

3.12

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