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Slides Lec 9 HVAC and Refrigeration System PDF

1) HVAC and refrigeration systems account for about 5% of electricity consumption in the industrial sector. 2) Performance of refrigeration cycles is usually described by the coefficient of performance (COP) or energy efficiency ratio (EER). 3) Vapor compression and vapor absorption are the most commonly used refrigeration systems. Their performance is evaluated based on specific power consumption, COP, and EER.

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115 views28 pages

Slides Lec 9 HVAC and Refrigeration System PDF

1) HVAC and refrigeration systems account for about 5% of electricity consumption in the industrial sector. 2) Performance of refrigeration cycles is usually described by the coefficient of performance (COP) or energy efficiency ratio (EER). 3) Vapor compression and vapor absorption are the most commonly used refrigeration systems. Their performance is evaluated based on specific power consumption, COP, and EER.

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Ahmed Javed
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HVAC and Refrigeration System

Refrigeration systems account for about 5% electricity


consumption in industrial sector

Air-conditioning Refrigeration

Industrial
refrigeration
Heating Cooling and
including food
humidifying dehumidifying
preservation,
and control of operations in
chemical and
air quality air conditioning
process
industries

Relationship of the refrigeration and air-conditioning fields


Categorisation

• Comfort air conditioning ( 20 -25 0C)

• Process cooling - Chilled water systems (8 -10 0C)

• Brine systems

3
Cooling Effect

The cooling effect of refrigeration systems is measured in


Tonnes of Refrigeration (TR)
A ton of refrigeration is defined as quantity of heat to be
removed in order to form 1 ton of ice in 24 hours when the
initial temperature of water is 0°C.
1TR = 3024 kcal/hour
= 3.51 kW
= 12,000 BTU/hour

4
Performance Evaluation

The commonly used figures for comparison


of refrigeration systems are

• kW/TR (specific power consumption)


• COP (coefficient of performance)
• EER (energy efficiency ratio)

5
Performance Evaluation

Power consumption (kW)


Specific power consumption =
Refrigeration effect (TR)

A lower value of specific power consumption implies that the


system has better efficiency

6
Performance Evaluation

The performance of refrigeration cycle is usually described


by the COP. It is defined as the ratio of amount of heat
removed divided by the required energy input to operate
the cycle.

Useful refrigerating effects (kW)


COP =
Net energy supply from the external sources (kW)

7
Performance Evaluation

In the air-conditioning industry, the EER is generally


used measuring the refrigeration effect in BTU/hour
and the work done in watts.

Refrigeration effect (BTU/hour)


EER =
Work done (W)

8
HVAC system

Ref: Hudson Technologies 11


Most commonly used refrigeration systems
• Vapour compression system
• Vapour absorption system
• Evaporative cooling system

12
Vapor compression system
Vapour compression system (for chilled water at 8 °C,
Condenser water 20 °C)

Capacity Power COP EER Specific power


(kW) (BTU/hr/W) (kW/TR)
Open-type reciprocation compressors
10.78 7.65 4.95 16.9 0.71
28.90 19.26 5.24 17.9 0.67
32.20 21.38 5.32 18.2 0.66
48.30 32.06 5.32 18.2 0.66
57.80 38.52 5.24 17.9 0.67
64.40 42.75 5.32 18.2 0.66
centrifugal compressor
563.67 329.94 6.00 20.5 0.59

COP- coefficient of performance; EER – energy efficiency ratio;


kW/TR – specific power consumption
Performance evaluation of Chiller & Air
Handling Units

27
Measurements of HVAC Systems

28
Chiller performance Testing

CDW flow rate Compressor motor input kW

CDW inlet T CHW supply T

CDW inlet T CHW return T

CHW flow rate


29
Chiller performance

Chiller

TR = (flow rate (kg/h) x specific heat (kcal/kg 0C) x diff. Temp °C)/3024

30
Calculation for refrigeration capacity

• Chilled water flow rate : 151.2 m3/hr


• Inlet water temperature : 12.2°C
• Outlet water temperature : 7.2°C
• Refrigeration capacity :

. × × ×( . − . )
=

31
Energy
Calculating the operating load of a chiller plant

Hot well
Refrigeration 12OC
plant Process
Cold well
8OC

Chilled water flow – 100 m3/hr;


Power drawn by compressor –100kW
Calculating the operating load of a chiller plant

Hot well
Refrigeration 12OC
plant Process
Cold well
8OC

Chilled water flow – 100 m3/hr;


Power drawn by compressor –100kW
m Cp DT
Refrigeration TR -100,000 kg/hr x 1 x 4 - 132TR
3024
Power drawn by compressor( kW)
SEC -
TR

- 100
= 0.76kW/TR
132
Pump Performance Testing

Pump head

Water flow Pump


rate motor
input kW

33
AHU Performance Testing

CHW inlet T CHW Outlet T

Fan motor Air flow rate


input kW

Supply air Return air

34
Calculation for AHU

Inlet air flow : 21665 m³/h (6.02 m³/s)

Entering air : 24.2°DBT, 17.2 °C WBT, 51.5% RH

Entering air enthalpy : 52 kJ/kg

Leaving air : 14.0°DBT, 12.5 °C WBT, 85% RH

Leaving air enthalpy : 38 kJ/kg

Entering air density : 1.05 kg/m³

Tons of refrigeration : 21665x1.05 x (52-38)/(3024x4.18)

: 25.2 TR
35
Cooling Tower Performance Testing

Air flow
rate

Leaving
Fan motor air
input kW DBT/RH

Entering
Entering air
water T DBT/RH

Water
Leaving flow rate
water T

37
Measurements/field testing

The parameters needed to be looked into are:

• Inside and outside design conditions,


• Measured flows and capacities of all the equipment used in
the system,
• comparison of the measured and design capacities, and
• comparison of energy consumption with the design values

38
Performance Assessment

The specific power consumption kW/TR is a useful indicator of the


performance of refrigeration system.

By measuring refrigeration duty performed in TR and the Kilo-Watt


inputs measured, kW/TR is used as a reference energy performance
indicator.

 Compressor kW
 Chilled water pump kW
 Condenser water pump kW
 Cooling tower fan kW

Overall kW/TR = sum of all above kW/ TR

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