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Advanced Optical Techniques: Exp No: L4/S1/MT 4030/01

This document describes an experiment using optical microscopes to observe various samples. The experiment used a metallurgical microscope and polarized light microscope. The metallurgical microscope uses reflected light to observe opaque metal samples, while the polarized light microscope uses transmitted light and polarized light to observe thin sections of materials like ceramics, polymers, and minerals. Key features observed included dark field illumination, bright field illumination, and the effect of cross polarization on samples. The experiment concluded that optical microscopy techniques allow investigation of small structures not visible to the naked eye and that polarized light microscopy provides additional advantages over normal light microscopy.

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Ishara Praneeth Wijesuriya
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29 views

Advanced Optical Techniques: Exp No: L4/S1/MT 4030/01

This document describes an experiment using optical microscopes to observe various samples. The experiment used a metallurgical microscope and polarized light microscope. The metallurgical microscope uses reflected light to observe opaque metal samples, while the polarized light microscope uses transmitted light and polarized light to observe thin sections of materials like ceramics, polymers, and minerals. Key features observed included dark field illumination, bright field illumination, and the effect of cross polarization on samples. The experiment concluded that optical microscopy techniques allow investigation of small structures not visible to the naked eye and that polarized light microscopy provides additional advantages over normal light microscopy.

Uploaded by

Ishara Praneeth Wijesuriya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Exp No: L4/S1/MT 4030/01

ADVANCED OPTICAL TECHNIQUES

INSTRUCTED BY:
Dr. M. JAYARATHNE
NAME: WIJESURIYA I.P.
COURSE: BSc.Eng. (MATERIALS)
INDEX NO: 060555H
DATE OF PER: 26.10.2009
DATE OF SUB: 04.12.2009
TITLE : Advanced optical techniques

INTRODUCTION :

The science of investigating small objects using a microscope is termed as microscopy. The
objective of this experiment is to observe samples by metallurgical microscope and polarized light
microscope, and to understand theory behind the microscopes. Optical microscope is using visible
wavelengths of light for magnification while polarized light microscope utilized polarized light for
magnification.

THEORY :

All microscopes are really a combination of lenses – usually a condenser lens, an objective and
an eyepiece. The objective is probably the most critical. The resolution of the microscope (i.e. its
ability to reveal features that are closely spaced) is controlled by the objective lens, mainly by its
resolving power.

The resolving power = 2NA / λ

Where NA – numerical aperture = µ sin α


λ – The wavelength of the light
µ- The refractive index of the medium in front the lens
α – The half angle of the aperture

O
A metallurgical
I
microscope normally uses reflected light to observe the microstructure of opaque
metal and ceramic specimens. But there are many instances the microstructures of ceramics, polymers,
wood etc. have to be observed under transmitted light using thin sections to see certain features which
cannot be seen under reflected light.
Most microscopic studies of metals are made using bright field illumination. In addition there
are other microscopic techniques which have particular applications for metallographic studies. These
include,
Dark field illumination
Oblique illumination
Polarized light microscopy
Advanced microscopes have facilities for making micro hardness measurement at low load accessories
for analysis of the optical characteristics of materials at elevated temperatures.
MATERIAL S AND APPATATUS

Microscopes
- Metallurgical Microscope
- Polarized light microscope

Samples
- Metal sample
- Glass Slide
- Mineral samples
- A sample of Polymer material

PROCEDURE

1. A metal sample was observed under metallurgical microscope, under dark field and the bright
field. Observed the characteristics of dark field illumination and bright field illumination.
2. Following things were observed under Polarized light microscope.
Under transmitted light,
- A glass slide
- Glass slide at cross polar orientation
- 30 µm thick mineral sample
- Polymer sample
Under reflected light
- Metal sample
3. A polymer sample was observed while heating it and its melting point was obtained as the
temperature at which its image disappears (image disappears when it gets melted)

CONCLUSIONS
1. Varies types of optical microscopy’s with different techniques available to investigate things
which we can’t see from naked eye. .
2. Polarized light microscopy has many advantages over normal light microscope.

REFERENCES
1 Greaves, R. H.; Wrighton, H., Practical microscopical metallography, Chapman and hall Ltd.
1971, 205-211p
2. http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=metallurgical_microscope
3. http://www.polarizinglightmicroscopes.com/what-is-a-polarizing-light-microscope-peering-
and-understanding.html
4. http://www.abacon.ca/plm.html

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