SELF-AWARENESS AND VALUES DEVELOPMENT

A. NATURE OF SELF AND SELF-AWARENESS

According to Birch (1997):
One of the most crucial processes in the early years of the child’s life is the development of
sense of self.
Gardner (1982):
He suggests that there are a number of factors that the children should know:
• Be aware of their own body, its appearance, state and size (body-size);
• Be able to refer to themselves appropriately through language and be able to
distinguish descriptions which apply to self and which do not;
• Be aware of their own personal history, experiences they have had, skills and abilities,
their own needs and wishes.
 Emotional Self Awareness
It is the ability to recognize or emotions and their effects on us. This means that we
are aware of how we react to environment factors and how our emotions affect our
performance. The person who possesses competency of emotional self-awareness is one
who:
• Is aware of his own feelings;
• Knows why feelings occur;
• Understands implications of our emotions;
• Pays attention to physical signs that are aroused in stressful situations (high blood
pressure, sweaty palms); and
• Knows his own strengths and weaknesses and understanding his own emotions
and impact of his behavior on others on others in diverse situations.

 Accurate Self- Assessment

• It is the ability to know our inner resources, abilities and limits and to be aware of
our strengths and weaknesses.
• We can only know our potentials and limitations if we are positive to constructive
criticisms.
• We have to develop new perspectives about ourselves and must always be
motivated for professional growth
• Hence, we have the ability to target areas for personal change and improvement.

The person who possesses the competency for Accurate Self-Assessment should:

• Have a sense of humor about him be or herself;

• Be aware of own strengths and weaknesses; and
• Be open to feedback.

 Self- Confidence

• This is the belief in your own self, your capability to accomplish the task.
• This competency is an acknowledgement of your potentials that you are the best
for the job.
• It is also about conveying your ideas and opinions with self-confidence and having
a positive impact on others.
We can develop self-confidence if:
• We are equipped with sufficient knowledge and sure of what we are doing and
try to act decisively.

• We can improve ourselves if we accept feedback positively. By doing so, we can

be sure we can change for the better.

IMPORTANCE OF SELF-AWARENESS
In the Johari’s Window, there are four selves that represent you. These are as follows:
1. The Open Self. This represents all the information, behaviors, attitudes, feelings,
desires, motivations, ideas, and so on, that you know about yourself and that others
also know about you.
2. The Blind Self. This represents information about yourself that others know but you
do not.
3. The Unknown Self. This represents those parts of yourself about which neither you
nor others know.
4. The Hidden Self. This contains all that you know of yourself but keep hidden from
others.

B. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

A personal development plan is a process that consists of defining what is important to you,
what you want to achieve, what strengths you already have that help to achieve your goals, and
what you need to improve and develop with time.
Why Personal Development Plans Are Important?
To have a full and meaningful life requires us to open to more dimensions of ourselves. And a
Personal Development Plan can help us.
Seven Steps to Creating Your Personal Development Plan
Step 1: Learn the Human Potential Landscape
Step 2: Dream and Create Your Vision
Step 3: Select your Areas of Focus
Step 4: Discover Your Practices
Step 5: Establish Personal Development Goals
Step 6: Set Your Schedule
Step 7: Monitor your progress
Step 1: Learn the Human Potential Landscape
Human potential is the capacity for humans to improve themselves through studying, training,
and practice, to reach the limit of their ability to develop aptitudes and skills . "Inherent within
the notion of human potential is the belief that in reaching their full potential an individual will
be able to lead a happy and more fulfilled life"
Step 2: Dream and Create Your Vision
Your vision is your most important dream and long-term goals.A vision defines the optimal
desired future state; it tells of what you would like to achieve over a longer time.
a vision inspires you and gives you energy. It guides and eventually gives all of your efforts a
purpose.
it provides guidance in a world of choices. It enables you to focus on what to do (and not do) for
those achievements five, ten years or further in the future.
Step 3: Select your Areas of Focus
Focusing on what matters most to you is the only way you can make material progress
towards your goals

Step 4: Discover Your Practices

These practices are the actions you are committing to doing consistently to develop in your
particular areas of interest.
Step 5: Establish Mini Goals
Another common mistake people make with their Personal Development Plan is to set big
goals. Mini goals help you build momentum because they’re more readily achievable than big
goals. Have a big vision, but only set mini goals that are fun and engaging. Setting goals gives
your life direction, and boosts your motivation and self-confidence.
Step 6: Set Your Schedule
Effective scheduling is about making sure that you identify your most important task for each
day and that you get that task completed. You should also identify the next couple of tasks in
order of importance. Once you have completed the most important task, try to get these tasks
done. Be sure to set reasonable expectations, and strike a balance
between your responsibilities and free time. You need to be able to easily adjust your
schedule as things change.
Step 7: Monitor Your Progress
Monitoring your progress helps you stay focused on what's important to reaching your
goal. It helps you identify potential obstacles and strategies for how to overcome them. It can
help you set more realistic goals and stay positive along the way. Ultimately, this helps you get
an overall picture and aids you in making an accurate evaluation of yourself.
Performance evaluation is perhaps one of the most important parts of your skill development.
It is important to take a balanced approach to your evaluation, considering the things that you
did well and the things you could have done better.

C. ROOTS OF THE FILIPINO CHARACTER

The following are the Roots of the Filipino Character:
1. The family and home environment
2. Social environment
3. Culture and Language
4. History
5. Educational system
6. Religion
7. Economic government
8. Political environment
9. Mass media
10. Leadership and Role Models
1. The family and home environment
Child Rearing Practices - Child rearing can be both difficult and rewarding at the same
time. The goal of every parent is to have your child grow up to be a respectable and
resourceful adult in society.

a. High Nurturance - The Filipino child grows up in an atmosphere of love

and affection. Providing the children with the opportunity, means and
support to pursue their goals.

b. Low Independence Training - some parents act on their own needs for
power and use control and coercion to ensure that they remain the
dominant forces in their children’s lives.
c. Low Discipline - Attempts to maintain discipline come in the form of
many "no's" and "don'ts" and a system of criticism to keep children in
line. And, subtle comparisons among siblings also are used by mothers to
control their children.
d. Family Relations - In a large family where we are encouraged to get along
with our siblings and other relatives, we learn pakikipagkapwa-tao. In an
authoritarian setting we learn respect for age and authority; at the same
time we become passive and dependent on authority. Children are
taught to value family and to give it primary importance.
e. Family Attitudes and Orientation - The Filipino’s family orientation may
be attributed to the colonial times when the hierarchical structure of
family has been in prevalent place, where age and status demand high
levels of respect, and the good of the family takes precedence over
personal desires. This characteristic is still present despite modern times.

2. The Social Environment

A. The social environment of the Filipino is characterized by a feudal structure

with great gaps between the rich minority and the poor majority.
B. Social Structures
C. Social Systems
i. interpersonal religious
ii. community religion
3. Culture and Language
Language and culture cannot be separated. Language is vital to understanding our
unique cultural perspectives. Language is a tool that is used to explore and experience our
cultures and the perspectives that are embedded in our cultures.

4. History
We are the product of our colonial history, which is regarded by many as the culprit
behind our lack of nationalism and our colonial mentality. Colonialism developed a mind-set in
the Filipino which encouraged us to think of the colonial power as superior and more powerful.

5. The Educational System

A. Aside from the problems inherent in the use of a foreign language in our
educational system, the educational system leads to other problems for us as a
people.
B. Schools are highly authoritarian, with the teacher as the central focus.
C. The Filipino student learns passivity and conformity.
D. The Filipino student is taught to be dependent on the teacher.
6. Religion
Religion is the root of Filipino optimism and its capacity to accept life's hardships.
However, religion also instils in the Filipino attitudes of resignation and a preoccupation with

the afterlife. We become vulnerable also to being victimized by opportunism, oppression,

exploitation, and superstition.

7. The Economic Environment

Many Filipino traits are rooted in the poverty and hard life that is the lot of most
Filipinos. Our difficulties drive us to take risks, impel us to work very hard, and develop in us the
ability to survive.
Poverty, however, has also become an excuse for graft and corruption, particularly
among the lower rungs of the bureaucracy.

8. The Political Environment

The Philippine political environment is characterized by a centralization of power.
Political power and authority is concentrated in the hands of the elite and the participation of
most Filipinos often is limited to voting in elections.

9. Mass Media
- It means technology that is intended to reach a mass audience.
- It is the primary means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the general
public.
- The most common flatforms for media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television,
and the latest is the internet.
- The tendency of media to produce escapist movies, soap operas, comics, etc., feed the
Filipino's passivity. Rather than confront our poverty and oppression, we fantasize
instead. The propensity to use flashy sets, designer clothes, superstars, and other
bongga features reinforce porma.
10. Leadership Role Models
Filipinos look up to their leaders as role models. Political leaders are the main models,
but all other leaders serve as role models as well. Thus, when our leaders violate the law or
show themselves to be self-serving and driven by personal interest--when there is lack of public
accountability--there is a negative impact on the Filipino.

D. NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

WHAT IS NATIONALISM?
 It is a devotion of love for one’s country.
 It means to give more importance to unity by way of cultural background, including
language and heritage.
 It implies to a person that his country is most superior among other countries and he
will defend it no matter what.

The following are 10 modern and simple ways to express Filipino nationalism:
a. Respect the Philippine flag and value the Filipino identity.
b. Be a productive citizen
c. Be aware of the issues in our country
d. Stand proud for every Filipinos achievement

e. Patronize and support our own products

f. Preserve the Filipino culture
g. Respect everyone and value our traditions
h. Speak our own language
i. Remember and commemorate our heroes’
j. sacrifices for our country
k. Love our family, our neighbors, and our compatriots.
WHAT IS PATRIOTISM?
 It means loyalty of person to his/her own nation or the leaders of nation.
 Is an emotional attachment to a nation which an individual recognizes as their
homeland.
 Is the quality of being patriotic or vigorous support for one's country.
WHO IS A PATRIOT?
 A Patriot is a person who is on the side of his/her own nation or its leaders.
 A Patriot is someone who feels a strong support for their country.
 A Patriot is a person who vigorously supports their country and is prepared to
defend it against enemies or detractors.
 A Patriot is a person who loves, supports and defends his or her country and its
interests with devotion.

A patriotic person will always be ready to sacrifice his life for the love for his country. They do
many things for the good of the country. This feeling for their country is called patriotism.

E. GOOD CITIZENSHIP AND VALUES

The promotion of the Filipino values is embodied in the Preamble of the 1987 constitution.
 First, the value of being maka-diyos which is articulated in the faith in the almighty.
 Second, the value of being maka-tao which focuses on truth, justice, freedom, love,
equality and peace.
 Third, the value of being maka-bayan which includes respect for law, the
government of the republic of the Philippines and its instrumentalities, patriotism,
promotion of the common good and building a just and humane society and
 Lastly, the value of being maka-kalikasan which involves the conservation and
development of our patrimony.

 PAGKAMAKA-DIYOS
Expresses one's spiritual beliefs while respecting the spiritual beliefs of others.
 Faith in the Almighty
 Respect for Life
 Order/Work
 Concern for the Family and Future Generations
 PAGKAMAKA-TAO
Being sensitive to individual, social, and cultural differences.
 Responsibilities and commitment
 Commitment to follow standards
 Respect for people’s culture
 Recognizes and respects people from different economic, social, and cultural
backgrounds
 PAGKAMAKA-KALIKASAN
Cares for the environment and utilizes resources wisely, judiciously, and economically.
 Respect for the environment
 Care of creation
 Balance of ecology
 PAGKAMAKA-BANSA
Demonstrates pride in being a Filipino; exercise rights and responsibilities of a Filipino
citizen.
 Unity in diversity
 Equality/ justice
 Respect for law and government
 Patriotism (kabayanihan)
 Promotion of common good

CONCEPT OF LEADERSHIP AND LEADERSHIP STYLE

“I used to think that running an organization was equivalent to conducting a symphony orchestra.
But I don't think that's quite it; it's more like jazz. There is more improvisation.” — Warren Bennis
 Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an
effective leader.
 Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and
experience. This guide will help you through that process.
 To inspire your people into higher levels of teamwork, there are certain things you must be,
know, and, do.
 The best leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills
 Leadership is a complex process by which a person influences others to accomplish a mission,
task, or objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent
 A person carries out this process by applying her leadership attributes (belief, values, ethics,
character, knowledge, and skills)
 A process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal
(Northouse, 2007, p3).
 Leadership is inspiring others to pursue your vision within the parameters you set, to the extent
that it becomes a shared effort, a shared vision, and a shared success (Zeitchik, 2012).
 Leadership is a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the
achievement of a goal (Kruse, 2013).
 Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills. This is
called Process Leadership (Jago, 1982)
 However, we know that we have traits that can influence our actions. This is called Trait
Leadership (Jago, 1982)
 These two leadership types are shown in the chart in the next slide. (Northouse, 2007, p5)

“A leader might have learned the skills in counseling others, but her traits will often play a great
role in determining how she counsels. A person who has empathy will make a better counselor
than a person who thinks the employees are simply there do accomplish her biddings.”
Note: Skills, knowledge, and attributes make the Leader, which is one of the Factors of
Leadership.
 There are FOUR primary factors of leadership (U.S. Army, 1983):
LEADER
 You must have an honest understanding of who you are, what you know, and what you can do
 Also, note that it is the followers, not the leader or someone else who determines if the leader is
successful
 If they do not trust or lack confidence in their leader, then they will be uninspired
 To be successful you have to convince your followers, not yourself or your superiors, that you
are worthy of being followed.
 FOLLOWERS
 Different people require different styles of leadership
 A person who lacks motivation requires a different approach than one with a high degree of
motivation
 You must know your people! The fundamental starting point is having a good understanding of
human nature, such as needs, emotions, and motivation

 You must come to know your employees' be, know, and do attributes
 COMMUNICATION
 You lead through two-way communication. Much of it is nonverbal.
 For instance, when you “set the example,” that communicates to your people that you would not
ask them to perform anything that you would not be willing to do
 What and how you communicate either builds or harms the relationship between you and your
followers.
 SITUATION
 All situations are different
 What you do in one situation will not always work in another
 You must use your judgment to decide the best course of action and the leadership style needed
for each situation.
 NOTE:
Situation normally has a greater effect on a leader's action than his or her traits. This is because
while traits may have an impressive stability over a period of time, they have little consistency
across situations (Mischel, 1968). This is why a number of leadership scholars think the Process
Theory of Leadership is a more accurate than the Trait Theory of Leadership.
 Various forces will affect these four factors. Examples of forces are:
 Your relationship with your seniors
 The skills of your followers
 The informal leaders within your organization
 How your organization is organized
 BASS THEORY OF LEADERSHIP
There are three basic ways to explain how people become leaders. The first two explain the
leadership development for a small number of people. These theories are:
 Some personality traits may lead people naturally into leadership roles. This is the Trait Theory.
 A crisis or important event may cause a person to rise to the occasion, which brings out
extraordinary leadership qualities in an ordinary person. This is the Great Events Theory.
 People can choose to become leaders. People can learn leadership skills. This is the
Transformational Leadership Theory. It is the most widely accepted theory today and the premise
on which this guide is based.
 MANAGEMENT VERSES LEADERSHIP
While management and leadership have a great deal in common, such as working with people
and accomplishing the goals of the organization, they do differ in their primary functions (Kotter,
1990)
 THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT KEYS TO EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
According to a study by the Hay Group, a global management consultancy, there are 75 key
components of employee satisfaction (Lamb, McKee, 2004). They found that:
 Trust and confidence in top leadership was the single most reliable predictor of employee
satisfaction in an organization.
 Effective communication by leadership in three critical areas was the key to winning
organizational trust and confidence:

 Helping employees understand the company's overall business strategy.

 Helping employees understand how they contribute to achieving key business objectives.
 Sharing information with employees on both how the company is doing and how an employee's
own division is doing.
So basically, you must be trustworthy and you have to be able to communicate a vision of where
you are going.
PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP
To help you be, know, and do, follow these eleven principles of leadership (U.S. Army,
1983).
1. Know yourself and seek self-improvement - In order to know yourself, you have to understand
your be, know, and do, attributes. Seeking self-improvement means continually strengthening
your attributes. This can be accomplished through self-study, formal classes, reflection, and
interacting with others.
2. Be technically proficient - As a leader, you must know your job and have a solid familiarity with
your employees' tasks.
3. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions - Search for ways to guide your
organization to new heights. And when things go wrong, as they often tend to do sooner or later
— do not blame others. Analyze the situation, take corrective action, and move on to the next
challenge.
4. Make sound and timely decisions - Use good problem solving, decision making, and planning
tools.
5. Set the example - Be a good role model for your employees. They must not only hear what they
are expected to do, but also see. “We must become the change we want to see.” - Mahatma
Gandhi
6. Know your people and look out for their well-being - Know human nature and the importance
of sincerely caring for your workers.
7. Keep your workers informed - Know how to communicate with not only them, but also seniors
and other key people.
8. Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers - Help to develop good character traits that
will help them carry out their professional responsibilities.
9. Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished - Communication is the
key to this responsibility.
10. Train as a team - Although many so called leaders call their organization, department, section,
etc. a team; they are not really teams... they are just a group of people doing their jobs.
11. Use the full capabilities of your organization - By developing a team spirit, you will be able to
employ your organization, department, section, etc. to its fullest capabilities.
 Attributes of Leadership: BE, KNOW, and DO
Respected leaders concentrate on Be, Know, and Do (U.S. Army, 1983):
 who they are be (such as beliefs and character)
 what they know (such as job, tasks, and human nature)
 what they do (such as implementing, motivating, and providing direction)
 BE a professional. Examples: Be loyal to the organization, perform selfless service, take
personal responsibility.

 BE a professional who possess good character traits. Examples: honesty, competence, candor,
commitment, integrity, courage, straightforwardness, imagination.
 KNOW yourself. Examples: strengths and weakness of your character, knowledge, and skills.
 KNOW human nature. Examples: human needs, emotions, and how people respond to stress.
 KNOW your job. Examples: be proficient and be able to train others in their tasks.
 KNOW your organization. Examples: where to go for help, its climate and culture, who the
unofficial leaders are.
 DO provide direction. Examples: goal setting, problem solving, decision making, planning.
 DO implement. Examples: communicating, coordinating, supervising, evaluating.
 DO motivate. Examples: develop morale and esprit de corps in the organization, train, coach,
counsel.
 THE PROCESS OF GREAT LEADERSHIP
The road to great leadership that is common to successful leaders include (Kouzes, Posner,
1987):
1. Challenge the process - First, find a process that you believe needs to be improved the most.
2. Inspire a shared vision - Share your vision in words that can be understood by your followers.
3. Enable others to act - Give them the tools and methods to solve the problem.
4. Model the way - When the process gets tough, get your hands dirty. A boss tells others what to
do; a leader shows that it can be done.
5. Encourage the heart - Share the glory with your followers' hearts, while keeping the pains within
your own.
LeadershipandHumanBehavior
We must become the change we want to see. - Mahatma Gandhi
As a leader, you need to interact with your followers, peers, seniors, and others; whose support
you need in order to accomplish your goals. To gain their support, you must be able to understand
and motivate them. To understand and motivate people, you must know human nature. Human
nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles
of human nature.
Human needs are an important part of human nature. Values, beliefs, and customs differ from
country to country and even within group to group, but in general, all people have a few basic
needs. As a leader, you must understand these needs because they can be powerful motivators.
Maslow'sHierarchyofNeeds
Unlike others researchers of his time, Abraham Maslow's based his theory of human needs on
creative people who used all their talents, potential, and capabilities (Bootzin, Loftus, Zajonc,
Hall, 1983). His methodology differed from other psychological researchers who mostly observed
mentally unhealthy people.
Maslow (1943) felt that human needs were arranged in a hierarchical order that could be divided
into two major groups: basic needs and metaneeds (higher order needs):
o Basic Needs are physiological, such as food, water, and sleep; and psychological, such as affection,
security, and self-esteem. These basic needs are also called “deficiency needs” because if an
individual does not meet them, then that person will strive to make up the deficiency.
o Metaneeds or being needs (growth needs). These include justice, goodness, beauty, order, unity,
etc. Basic needs normally take priority over these meta needs. For example, a person who lacks
food or water will normally not attend to justice or beauty needs.
These needs are often listed in a hierarchical order in the form of a pyramid to show that the
basic needs (bottom ones) must be met before the higher order needs. However, it should be
pictured more as a box, see the section, Criticisms and Strengths, below for more information:

o Self-actualization — know exactly who you are, where you are going, and what you want to
accomplish. A state of well-being
o Esteem — feeling of moving up in world, recognition, few doubts about self
o Belongingness and love — belong to a group, close friends to confide with
o Safety — feel free from immediate danger
o Physiological — food, water, shelter, sex
Note: Maslow later added three additional higher order needs to his theory.
Maslow posited that people want and are forever striving to meet various goals. Because the
lower level needs are more immediate and urgent, then they come into play as the source and
direction of a person's goal if they are not satisfied.
A need higher in the hierarchy will become a motive of behavior as long as the needs below it
have been satisfied. Unsatisfied lower needs will normally dominate unsatisfied higher needs,
thus they must normally be satisfied before the person can rise up in the hierarchy.
Knowing where a person is located on the pyramid will aid you in determining effective motivators.
For example, motivating a middle-class person who has met the first four levels with positive
feedback and encouragement will have a greater impact than using the same motivator to affect
a minimum wage person from the ghetto who is desperately struggling to meet his or her basic
needs.
It should be noted that almost no one stays in one particular hierarchy for an extended period.
We constantly strive to move up, while at the same time various forces outside our control try to

push us down. Those on top get pushed down for short time periods, e.g., death of a loved-one
or an idea that does not work; while those on the bottom get pushed up, e.g., earn the education
they need or come across a small reward or prize. Our goal as leaders therefore is to help people
obtain the skills, knowledge, and benefits that will push them up the hierarchy. People who have
their basic needs met become much better workers as they are able to concentrate on fulfilling
their and the organization's visions, rather than consistently struggling to make ends meet.
CriticismsandStrengths
The above statements may be considered generalizations. Maslow's theory has often been
criticized because we can find exceptions to it, such as the military, police, firefighters, etc. who
will risk their safety for the well-being of others or parents who will sacrifice their basic needs for
their children. However, there are very few theories about human nature that are not flawed once
we start drilling down to the individualistic level. Even Newton's theory of physics, which became
laws, fell apart once we were able to drill down to the atomic level.
A recent study (Tay, Diener, 2011) discovered that as hypothesized by Maslow, people tend to
achieve basic and safety needs before other needs. However, fulfilling the various needs has
relatively independent affects on a person's subjective well-being. Thus, rather than being a
pyramid with the basic human needs arranged in a hierarchical order, it is more like a box with
the basic human needs scattered within and depending on the situation and/or environment,
different needs rise to the top to compensate for the deficient needs.
Maslow's theory remains a classic because rather than looking at psychology as strictly the study
of the mentally ill, his theory was based upon mentally healthy people (known as humanistic
psychology). And being one of the first humanistic ones, it has its share of flaws.
ExpansionofthePyramid
In Maslow's (1971) later years, he become more interested in the higher order or metaneeds and
tried to further distinguish them. Maslow theorized that the ultimate goal of life is self -
actualization, which is almost never fully attained, but rather is something we try to always strive
for.
He later theorized that this level does not stop; it goes on to self-transcendence, which carries
us to the spiritual level, e.g. Gandhi, Mother Theresa, Dalai Lama, or even poets, such as Robert
Frost. Maslow's self-transcendence level recognizes the human need for ethics, creativity,
compassion and spirituality. Without this spiritual or transegoic sense, we are simply become
machines.
This expansion of the higher order needs is shown here:

Note that the four meta needs (above the inner pyramid) can be pursued in any order, depending
upon a person's wants or circumstances, as long as the basic needs have all been met (the below
chart is listed from top to bottom needs):
o Self-transcendence — a transegoic (see Note below) level that emphasizes visionary intuition,
altruism, and unity consciousness.
o Self-actualization — know exactly who you are, where you are going, and what you want to
accomplish. A state of well-being.
o Aesthetic — to do things not simply for the outcome but because it's the reason you are here on
earth — at peace, more curious about the inner workings of all things.
o Cognitive — to be free of the good opinion of others — learning for learning alone, contribute
knowledge.
o Esteem — feeling of moving up in world, recognition, few doubts about self.
o Belongingness and love — belong to a group, close friends to confide with.
o Safety — feel free from immediate danger.
o Physiological — food, water, shelter, sex.
Note: Transegoic means a higher, psychic, or spiritual state of development. The trans is related
to transcendence, while the ego is based on Freud's work. We go from preEGOic levels to EGOic
levels to transEGOic. The EGO in all three terms is used in the Jungian sense of consciousness
as opposed to the unconscious. Ego equates with the personality.
In addition, just as in his earlier model, we may be in a state of flux — we shift between levels
(Maslow, 1968). For example there may be peak experiences for temporary self-actualization
and self-transcendence. These are our spiritual or creative moments.

CharacteristicsofSelf-actualizedPeople
People who have reached the state of self-actualization tend to display the following
characteristics:
o have better perceptions of reality and are comfortable with it
o accept themselves and their own natures
o lack artificiality
o focus on problems outside themselves and are concerned with basic issues and eternal questions
o like privacy and tend to be detached
o rely on their own development and continued growth
o appreciate the basic pleasures of life (e.g. do not take blessings for granted)
o have a deep feeling of kinship with others
o are deeply democratic and are not really aware of differences
o have strong ethical and moral standards
o are original, inventive, less constricted and fresher than others
GoingBeyondMaslow
While the research of Maslow's theory has undergone limited empirical scrutiny, it still remains
quite popular due to its simplicity and being the start of the movement away from behaviorist,
reductionistic, and mechanistic approaches to a more humanistic one.
In addition, a lot of concerns are directed at his methodology in that he picked a small number
of people that he declared self-actualized and came to the conclusion about self-actualization.
However, he understood this and thought of his work as simply a method of pointing the way,
rather than being the final say. In addition, he hoped that others would take up the cause and
complete what he had begun.
Other researchers have taken up his cause and further refined them, mostly in the area of
organizations and work. Herzberg, Alderfer, and McGregor's research are all closely tied to
Maslow's theory.
Herzberg'sHygieneandMotivationalFactors
Frederick Herzberg was considered one of the most influential management consultants and
professors of the modern postwar era. Herzberg was probably best known for his challenging

thinking on work and motivation. He was considered both an icon and legend among visionaries
such as Abraham Maslow, Peter Drucker, and Douglas McGregor.
Herzberg (1966) is best known for his list of factors that are based on Maslow's Hierarchy of
Needs, except his version is more closely related to the working environment:
HERZBERG'SHYGIENE&MOTIVATIONALFACTORS
Hygiene factors must be present in the job before motivators can be used to stimulate a person.
That is, you cannot use motivators until all the hygiene factors are met. If the factor is not me t,
then it becomes a Dissatisfier. Herzberg's needs are specifically job related and reflect some of
the distinct things that people want from their work, as opposed to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
that reflect the needs in a person's life.
Hygiene or Dissatisfiers:
o Working conditions
o Policies and administrative practices
o Salary and Benefits
o Supervision
o Status
o Job security
o Co-workers
o Personal life
Motivators or Satisfiers:
o Recognition
o Achievement
o Advancement
o Growth
o Responsibility
o Job challenge

Hygiene or dissatisfiers factors must be present in the job before motivators can be used to
stimulate a person. That is, you cannot use motivators until all the hygiene factors are met.
Herzberg's needs are specifically job related and reflect some of the distinct things that people
want from their work as opposed to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs that reflect all the needs in a
person's life.
Building on this model, Herzberg coined the term job enrichment — the process of redesigning
work in order to build in motivators by increasing both the variety of tasks that an employee
performs and the control over those tasks. It is associated with the design of jobs and is an
extension of job enlargement (an increase in the number of tasks that an employee per forms).
Note the term Job Enlargement means that a variety of tasks are performed to reduce boredom,
rather than overloading a person with too many tasks.
McGregor'sTheoryXandTheoryY
Douglas McGregor (1957) developed a philosophical view of humankind with his Theory X and
Theory Y — two opposing perceptions about how people view human behavior at work and
organizational life. McGregor felt that organizations and their managers followed one or the other
approach:
TheoryX
o People have an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it whenever possible.
o People must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment in order to get them
to
achieve the organizational objectives.
o People prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility, and have little or no ambition.

o People seek security above all else.

In an organization with Theory X assumptions, management's role is to coerce and control
employees.
TheoryY
o Work is as natural as play and rest.
o People will exercise self-direction if they are committed to the objectives (they are NOT lazy).
o Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement.
o People learn to accept and seek responsibility.
o Creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population. People are
capable of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem.
o People have potential.

In an organization with Theory Y assumptions, management's role is to develop the potential in

employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals.
Theory X is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Most
organizations are now taking the enlightened view of theory Y (even though they might not be
very good at it). A boss can be viewed as taking the theory X approach, while a leader takes the
theory Y approach.
Notice that Maslow, Herzberg, and McGregor's theories all tie together:
o Herzberg's theory is a micro version of Maslow's theory in that it is focused on the work
environment.
o McGregor's Theory X is based on workers caught in the lower levels (1 to 3) of Maslow's theory due
to bad management practices, while Theory Y is for workers who have gone above level 3 with the
help of management.
o McGregor's Theory X is also based on workers caught in Herzberg's Hygiene Dissatisfiers, while
Theory Y is based on workers who are in the Motivators or Satisfiers section.

THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN LEADERSHIP

Throughout history, the greatest leaders have also been motivators, able to encourage others to work
toward
a common goal. This ability to motivate has largely been a result of solid communication skills.
Abraham
Lincoln and Winston Churchill, two of the most effective leaders in history, approached challenges in
different
ways, but both excelled at communication. Following the examples of these great leaders, it is critical
that
managers prioritize and hone their communication skills to successfully guide their teams and drive
overall
productivity.
Effective leadership requires knowing how to communicate with various groups within an
organization,
including employees, managers, customers and investors. Each group may require a different
communication and leadership style, and although leaders must be able to adapt based on the group
they
are communicating with at the time, there are key principles of effective leadership communication
that
universally drive collaboration and success. Strong leaders know the value of these qualities:
Clarity
Effective leadership communication is clear and simple. Don’t be vague when discussing what you
want from
your team. Communicate clearly the goal of the task, how long you expect it to take, any resources
they’ll
need, and relevant information that might help streamline the process. You lose productivity when
staff have
to circle back around to you for clarification on important information.
Personalization
Leaders rarely have the luxury of speaking to one person at a time so the good ones learn how to
make every
single person feel as if he or she is being spoken to directly. They make everyone in a room feel
important.
Getting to know your employees on a more personal level and making it a point to acknowledge them
can
also go a long way in getting your team behind your vision.
Transparency
Strong leaders are transparent in their communications. They want their team to trust not only what
they say,
but what they mean. There shouldn’t be any hidden agendas or reading between the lines. When
leaders
can’t share certain information, they need to come right out and say it, because half-truth answers
breed
distrust and anxiety. In good times and bad, honesty builds trust.

Listening
Communication is a two-way street. Listen to the interests of your team and get a feel for their
perspective
on how to achieve goals. Effective listening helps you build relationships, solve problems, ensure
understanding, and improve accuracy. Taking a moment to listen takes less time in the long run,
making you
more productive.
Feedback
The best communicators never assume that the message people heard is the exact one they intended
to
deliver. They check in to verify that their message was understood correctly, and, if it was not, they
don’t
blame the audience. Instead, they change things up and try again. When good leaders make a
mistake, they
admit it right away. They are accountable for their words and actions, and they do it without drama or
false
humility.
Inspiration
Perhaps the most important principle of effective leadership communication is the ability to inspire
those
around you. As a leader, you have a vision of success that you want to achieve with the help of your
team.
It’s up to you to rally your team around that goal and help them embrace the vision and to work hard
toward
the goals of your organization.
Great communicators stand out from the crowd. They’re honest. They’re authentic. They listen. They
excel
in communication because they value it, and that’s the critical first step to becoming a great leader.

LeadershipandDirection
Directional skills, such as making goals and plans and then solving problems as they arise are
imperative as they allow you to guide your organization toward the future. These skills become
even more important with the passage of time as our global environment is becoming more
volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA).

Plan,Do,Check,andAct
The PDCA cycle (Plan, Do, Check, Act) was developed by Dr. Walter Shewhart as a plan of action
for creating processes and products. It is a four-step method that uses direction and control to
execute, while also providing an iterative process for continuous improvement:

Plan
Good plans start with a brainstorming session that includes all the people involved with the
project. This allows everyone to be part of the solution, in addition to gathering the best ideas.
Do
Your team cannot do everything at once; some tasks are more important than others while others
have to be accomplished before another task can begin. Set priorities for each checkpoint and
assign someone to perform each task on the list. Develop a system for checking ea ch other and
ensuring that each task is accomplished on time.

Check or Study
Throughout the project's execution there are three things that you must be involved in: standards,
performance, and adjustments.
The standard means, “is this project being completed or accomplished as planned? Are all the
check marks being completed as stated in the planning process? The standard, which is set,
must mean the same to you and your people.
Performance is measured by completing the tasks and objectives correctly. While the standard
relates to the project, performance relates to the people working on the project.
Act
Now you are ready to execute the plan. If your plans are solid, things will go smoothly. If your
plans are faulty, then you might have a very long and hard project ahead of you!

TIME MANAGEMENT AND

MOTIVATION
1. PRIORITIES – SOMETHING THAT IS
MORE IMPORTANT THAN OTHER
THINGS AND NEEDS TO BE DEALT
WITH IMMEDIATELY

2. GOALS – SOMETHING THAT YOU ARE

TRYING TO DO OR ACHIEVE

A. Long term – motivation (help parents, become

a doctor, rich and famous)- learn

B. Short term – help you to do things on time ;

geared towards your long term

A. Set your priorities

B. Your priority is to learn

Passing is not a priority, learning

is.
IMPORTANCE OF TIME MANAGEMENT

Time is a valuable and limited resource.

You cannot make time, you can only spend it, so spend it wisely.
Time is limited, time is scarce.. once it’s gone, it’s gone.. you can never have it
back.
LEISURE

-weekdays – students spend twice as much leisure time than studies

-weekends – students spend 6 times as much leisure time than studies

Leisure activities are helpful for you to recharge but too much is
dangerous.

TIME WASTERS- THOSE THAT PREVENT

YOU FROM DOING WHAT YOU HAVE
TO DO

1. Procrastination- manana habit

2. Poor organization

3. Unnecessary disruptions

4. Worrying about too little time

PROCRASTINATION – WE THINK THAT THE TASK IS TOO LENGTHY

OR DIFFICULT, OR THREATENING BECAUSE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
FAILURE.

Ex. A father gave his son a bundle of sticks and asked him to break it. After the
son struggled, the father took the bundle and untied it. He took one stick and
broke it one after the other.

We procrastinate because we think that the task is too lengthy or difficult.

What should we do?

Divide the lengthy tasks into smaller shorter parts that seem easier to complete.

BE REALISTIC IN YOUR
EXPECTATIONS.
BE REALISTIC IN WHAT YOU CAN
ACCOMPLISH.
DON’T TRY TO JUGGLE TOO MANY
THINGS.
DON’T SET YOURSELF UP FOR
FAILURE.
FINISH WHAT YOU CAN FINISH.
T – take one thing at a time

I – insert rewards for your self

M – make realistic expectations

E – evaluate your priorities

MOTIVATION

The force that energizes behavior, gives

direction to behavior and underlies the
tendency to persist even in the face of
obstacles.

WITHOUT MOTIVATION

& HENCE, NO FUTURE, NO LIFE

NO MEANING, NO PURPOSE NO
FULFILMENT.

THERE IS :

NO ACTION

NO CHANGE

NO RESULTS

NO LEARNING

NO PROGRESS

NO MOMENTUM

NO DEVELOPMENT…

WHO IS IN CHARGE OF YOUR FUTURE?

MOTIVATE
YOURSELF
TO
BECOME :

MORE
ACTIVE

MORE
ENTHUSIATIC

MORE
PRODUCTIVE
GET YOURSELF MOTIVATED!

MORE
CREATIVE

MORE
FOCUSSED

MORE
DISCIPLINED TAKE CHARGE OF YOUR FUTURE!

MORE
EFFECTIVE
MORE
SUCCESSFUL

MOTIVATION
LEADS
TO:

LEARNING

KNOWING

APPLICATION

SKILLS

VALUES

WISDOM

SUCCESS

5 ES

Enthusiasm

Experiment

Experience

Expertise

Excellence

MOTIVATION

Substantial and sustainable influence on the

way you think, act, behave and feel.

MOTIVATION LEADS
TO
SELF-DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOP:

SELF-MOTIVATION

SELF- ANALYSIS

SELF-DISCIPLINE AND
SELF EVALUATION

THEN,
SELF-DEVELOPMENT
BECOMES POSSIBLE.

CLARITY IN COMMUNICATION SKILLS

IMPROVES MOTIVATION

WITH EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS,

PEOPLE ARE INFLUENCED, PROBLEMS ARE
SOLVED, CHANGES ARE FACILITATED,
EXCELLENT RELATIONSHIPS ARE
DEVELOPED, DESIRED RESULTS ARE
ACHIEVED, AND SUCCESS IS ENSURED.

What is Decision?

A decision can be defined as: “a

course of action purposely
chosen from a set of alternatives
to achieve organizational or
managerial objectives or goals”.

Decisions and Mangers

Decision making is an integral

part of modern management, it is
considered as one of managers
primary functions.

What is Decision Making?

“the process of deciding about something important,

especially in a group of people or in an organization”

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

“Decision making involves the selection of a course of

action from among two or more possible alternatives in
order to arrive at a solution for a given problem”

Trewatha & Newport

Why Decision Making?

Decision making is a continuous and

dynamic activity that pervades all
other activities pertaining to the
organization.
No decision comes as end in itself, since
it may evolve new problems to solve.

When one problem is solved another

arises and so on, such that decision
making process, as said earlier, is a
continuous and dynamic.
Decision making process can be regarded as check and
balance system that keeps the organization growing both in
vertical and linear directions.

Decision making process is seeking

goals.
These goals are pre-set business objectives,
company missions and vision.

To achieve these goals, company may

face lot of obstacles in administrative,
operational, marketing wings and
operational domains.

Such problems are solved out through

comprehensive decision making process.

Steps of Decision Making

A lot of time is consumed while decisions are taken.

In a management setting, decision cannot be taken

abruptly, it should follow the steps such as;

1. Defining the problem

2. Gathering information and collecting data

3. Developing and weighing the options

4. Choosing best possible option

5. Plan and execute

6. Take follow up action

Since decision making process follows the

above sequential steps, a lot of time is spent
in this process.

Needs of Decision Making

Decision Making in Organization

Decision making is part of everyone’s life, all of us

have to make decisions every moment.

Right from choosing what to wear, to what to eat, to

where we live and work, and extending to whom we
marry, decisions are an integral part of our lives.

Decision making needs:

1. The right kind of information

2. The complete information

3. The ability to synthesize and make sense of the

information

4. Authority of decision maker

1,2- Complete Right Kind of
Information

Getting the right kind and complete

information depend on external sources.

There must be complete and accurate

information made available to the decision
maker.

In
Economics,
there
is
a
term
called
“asymmetries
of information”

–
It indicates how incomplete and insufficient information leads to
poor

decisions and wrong choices.

Having partial information or faulty information often leads to

“analysis paralysis” which is another term for poor decision
making abilities.

3- The Ability to Synthesize and Make

Sense of the Information

The ability to make informed decisions is

a personality trait.

Successful CEO’s are those who can take

into account the different viewpoints
and divergent perspectives and arrive at
the right decision.

Nowadays, business landscape is littered with examples of

companies that have made strategic errors, and these are
mostly to do with lack of proper decisions taken by the CEO’s
and managers in these firms.

Cont.
…

Chrysler and ford

They
failed
to
meet
the
challenge
of
competition
from

Japanese auto majors like Toyota, this failure was mostly due
to the lack of imaginative decisions that would have
responded to the threat in a coherent manner.

Under the stewardship of Lee Iacocca, they were able to

successfully meet the competition by the Japanese because of
firm decisions taken by him.

4- Authority of Decision Maker

Decision maker should have

legitimacy and authority over the
people who he is deciding upon.

Decision makers succeed only

when their decisions are honored
and followed by people or groups
that the decision impacts.

Cont. ...

In many cases, the fragmented nature of the organizations

with different interests often undermines the decision making
capabilities of the decision maker.

Hence, it is worth mentioning that such authority must be

vested with the decision maker.

Conclusion

Even with reliable and accurate information, the

decision maker ought to have good problem solving
skills and astute decision making abilities to arrive
at sound judgments regarding the everyday problems
and issues, them comes his authority to ensure
decision proper implementation.

Individual Decision Making

Individuals have a tendency to

think and question before
performing.

Pros of Individual Decision Making

Individuals generally make prompt decisions

Group is dominated by various people, making decision-making very

time consuming.

Assembling group members consumes lot of time.

Individuals do not escape responsibilities

They are accountable for their acts and performance.

In a group, it is not easy to hold any one person accountable for a

wrong decision.

Individual
decisions
are
more
focused
and
rational
as

compared to group.

1- Top Down Decision Making

Top down decision making is done at the higher levels of the

hierarchy, then decisions are passed down the corporate
ladder to be implemented, e.g.;

Realms of policy

Strategic focus

Direction in which the organization has to proceed

2- Bottom Up Decision Making

Bottom up decision making is done by giving autonomy to

middle and first line managers to take decisions based on the
conditions and circumstances existing in their teams.

Day to day running of the teams.

Top Down Vs. Bottom

Up

We would consider whether top down decision or bottom up

decision making is effective.

The

point
here
is
that
top

down
decision

making
is
becoming redundant in these
days when autonomy and
decentralization are the norm.

Top Down Decision Making

It is important to realize that “not all decisions can be made

by those at the middle or lower levels of the corporate
hierarchy”

Decision making pertaining to organizational policies, firm

wise strategy and customer acquisition and customer
relationship management has to be done from the top, since
the view from the top is unhindered as well as the top
management having the experience and the foresight to take
such decisions.

There are many instances of decisions taken at the top that

were not actualized and implemented properly because of
incoherent communication and inconsistent transmission.

Bottom Up Decision Making

Employees at the bottom have a better understanding of the

ground realities than those at the top.

Bottom up decision making works well when the day to day

running of the teams and divisions are concerned.

It does not work well in cases of strategic acquisitions and

firm wide policy making that is best left to the top
management.

There are many decisions that have been taken by the middle
and lower levels that lack the experience and foresight not to
mention the strategic depth which have resulted in short
term thinking.

Conclusion

The bottom line requirement for any decision making process

is “how much benefit that the decision brings to the firm as
opposed to the costs incurred in such decision making”.

If the benefits far outweigh the costs, then decisions can be

done in top down or bottom up manner with outcomes that
are favourable to the whole organization.

Decision Making & Type of

Organization

Which decision making type is better?

It depends on the type of organization.

Organizations
in
the
services
sector

operate
in
more

democratic ways (bottom up) when compared to the firms in

the manufacturing sector (top down).

The nature of work is different in these two sectors.

Manufacturing sector

It is all about set routines and machines.

Instructions have to be sent from the top since the

decision making as well as the implementation
operates in linear ways.

Services sector

It is driven by complexity and non-linearity.

Decision making has to be done according to the needs

of the situation and the players involved in the
decision making process have to act in ways that
maximize their benefits from the decision.

Corporate Decision Making

Level of Management

Middle Management & Decision

Making

The middle management is often called the

“sandwich” layer, as they;

Have to implement the decisions made above .

Have to communicate decisions to the lower levels.

Have to decide about how to run the teams.

Cont.
…

The implementation of any corporate decision is strictly

critical, since the best laid plans of the top management can
go awry in case there is no commitment from the middle
management.

Many organizations organize “off site meetings” at resorts

and other places where the senior management briefs the
middle management about decisions that they have taken
and how it would impact the organization.

Power Centers & Decision Making

Corporate decision making may by consensus or may be not.

Like in the real world, corporations often have power centers

and groups that have their own agendas and hence arriving at
a consensus can be cumbersome for the CEO or the Chairman
of the Board of Directors.

It is because of this reason, many corporations witness

periodic
restructurings
with
regards
to
organizational
structure
and
with

regards
to
turnover
among
the
top

management.

Leader & Decision Making

Many
organizations
thrive
on
leaders
who
have
a
“halo” around them and hence decision making is smooth.

This is because the rival power centers often concede to the

leader’s charisma, ability and vision.

Conclusion

In conclusion, corporate decision making is successful as long

as there is a “glue” to bind the organization together in the
form of charismatic leaders or an organizational culture that
values coherence and imposes stability.

organizations
fall
into
a
self-defeating
trap,
wherein

Once
any
of
these
conditions
are
removed,
then
the

the

process of corporate decision making is impaired leading to

the loss of competitiveness of the company.

Conflict Resolution
and Decision Making

Conflict Resolution and Decision

Making

Any decisions should take into account the conflicting

needs of all individuals who are affected by the
decisions.

This conflict resolution should be considered as a part

of the decision making process.

Consensual decision making

ensures that most concerns of
different groups are heard and
taken into account.

In the real world organizations,

decision making by consensus

might
not
be
feasible each
group
has
its

since
own

agendas.
Decision makers have to ensure
that their decisions would involve;

Some amount of consultation.

Some
amount
of
overriding
the individual agendas.

Decision Makers and the Zero Sum

Game

Decision making should not be a

zero sum game “where one party
benefits at the expense of the
other”.

It is common in many organizations

for decision makers to favor one
group over the other which results
in a situation where one group wins
and the other group loses.

“The zero sum game” indicates that

decisions are taken to benefit one
group over the other.

There should be an alternative to

this situation, where decision making
is done to produce synergies instead
of loosing one group.

This synergies result when decision

making is carried out in such a way
that the eventual decision takes into
account needs of all groups.

The vision and leadership qualities of the decision makers

play an important role in determining whether decisions
result in zero sum situations or whether they result in
everybody winning.

When decision makers take decisions based on their innate

vision and leadership abilities, the result is that all parties are
winners.

This is the scenario where statesmen and leaders often take

decisions by persuading the parties with their charisma and
personality.

Steps in Decision Making Process

Decision Making Process

Being able to take a good decision is important for everyone,

whether you are a student, a teacher, a manager, a principal,
a president, a leader etc.

A student has to take decisions about his career.

A president has to take decisions regarding his country’s benefit.

A manager has to take decisions regarding his company and likewise

the leader of any institution.

The meaning of decision in Latin is to ‘cut off’.

This means that from all the available alternatives,

you choose one thing and then cut off from all the
other alternatives.

Choosing the right option from all the available

alternatives is very hard to do.

Decision making process requires;

Thinking process

It allows you to judge each and every thing.

Time

Taking too little time to take decisions or taking too much time to

execute your decision can cause many problems for you.

Knowledge and past experiences

If you have knowledge, you can find out different alternatives for the

problem faced.

Making
decisions
without
having
proper
knowledge
about
the problem can cause difficulties.

Whether the problem is big

or small, these steps show
the right path to solve your
problem and will lead you
towards progression.

Curious Observation

First Step in Decision Making

Process
These
two
words,
the
curiosity
and
observation
are
very

important for a decision making process.

Curiosity

Curiosity means the desire

to know or learn about
something.

A person who is curious does not

accept anything easily. He always
has skepticism towards everything.

questions
and
try
to
search

The
curious
people
always
ask

the

answers for their questions.

Being curious can help you in taking

proper decisions.

How curiosity helps in decision making process?

It makes you identify situations in which decisions has to be

made on the spot or in the future.

It stimulates other processes that help you in decision making

like:

– Questioning, inquiring about things, experimentation, visualization,

skepticism, evaluation, identification of different patterns, imaginative
thought, logical reasoning, prediction, inference etc.

All
these
processes
will
lead
you
towards
appropriate

decisions.

Hoe to improve your curiosity?

Reading newspapers, magazines, books etc.

Indulge yourself in discussions with family and friends.

Attend different exhibitions and conventions.

Try to make a habit of questioning about everything and not

accepting each and every thing as a fact.

Observation
helps
you
to
identify
every
significant
detail regarding your problem and its solution.

It is important that you closely observe everything related to

your problem.

Note
down
each
and
every
details
that
you
have
gathered through your observation.

If you are running a company and you

have to take a decision which is “from
which supplier you will buy your
products?”

The first thing that will help you in decision

making is through observation of the sample
products.

Through observation you can analyze the

quality of product and then by following the
further steps of decision making you can
take a better decision for your company.

Curious Observation
Curious
observation
makes
decision
process
easy
and effective.

During the decision making process, don’t stop your thinking

process and think over the problem again and again.

Set your thought free and try to improve your thinking skills.

Imagine and visualize the whole scenario in your mind so that

you can predict the outcome of your decision.

Curiosity during the decision making process will lead

you to dissatisfaction, and dissatisfaction will lead
towards improvement in your decision making
abilities.

This first step of curious observation is very

important step and a good decision maker always
follows this step.

Implement this step in your decision making process

and get good outcomes.

Concept of Entrepreneurship 
Entrepreneurship is the ability and readiness to develop,
organize and run a business  enterprise, along with any of its
uncertainties in order to make a profit. The most prominent 
example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses. 
In economics, entrepreneurship connected with land,
labor, natural resources and capital  can generate a profit. The
entrepreneurial vision is defined by discovery and risk-taking
and is an  indispensable part of a nation’s capacity to succeed in
an ever-changing and more competitive  global marketplace. 
 What do you mean by? 
• Entrepreneur (oxford dictionary): Person who undertakes an
enterprise with chances of  profit or loss. 
• Enterprise (oxford dictionary): Bold Undertaking. 
• Entrepreneur (New Encyclopedia Britannica): An individual
who bears the risk of  operating business in the face of
uncertainty about the future conditions. 
Common Meaning: one who starts his own, new and small
business. 

Entrepreneurship: 
- It is a philosophy or process through which an entrepreneur
seeks innovation and  employment.  
Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship Enterprise 
 Person Process or Philosophy Object 
 Entre – enter Pre – before Neur – Nerve Centre
Entrepreneurship can be described as a creative and
innovative response to the environment. 

Meaning of Entrepreneur 
The entrepreneur is defined as someone who has the
ability and desire to establish,  administer and succeed in a
startup venture along with risk entitled to it, to make profits. The
best  example of entrepreneurship is the starting of a new
business venture. The entrepreneurs are  often known as a
source of new ideas or innovators, and bring new ideas in the
market by  replacing old with a new invention. 
It can be classified into small or home business to
multinational companies. In economics,  the profits that an
entrepreneur makes is with a combination of land, natural
resources, labor and  capital. 
In a nutshell, anyone who has the will and determination
to start a new company and deals  with all the risks that go with
it can become an Entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurship Theories 
• 1600: French verb- Entreprendre – to undertake 
• 1700: Person bearing Risks of Profit in a fixed price contract (Risk) 
• 1725: Richard Cantillon – Person bearing risks is different from Capital
Supplier (Risk) 
• 1803: J. B. Say – Shifts economic resources out of an area of
lower into an area of higher  productivity & greater yields
(Value Addition) 
• 1934: Joseph Schumpeter – Innovator and develops untried
technology (Productivity &  Innovation) 
• 1961: David McClelland – highly motivated, energetic,
moderate risk taker (Need for  achievement) 
• 1964: Peter Drucker – Searches for change, responds to it &
exploits as opportunity  (Opportunity Focused) 
• 1980: Karl Vesper – Behaviour Perceptions- Economists,
Psychologists, Businessmen,  Politicians (Environment) 
• 1983: Gifford Pinchot - Intrapreneur 
• 1985: Robert Hisrich - Creating something different with value,
devoting time & effort,  assuming risks (FPS); results-
rewards and satisfaction (Leadership & Vision) 
How do you define an entrepreneur in the 21 st

Century? 

Entrepreneurship 
Is the process of creating something different with value
by devoting the necessary time  and effort, assuming the
accompanying financial, psychic, social risks and receiving the
resulting  rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and
independence?  

The Nature and Development of Entrepreneurship 

Entrepreneur stems from French Verb “Entreprendre”
means between – taker or go between. New Definition
involves four aspects: 
• The creation processes 
• The devotion of time and efforts 
• The assumption of risks 
• Rewards of independence, satisfaction, money.  

Advantages of Entrepreneurship 
- To an Individual 
• Self-Employment 
• Employment for near & dear 
• Prolonged career for next generations 
• Freedom to use own ideas - Innovation and creativity 
• Unlimited income / higher retained income 
 • Independence 
• Satisfaction
- To the Nation 
• Provides larger employment 
• Results in wider distribution of wealth 
• Mobilizes local resources, skills and savings 
• Accelerates the pace of economic development 
• Stimulates innovation & efficiency 

Factors favoring Entrepreneurship 

• Growth of education-
science, technology &
management • Developed
infrastructure facilities 
• Financial assistance 
• Training facilities 
• Protective and promotional policies 
• Globalization 
Think of numerous other factors? 

What makes a Successful Entrepreneur? 

• The urge for achievement 
• Determination to win 
• Win-Win Personality 
• Willingness to take moderate risks 
• Ability to identify & explore opportunities 
• Analytical ability to take strategic decisions 
• Perseverance 
• Flexibility 
• Capacity to plan and organize 
• Preparedness to undergo
physical and emotional
stress • Positive self-
concept 
• Future orientation: Vision 
• Ethics and Values: Mission 
 Who can be an Entrepreneur? 
• Who can take moderate risks? 
• Who has ability to work hard? 
• Who can capitalize on opportunities? 
• Who has some financial strength? 
• Who feels the need for achievement? 
• Who has desire for responsibility?
• Who has
perception of
probability of
success? • Who
gets stimulation
by feedback? 
• Who possess skills in organizing? 
• Who can be male or female? 
• Who may not have previous experience? 

Characteristics of an Entrepreneur 
• Mental ability 
• Clear objectives 
• Business secrecy 
• H.R. ability 
• Communication ability 
• Technical knowledge 
• Achievement-oriented 
• Perseverance 
• Ethical 

Key elements of entrepreneur • Innovation 

• Vision  
• Ethics & Values 
• Organizing Skills 
• Risk taking 
• Need for Achievement 
• Motivator 
• Self-confident 
• Long term involvement • High energy level • Problem solver 
• Initiator 
• Goal setter 
• Risk taker 

Entrepreneur’s
Background and
Characteristics •
Family environment 
• Education 
• Age  
• Physical attributes 
• Marital status 
• Working history 
• Professional contacts 
• Personal values 
• Lifestyle
Creativity 
- Creativity is the act of channeling imagination into
something concrete. It is the very first  stage of design,
where ideas start to actually take form, and a plan can be
developed.  
Examples of creativity: 
In the case of Uber, creativity was necessary in
producing the concept of ride sharing and  of making driving
jobs accessible to any individual. Another example can be the
Google Glass,  which although were very creative at the time
(new, different in the market), were not necessarily  innovative
(monetary return over investment made by the company). 
Invention 
- Invention is the physical creation of a new concept or idea.
Also, from Nesta’s innovation  policy took it, it is defined as
The creation of an idea to do or make something without 
verification that it works, or is commercially valuable.
Invention cannot occur without  creativity, but just creativity
is not enough to properly develop an idea.  
Examples of Invention:  
• Product designs, business models, or working prototypes. 
• Uber channeled invention in creating a solid and working
business model, based upon the  ideas they had formed in
the creation stage. 

Innovation 
- Innovation ties everything together in business. According to
British Standards, Innovation is the successful exploitation of
new ideas. It involves turning an  invention into a
commercial success and encouraging its widespread use.
This is the stage  where bold ideas, once properly
developed, are brought to the public eye. This is what  Uber
 has achieved, now that its product is in use all over the
world and benefits people  everywhere. 
Examples of Innovation: 
1. Successful products and services like Care of,
Amazon Scout, Impossible Food,  Google’s self-driving
taxis, … 
2. Successful process innovations like Amazon
predictive orders, or additive  manufacturing processes. 

Once again, Innovation cannot happen without creativity or

invention, and neither  
creativity nor invention is useful in business if not properly
executed. As can be clearly seen in  the example of Uber, all
the three steps are crucial in order to create a profitable
business. 
Uber achieved innovation through creative ideas, a profitable
business plan, and  
widespread marketing, all of which allowed the product to
completely change the car sharing  industry. These three
stages are steps that will allow you to create and
commercialize your  product, and make your business grow
and succeed.
What are the 4 Types of Entrepreneurship? 
1. Small Business Entrepreneurship 
2. Scalable Startup Entrepreneurship 
3. Large Company Entrepreneurship 
4. Social Entrepreneurship 

Small Business Entrepreneurship  

- These businesses are a hairdresser, grocery store, travel
agent, consultant, carpenter,  plumber, electrician, etc.
These people run or own their own business and hire family 
members or local employee. For them, the profit would be
able to feed their family and not  making 100 million
business or taking over an industry. They fund their
business by taking  small business loans or loans from
friends and family. 

Scalable Startup Entrepreneurship  

- This start-up entrepreneur starts a business knowing that their
vision can change the  world. They attract investors who
think and encourage people who think out of the box.  The
research focuses on a scalable business and experimental
models, so, they hire the  best and the brightest employees.
They require more venture capital to fuel and back their 
project or business. 
Large Company Entrepreneurship  
- These huge companies have defined life-cycle. Most of these
companies grow and sustain  by offering new and innovative
products that revolve around their main products. The 
change in technology, customer preferences, new
competition, etc., build pressure for  large companies to
create an innovative product and sell it to the new set of
customers in  the new market. To cope with the rapid
technological changes, the existing organizations  either buy
innovation enterprises or attempt to construct the product
internally. 
Social Entrepreneurship  
- This type of entrepreneurship focuses on producing product
and services that resolve  social needs and problems. Their
only motto and goal is to work for society and not make  any
profits. 

Characteristics of Entrepreneurship 
Not all entrepreneurs are successful; there are definite
characteristics that make entrepreneurship  successful. A few of
them are mentioned below: 
1. Ability to take a risk 
2. Innovation 
3. Visionary and Leadership quality 
4. Open-Minded 
5. Flexible 
6. Know your Product 
1. Ability to take a risk 
- Starting any new venture involves a considerable amount of
failure risk. Therefore, an  entrepreneur needs to be
courageous and able to evaluate and take risks, which is an 
essential part of being an entrepreneur.
2. Innovation 
- It should be highly innovative to generate new ideas, start a
company and earn profits out  of it. Change can be the
launching of a new product that is new to the market or a
process  that does the same thing but in a more efficient and
economical way. 
3. Visionary and Leadership quality 
- To be successful, the entrepreneur should have a clear vision
of his new venture.  However, to turn the idea into reality, a
lot of resources and employees are required. Here, 
leadership quality is paramount because leaders impart and
guide their employees  towards the right path of success. 
4. Open-Minded 
- In a business, every circumstance can be an opportunity and
used for the benefit of a  company. For example, Paytm
recognized the gravity of demonetization and  acknowledged
the need for online transactions would be more, so it utilized
the situation  and expanded massively during this time. 
5. Flexible 
- An entrepreneur should be flexible and open to change
according to the situation. To be  on the top, a
businessperson should be equipped to embrace change in a
product and  service, as and when needed. 
6. Know your Product 
- A company owner should know the product offerings and also
be aware of the latest trend  in the market. It is essential to
know if the available product or service meets the demands 
of the current market, or whether it is time to tweak it a little.
Being able to be accountable  and then alter as needed is a
vital part of entrepreneurship. 

Importance of Entrepreneurship 
- Creation of Employment 
➢ Entrepreneurship generates employment. It provides
an entry-level job, required  for gaining experience
and training for unskilled workers. 

- Innovation 
➢ It is the hub of innovation that provides new
product ventures, market, technology  and quality of
goods, etc., and increase the standard of living of
people. 

- Impact on Society and Community Development 

➢ A society becomes greater if the employment base is
large and diversified. It brings  about changes in
society and promotes facilities like higher
expenditure on  education, better sanitation, fewer
slums, a higher level of homeownership.  Therefore,
entrepreneurship assists the organization towards a
more stable and  high quality of community life. 

- Increase Standard of Living 

➢ Entrepreneurship helps to improve the standard of
living of a person by increasing  the income. The
standard of living means, increase in the
consumption of various  goods and services by a
household for a particular period. 

- Supports research and development 

 ➢ New products and services need to be researched
and tested before launching in  the market.
Therefore, an entrepreneur also dispenses finance
for research and  development with research
institutions and universities. This promotes research, 
general construction, and development in the
economy.
Entrepreneurs Spur Economic Growth 
New products and services created by entrepreneurs
can produce a cascading effect,  where it stimulates related
businesses or sectors that need to support the new venture,
furthering  economic development. 
For example, a few information technology companies
made up the IT industry in India  during the 1990s. The industry
quickly expanded and many other sectors benefited from it. 
Businesses in associated industries—such as call center
operations, network maintenance  companies, and hardware
providers—flourished. 
Education and training institutes nurtured a new class of
IT workers who were offered  better, high-paying jobs.
Infrastructure development organizations and even real estate 
companies capitalized on this growth as workers migrated to
cities where employment was  growing. 
Similarly, future development efforts in underdeveloped
countries require robust logistics  support, capital investments,
and a qualified workforce. From the highly qualified programmer
to  the construction worker, entrepreneurship benefits a large
part of the economy. 

Entrepreneurs Add to National Income 

Entrepreneurial ventures help generate new wealth.
Existing businesses may remain  confined to existing markets
and may hit the glass ceiling in terms of income. New and
improved  products, services or technology from entrepreneurs
enable new markets to be developed and  new wealth to be
created. 
Additionally, increased employment and higher earnings
contribute to better national  income in the form of higher tax
revenue and higher government spending. This revenue can be 
used by the government to invest in other, struggling sectors
and human capital. Although it may  make a few existing players
redundant, the government can soften the blow by redirecting
surplus  wealth to retrain workers. 

Entrepreneurs Create Social Change 

Through offering unique goods and services,
entrepreneurs break away from tradition and  reduce
dependence on obsolete systems and technologies. This results
in an improved quality of  life, improved morale, and greater
economic freedom. 
For example, the water supply in a water-scarce region
will, at times, force people to stop  working to collect water. This
will impact their business, productivity, and income. Imagine an 
innovative and automatic pump that can fill people's water
containers automatically. This type of  innovation ensures
people are able to focus on their jobs without worrying about a
basic necessity  like water. More time to devote to work
translates to economic growth. 
For a more contemporary example, smartphones and
apps have revolutionized work and  play across the globe.
Smartphones are not exclusive to wealthy countries or people.
As the  growth of the smartphone market continues,
technological entrepreneurship can have a profound,  long-
lasting impact on the world. 
Moreover, the globalization of technology means
entrepreneurs in lesser-developed  countries have access to the
same tools as their counterparts in richer countries. They also
have  the advantage of a lower cost of living, so a young
entrepreneur from an underdeveloped country  can compete
with a multi-million-dollar existing product from a developed
country. 

Community Development  
Entrepreneurs regularly nurture ventures by other like-
minded individuals. They also  invest in community projects and
provide financial support to local charities. This enables further 
development beyond their own ventures.
Some famous entrepreneurs, such as Bill Gates, have
used their money to finance good  causes, from education to
public health. The qualities that make one an entrepreneur are
the  same qualities that help motivate entrepreneurs to pay it
forward. 

These are some entrepreneurs who help community

development by building community  charities: 
 Mark Zuckerberg Warren Buffett Bill
Gates

What is Election ?

Election is the formal decision-making

process by which the people choose
their officials for definite and fixed
periods.

What is Election ?

General Election – are those held for the

purpose of electing national and local officials
simultaneously

National Elections – are those conducted to

elect the President, Vice President and
members of Congress

Local Elections – those held for the purpose of

selecting officials in the region, provinces,
cities and municipalities

Special Elections – held on a date different

from that of regular elections

Why Should I Participate?

To have the opportunity to

choose our leaders

What’s in it for me?

Just like text voting,

you get heard and counted.

Qualifications to be a
Registered Voter

All citizens of the Philippines not otherwise

disqualified by law

At least eighteen (18) years of age on the

day of the election

Have resided in the Philippines for at least

one (1) year, and in the place wherein they
propose to vote, for at least six (6) months
immediately preceding the election.

Disqualification from being a

Registered Voter

1. Any person who has been sentenced by final

judgment to suffer imprisonment of not less
than 1 year

2. Any person who has been adjudged by final

judgment by a competent court or tribunal of
having committed any crime involving
disloyalty to the duly constituted government

3. Insane or incompetent persons declared as

such by competent authority

ARTICLE V of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines

SUFFRAGE may be exercised by all citizens of

the Philippines, not otherwise disqualified
by law, who are at least eighteen years of
age, and who shall have resided in the
Philippines for at least one year and in the
place wherein they propose to vote, for at
least six months immediately preceding
the election. No literacy, property, or
other substantive requirement shall be
imposed on the exercise of suffrage.

Suffrage is on of the political rights enjoyed

by citizens of the country

This is because through the exercise of

suffrage, citizens can participate in the
establishment and administration of
government

Thus, it includes election, plebiscite,

referendum, initiative and recall

The Congress shall provide a system for

securing the secrecy and sanctity of the
ballot as well as a system for absentee
voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.

The Congress shall also design a procedure

for the disabled and the illiterates to vote
without the assistance of other persons.
Until then, they shall be allowed to vote
under existing laws and such rules as the
Commission on Elections may promulgate
to protect the secrecy of the ballot.

Election – means by which people choose

their official for definite and fixed period s
and to whom they entrust, for the time being
as their represntatives, the exercise of
powers of government.

Plebiscite – the vote of the people expressing

their choice for or against a proposed law or
enactment submitted to them

Referendum – the submission of a law by the

national or local legislative to the voting
citizens of a country for their ratification

Initiative – the process whereby the people

directly propose and enact law

Recall – tenure method by which a public

officer may be removed from office during
or before the expiration of his term by a
vote of the people after registration of a
petition signed by a required percentage of
voters.

Scope of Suffrage

As a final note, the importance of suffrage

cannot be over emphasized as it is the
bedrock of the Philippine Democracy and
Republicanism

Removed, then the Philippines is no longer

democratic nor a Republic

“The Philippines is a republican and

democratic state. Sovereignty resides in
the people and all government authority
emanates from them.”

>We elect our officials directly

> Officials serve for fixed terms

> Officials are directly accountable

to the people
The Government

Executive
Implements programs & projects

Monitors programs & projects

Provides basic services

Performs ceremonial functions

Legislative

Reviews & evaluates proposals,

position papers

Conducts research on proposed bills &

position papers

Consults experts

Defends & analyzes proposed bills

R - Righteous Governance

I - Integrity

G - Giftedness

H - Heart

T - Track Record

R - Righteous Governance

What qualities should I look for?

How does your candidate decide on issues?

How does he lead his family, constituents?

Does he/she make decisions that promote justice,

righteousness and peace for all law-abiding Filipinos?

Does he/she use his influence as a platform for

governing with prudence and foresight for the good of
many?

A candidate who governs righteously does not accept or

offer bribes, and leads an example of eradicating graft
and corruption within his area of influence.

I - Integrity

What qualities should I look for?

A person of integrity is not a perfect individual;

rather, he or she is someone who desires to be
accountable to those he leads.

His walk should match his talk, and his public image
must not be a result of a clever media makeover, but
should be based on a solid character of trustworthiness.

If and when he/she makes wrong decisions, he/she

must be willing to take responsibility for it and not put
the blame on his predecessors, or other people.

G - Giftedness

What qualities should I look for?

A candidate for a public office must have the qualifications

and abilities necessary to carry out his/her responsibilities
successfully.

A candidate must also have the strengths, personality traits

and innate capabilities needed to serve in the particular office
he/she seeks to serve in.

Some candidates will be good as executives but will make for

mediocre lawmakers or legislators, and vice versa. Others
will be great managers, but will not be as effective in drug
busting. Still others are visionaries who can inspire greatness
in those they lead, but will fail as implementers of their
dreams.

H - Heart

What qualities should I look for?

How is your candidate’s heart for God, for people and for our
nation?

Does he/she see himself/herself as answerable not only to people,

but to Someone infinitely higher than him/her?

The heart, in my opinion, is the most important characteristic not

only of a leader but also of every single citizen of this country.

This is true because the heart of the problem of this nation is the
problem of the heart.

Genuine change should come from the inside out.

To have genuine reform Jesus said, “I am the way…”

T – Track Record

What qualities should I look for?

Look for your candidate’s track record in a previously

held public office.
If he/she is entering politics for the first time, consider
how this candidate has proven himself/herself in his
chosen profession or area of expertise before running
for office.

You need to also be informed about your candidate’s

track record in the other points of the guidelines I have
just explained to you.

Do you see a good pattern of righteous governance,

integrity, giftedness and heart?

What is the value of your vote?

equal chance for a vote, whether rich

or poor

guaranteed opportunity to participate

Your vote will mean:

better services from the executive

better policies and laws from the legislative

a brighter future for us, Filipinos

What should I do?

Pray for the election, the COMELEC, the

candidates and the voters

Organize /attend Candidate’s Forum to know

their programs, track record and platforms

Rally your community to vote right

Help educate your friends to Vote RIGHT.

Vote RIGHT

Watch the count, be a Poll Watcher

How will I vote now?

Estimated 47,000,000 registered voters

44,009,069 registered voters - as of April 20, 2009 ERB

Hearing

58,327 registration records cancelled by reason of death

1,246,272 registration records deactivated

Last ERB Hearing on November 16, 2009

80 Provinces

1,631 cities and municipalities

320,415 Established Precincts (estimate)

80,136 Clustered Precincts (estimate)

37,884 Polling Centers (estimate)

82,200 PCOS Machines

80,136 PCOS Machines for distribution to clustered precincts

The automation of the 2010

elections is a massive
transformational exercise that
will usher in a new era of
credible elections.

Health

Definition of Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and

social well-being not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.

Is the absence of any disease.

Importance of Good Health

Being healthy should be part of your overall

lifestyle. Living a healthy lifestyle can help
prevent chronic diseases and long-term
illnesses. Feeling good about yourself and
taking care of your health are important for
your self-esteem and self-image. Maintain
a healthy lifestyle by doing what is right for
your body.

5 Main Aspects of Health

Physical

Emotional

Social

Spiritual

Intellectual

Physical Health

Physical Health
is defined as the ability to carry out daily
tasks with vigor.

promotes care of our bodies for optimal

health and functioning.

Physical Health

Examples:

Regular exercise

Balanced diet

Proper sleep

Cutting down of smoking, alcohol, and

Drugs

Physical Health

Physical activity or exercise can improve your

health and reduce the risk of developing
several diseases like type 2 diabetes, cancer
and cardiovascular disease.

Emotional Health

The ability to control emotions and express

them appropriately and comfortably.

You are aware of your emotions. You can

deal with them, whether they’re positive or
negative, but still they can feel stress,
anger, and sadness. But they know how to
manage their negative feelings.

Emotional Health

Example:

Love.

Joy.

Satisfaction.

Contentment.

Interest.

Amusement.

Happiness.

Serenity.
Did you know?

Anger weakens your liver

Grief weakens your lungs

Worry weakens your stomach

Stress weakens your heart and brain

Fear weakens your kidney

Social Health

as a guiding sense of meaning or value in

life, and may involve a belief in some
unifying or universal force.

ability to interact and form meaningful

relationships with others.

Social Health

Examples:

Balancing your social and personal time.

Being your true self at all times.

Engaging with people in your community.

Treating others with respect.

Maintaining and building strong

relationships with friends.

6 Health Benefits of Being Social

Add years to your life

Reduce the risk of stroke

Boost your immune system

Encourage good habit

Lower or delay your memory

Relieve pain

Spiritual Health

As a guiding sense of meaning or value in

life, and may involve a belief in some
unifying or universal force.

Aspects of our well-being which organizes

the value, the relationships, and the
meaning and purpose of our lives.

Spiritual Health

Examples

Social contributions

Belonging to the group

Fellowship

Forgiveness

Expression of compassion

6 Ways to Improve Your Spiritual Health

Explore your spiritual core

Look for deeper meanings

Get it out

Try yoga

Think positively

Take time to meditate

Intellectual Health

is defined as the ability to learn, grow from

experience, and utilize intellectual
capabilities

refers to being open to new ideas and

experiences, and the desire to increase
understanding, improve skills, and
continually challenge yourself

Intellectual Health

Examples:

Learning a foreign language.

Reading for fun.

Working on puzzles such as jigsaws,

crosswords, or Sudoku.

Playing a board or card game.

Writing in a journal.
Playing a musical instrument.

5 Ways to improve your intellectual health

Reading books

Trying new things

Going to workshops

Doing research

Asking questions

HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM

•   In human body, immune system plays a very crucial role acting as a    defensive coat against many
infectious organisms like harmful bacteria and viruses.
•  The human immune system is functional in layers in body    parts like skin, nose, throat, blood,
digestive system, etc. To stay fit and health the role of immune system is quite important. 
•   Sometimes problems with the immune system can lead to illness and infection. To keep ourselves
healthy we need strong immune system, and that can be done with the help of fruits, vegetable,
proportionate water, and exercise

Possible Causes of Low Immune System

> Diets high in saturated or hydrogenated fat 

> High sugary foods

> Nutrient deficiencies 

> Poor gut flora 

> Lack of fruit and vegetables 

> Lack of essential fats such as fish 

> Excessive alcohol, drugs or smoking 

> Chemical pollutants 

> Stress 

> Lack of sleep

Symptoms of Low Immune System

> Allergies and food sensitivities 

> Feeling very tired all the time 

> Frequent colds or flues 

> Sore throat 

> Swollen glands

 > Headaches 

> Aching muscles

IMMUNE BOOSTING TIPS

 Stress Management

Stress is one of the prime reasons for weakening of the   immune system. Stress reduction techniques
like yoga, meditation, tai chi, or chi qong can help you to maintain your immune system.

Sleep

Each person has their own unique sleep requirement. Learn how much sleep is right for you and make
sure you get that amount.

Green Leafy Vegetables

Fresh green leafy vegetables help in promoting immune health. Spinach, cabbage broccoli, and other
green vegetables are thus extremely beneficial for your overall health. These green vegetables are not
only rich in antioxidants but also contain important phytochemicals that boosts the immune system.

 Fruits for Immune System

Eating fruits give a person so much vitamins, minerals, as well as the amazing antioxidant  Phyto-
chemicals which help fight diseases such as cancer, heart disease, high blood, among many other
things.
Water for Better Immune

Drinking plenty of water flushes toxins and ensures that your cells get all of the oxygen they need to
function as they were meant to. 

Work Outs

Exercise increases circulation and helps regulate the immune system and hormones that influence the
healing process

Supplements for Immune

 Colostrum: These supplements are used by athletes to increase their muscle mass which helps to
improve their performance.

 Multivitamins: Studies show how multivitamins enhance the immune system and deliver nutrients
that the body needs for good health.

Vitamin C:  It is involved in white blood cell production, T cells and macrophages. Without Vitamin C in
adequate quantities, our own body's best defense against disease is left without fuel.

What to Avoid?

> Caffeine

> Alcohol

> Sugar

STRESS
MANAGEMENT

The amelioration of stress and especially

chronic stress often for the purpose of
improving everyday functioning

It helps you break the hold stress has on

your life so you can be productive.

The ultimate goal of stress management is a

balanced life.
What is Stress?

Stress can have a big impact on your body, it is the

body’s automatic response to any physical or mental
demand placed on it.

It is a feeling of emotion or physical tension and the

body reacts to these changes .

It can be experienced from your body, your

environment, and your thoughts.

Anything that puts high demands on you can be

Stressful

"Stress results from an imbalance between demands and resources."

-- Lazarus, R.S. and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping, New York: Springer

"Stress is the inability to cope with a perceived or real threat to one's mental,
physical, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing which results in a number of
physiological responses and adaptations."

-- Seaward, Brian L. (1994). Managing Stress, Jones and Bartlett, London.

CAUSES OF STRESS

Technology

Personal problem

Family problem

Working environment

Job insecurity

High performance demand

SIGNS OF STRESS

Physical, Emotional & Behavioral

SIGNS OF STRESS

Physical, Emotional & Behavioral

PHYSICAL

Racing Heart

Shaky Hands/Legs

High Blood Pressure

Clenching Fists

Headaches

Tenseness

EMOTIONAL

Anxiety

Fear

Irritability

Impatience

Depression

Inability to Focus

BEHAVIORAL

Change in Appetite

Difficulty Sleeping

Forgetfulness

Acting Out

Social Withdrawal/Avoidance

Increased use of Caffeine and Other

Substances

TYPES OF STRESS

Acute stress, Episodic acute stress, and Chronic stress

ACUTE STRESS

The most common form of stress

It is usually for short time

It may be due to meeting deadlines, work,

pressure, and physical activity

Symptoms are headaches, stomach problems,

rapid heartbeat, back pain, and muscle aches.

It can crop up in anyone’s life and it is highly

treatable and manageable

STRESS RELIEF TECHNIQUE

Progressive Muscle Relaxation: Just like in

Breathing exercise, this will give you a moment to
calm down.

Breathing Exercise: Good for acute stress because

they work rapidly.

Cognitive Reframing: Learn to change the way you

look at the situation to manage your stress levels.

Mini-Meditation: A 5-minute meditation technique

to help you calm down in the moment.

BATTLING BURNOUT STRESS

Burnout is the result of the prolonged chronic stress of circumstances

that leave people feeling a lack of control in their lives.

It is impossible to retain drive to work and do what you need to do

after you hit a state of burnout.

A higher likelihood of burnout may be generated by certain

circumstances of a work

This includes lack of appreciation for achievements, and a high level

of risk of negative effects when mistakes are made

STRESS RELIEF TECHNIQUE

Indulge in Hobbies: To engage in your hobbies, don’t wait until your life
calms down.

Get more laughter into your life: Laughter will contribute to greater
physical wellbeing and bring happiness to the day.

Make your weekends Count: For less hassle, learn how to bring some of
your weekend into your work week.

Take some time off: If you never take time off on your holiday, this is when
you’re supposed to star.

Get more enjoyment out of your current job: When you land in a position
that you don’t enjoy, all is not lost. Learn how your work will be more
satisfying.

CHRONIC STRESS

The most serious of all stress types.

It is a prolonged stress that exists for weeks, months, or years

It may be due to broken family, poverty, chronic illness, and

successive failures in life.

The people that are suffering from this type of stress may
even not realize that they are under chronic stress

Symptoms are difficult to teat and may require behavioral

treatment and stress management

STRESS RELIEF TECHNIQUE

Meditate Regularly: A regular meditation practice will help build your

overall resilience to stress while quick meditations are great for dealing with
acute stress.

Exercise Regularly: For many factors, exercise and stress management are
closely related.

Cultivate Supportive: Relationships: It is an essential coping mechanism to

provide a strong support team.

Maintain a Healthy Diet: Fueling your body properly will assist with
overall levels of tension, and it can function better for your whole system.

Listen to Music: Music will serve as a beautiful soundtrack to daily

activities, mitigating tension.

WAYS TO MANAGE
STRESS

Exercise

breathing techniques

Guided imagery

Yoga

Work out routine

Eat Healthy

Practicing Positive Self-Talk

Limit negative people in your life

Time Management

Other Helpful tips

Changing perceptions and expectations

Break jobs/tasks into manageable parts

Set reasonable/realistic goals

Avoid procrastination

Set boundaries

Don’t compromise your values/beliefs

Schedule “me” time

Avoid caffeine

Coping
Strategies

Be realistic: Set limits. Say no to extra responsibility or

activities if feeling overwhelmed.

Stop being a superhero: No one is perfect so don't expect that

from yourself or others. What really needs to get done? Is a
deadline realistic? Ask for help when needed.

Take one thing at a time: When feeling overwhelmed by

many tasks, pick one urgent task. Complete one task before
moving onto another.

Go easy on the criticism: Expectations for self and others can

be too high, setting people up to fail.

Share feelings: Stay in touch with people! Friends can provide

a sounding board, show support and provide guidance.

Benefits of
Stress Management

Physical health gets better

more energy and stamina

Emotions stabilized

positive attitude

hopeful/happier

Ability to focus improved

able to learn and achieve

ABC STRATEGY

A = Awareness

B = Balance

C = Control

HOW WOULD YOU

DEFINE
HEALTH?

Health is a state of complete physical,

mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease.

In other words, just because you feel

okay doesn't mean you are okay!
HOW WOULD YOU
DEFINE
WELLNESS?

interactive process of
becoming aware of and
practicing healthy
choices to create a more
successful & balanced life

✦You have to know and

understand how to
become “well” before
you are “well”

HEALTH AND
WELLNESS

Bell Ringer:

What are the top 10 causes of death in the United

States for people of all ages?

Think about it, talk about with your neighbor

TOP 10 CAUSES OF
DEATH

Heart

Disease

Cancer

Lung

Disease

Stroke

Accidents

✦Alzheimer's Disease

✦Diabetes

✦Kidney Disease

✦Influenza/
Pneumonia

✦Suicide

BEHAVIORS THAT PROMOTE

WELLNESS

Being a smart
consumer

Exercising at least 3
times per week for
60 minutes

Eating a variety of
foods from all the
food groups

Eating a diet low in

fat, cholesterol &
sodium

Learning to control anger

& aggression

Having fun –taking time

for yourself to play/relax

Avoiding alcohol, drugs &

tobacco

Being in a positive
environment – surrounded
by good role models, good
people, good social life

BENEFITS OF
WELLNESS

Stronger heart, body and mind

Less stress

Better able to deal with stressful

situations

Increased life expectancy & better

quality of life

Lower cholesterol

Better/more positive self-esteem

Easier to meet new people and

CHARACTERISTICS OF A
WELLNESS
LIFESTYLE…

Strong sense of personal

responsibility

Exceptional physical
fitness
Positive outlook

Joy in life & openness to

new discoveries about the

meaning and purpose of

Life

COMPONENTS OF
WELLNESS

✦Social

✦ Physical

✦ Psychological

✦ Intellectual

✦Environmental

✦Spiritual

SOCIAL
WELLNESS

The ability to
meet new people
of all ages and
interact with folks
you may not know
that well

PHYSICAL
WELLNESS

✦The ability to go through your day and

still have enough energy to do other
activities

✦Being physically fit with a strong heart

and body

PSYCHOLOGICAL
WELLNESS

Accepting your
emotions & feelings,
realistically and
being able to
evaluate your
limitations, working
through problems,
setting goals
INTELLECTUAL
WELLNESS

Creative &
stimulating mental
activities, using
available resources
to expand
knowledge & skills

ENVIRONMENTAL
Ability to care for
the environment,
knowing its'
resources and how
to take care of it

SPIRITUAL
WELLNESS
Exploring the
meaning of life
Asking; who am I?
Why do I exist?

Appreciating the
beauty of your
Surroundings

ASSESSING YOUR WELLNESS

How did your wheel turn out? Was it balance or unbalanced? Was it a
large wheel or a small wheel?

It is best if our wheel is balanced and large.

BEHAVIORS THAT
CONTRIBUTE TO WELLNESS:

Be Physically Active: Human body designed to work best when active.

Benefits are both physical and mental, immediate and long-term.

Protects against chronic disease and lower risk of dying prematurely.

Choose a Healthy Diet: Provides necessary nutrients and sufficient

energy without also providing too much dietary substances linked to
diseases.

Americans have a diet too high in calories, unhealthy fats, added sugars, too
low in fiber, fruits, and vegetables.

Linked to a number of chronic diseases: heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure,
Type 2 Diabetes, and certain types of cancers.

Maintain a Healthy Body Weight: Requires a lifelong commitment to

regular exercise, a healthy diet, and effective stress management.

CDC estimates that obesity kills 112,000 American each year

Short-Term dieting is not part of fitness or wellness

Manage Stress Effectively: Find effective ways to handle stress and

incorporate them into daily life

Short-term- fatigue and sleep disturbances. Some cope by eating, drinking, or

smoking

Long-term- less efficient functioning of immune system

Avoid Tobacco, Drug, and Limit Alcohol Consumption-

Unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide are the top three leading causes
of death for 15 to 24 year olds.

Tobacco kills about 440,000 American each year. Lung cancer is the most
common form of cancer. Direct healthcare cost is $75 billion per year.

Protect yourself from Disease and Injury- Choose lifestyle strategies

such as being physically active and managing body weight to help
protect against chronic disease.

TAKE CARE OF YOUR HEALTH,

BECAUSE YOU’LL MISS IT
WHEN IT’S GONE.

Failing health affects:

Pursuit of education and/or career

Socializing

Travel

Meeting new people

Having or raising children

Hobbies and recreation

Food

Living independently

KEYS TO LONGER LIFE

Test cholesterol and take appropriate

actions if needed

Brisk walk 30 min/day

Seat belt

Olive oil vs. butter

Reduce or quit tobacco

Avoid sun excessive exposure

Question Dr.

Don’t worry

RECREAT
ION
Active Sports and Recreation
Two types of activities in the Physical Activity Pyramid are active sports
and active recreation. Do you know what active sports are? Do you know
what active recreation is? What are some types of active sports and
recreation? Do you perform active sports and recreation? When you finish
this lesson, you’ll know the answers to these questions. You’ll also know
some guidelines for making sports and recreation more fun by following
the rules.

What Are Active Sports?

You have probably played many different sports, but it may be hard for
you to describe exactly what makes a physical activity a sport. Sports are
physical activities that use the large muscles of the body. Sports have well-
defined rules and typically involve competition between individuals or
teams.
might run cross-country as a competitive sport, while another person might
run long distances not for com- petition but as a form of active recreation.
There are several kinds of sports. Some are quite vigorous and get the
heart to beat faster than normal, and others are less vigorous and are more
similar to lifestyle activities. Vigorous sports are often called active sports.
Soccer and tennis are examples of active sports.
Golf and bowling are examples of less vigorous sports. They’re similar in
intensity to moderate lifestyle activities such as walking, gardening, and
housework. These less active sports, like lifestyle activities, have health
benefits but aren’t especially good for building cardiovascular fitness. As
you’ll learn later in this chapter, active sports are a good way to build
cardiovascular fitness.
Some sports are more popular than others. Sports that many people
perform on a regular basis are con- sidered participation sports. Some
sports are called spectator sports because many people watch them  on TV
or in person. Sometimes a sport can be both a participation sport and a
spectator sport. For example, you might play baseball and also enjoy
watching it.
Sports in which many people participate at all ages are considered
lifetime sports. All sports have benefits, but it’s better to learn active
lifetime sports that you can participate in both now and as you grow older.
Choosing an active sport is a good idea because you get both health and
cardiovascular benefits if you do the sport regularly. Table 5.1 classifies
some of the most popular sports in our society. The table also rates the
popularity of sports by different age groups.

Rest or inactivity

Exercise
Sports have winners and losers. Sports also typically require a strategy (an
overall plan) and tactics (specific plans to meet your goals).
Exercise for flexibility
for strength and muscular endurance

Level 2
 Chess and card games are typically not considered sports because they
don’t use the large muscles of the body. Games that don’t have  well-
defined rules and that aren’t highly competitive, such
as children’s games, aren’t considered sports

Active aerobics
Active sports and recreation
F= 3-6 days a week
I = Moderate to vigorous (increased heart rate)
T= 20 or more minutes
even though they use large muscles.
Sometimes a sport can be done as a form of active recreation. For
example, one person
Lifestyle physical activity

Active sports and active recreation are at level 2 of the Physical Activity Pyramid.
As indicated in table 5.1, sports are often classi- fied as individual sports
or team sports.

Individual sports are those that you can do by yourself or as an individual. For
example, you can play golf by yourself. Tennis is also considered to be an
individual sport even though you need at least one other player to play a
game. One advantage of individual sports is that they’re easier to do for a
lifetime because you need at most only one other person to play.




Team sports require other players. Softball, bas- ketball, and soccer are
examples of team sports. Team sports are very popular with people of school
age because schools and communities offer many opportunities. One
disadvantage of team sports among adults is that there might be

fewer community teams for adults, so it might be difficult to get

enough people together to have a game.
Sometimes people who play individual sports are also members of
teams. For example, several golf- ers can form a team. In tennis if you play
doubles, you team up with another person. Even if you play alone against
one opponent, scores from individual matches can earn points for the
tennis team.
Active sports often require you to do vigor- ous physical activity for
short bursts followed by periods of rest. For example, in basketball you
might run up and down the court quickly three    or four times and then
stop for a free throw or a time-out. If you jog up and down the court, you’re
doing aerobic activity. If you run fast, you’re doing anaerobic activity, which
means that you’re using
 Ta
bl
e
5.
1

C
h
ar
a
ct
er
is
ti
c
s
of
P
o
p
ul
ar
S
p
o
rt
s

Spo Acti Te IndividPopular Popular Popula Lifeti

rt ve am ual with with r me
kids teens with
adul
ts
Archery ✓ ✓
Badminto ✓ ✓ ✓
n
Baseball ✓   

( ( (S)
P P
, ,
S S 
) )

 

Basketba ✓ ✓    ✓
ll
( ( (P,
P P S)
, ,
S S
) )
   

Bowling ✓  ✓

(P,
S)

Extreme ✓ ✓  
sports
( (
P P
, ,
S S
) )

 

Field ✓ ✓
hockey
Football ✓ ✓   

( ( (S)
P P
, ,
S S 
) )

 

Golf ✓  ✓

(P,
S)

Gymnasti ✓ ✓  
cs
( (S)
P
)



Handball ✓ ✓ ✓
Hockey ✓ ✓   

( ( (S)
P P
, ,
 S S
) )

 

Ice ✓ ✓   ✓
skating
( (S)
P
,
S 
)

Skiing ✓ ✓   ✓

( (
P P
, ,
S S
) )

 

Soccer ✓ ✓  

( (
P P
) )

 

Softball ✓    ✓

( ( (P)
P P
) )

 

Swimmin ✓ ✓    ✓
g
( ( (P)
P P
) )

 

Tennis ✓ ✓    ✓

( ( (P,
P P S)
) )
   

Volleybal ✓ ✓ 
l
(
P
)

A designation of popular is based on the number of people who typically perform this sport on a regular basis
(P = participation) or watch this sport on a regular basis (S = spectator).

FIt Fact

oxygen faster than your body can supply it. This is one reason you need to stop and
rest every now and
Table 5.2

Recreational Physical Activities

The “topspin” serve in tennis
has a high bounce because the spin causes a downward curve that makes the ball hit
the ground at a
then. Even though
sports such as
basketball aren’t truly
aerobic, they can have
the same benefits as

Activi Is It Active?*
ty
Backpacking Often
Biking Sometimes
Boating Not often
Camping Not often
Canoeing Sometimes
Fishing Fresh  water—not often
Deep  sea—sometimes
Games, including new games Sometimes
Hacky sack Not often
Hiking Often
Kayaking Often
Orienteering Often
Rock climbing Sometimes
In-line skating Often
Rowing Sometimes
Skateboarding Sometimes
Skating Sometimes
Sledding Sometimes
Skiing Often
Swimming Sometimes
active aerobic activities if
steep angle.
your heart rate is kept
in the target zone most of
the time.
So active
basketball is a
good way to
build both
health and
cardiovascula
r fitness
benefits.
Tennis  is
another
example of an
active sport
that requires
bursts of
vigorous
activity
followed by
rest periods.
When played
actively, it
builds both
health and
cardiovascula
r fitness.

Click Student Info Ñ Topic 5.3

What Is Active Recreation?

Recreation  refers  to  activities  that  you  do  during your  free  time.  The 
word  recreAtion  means  to  re- create, or to be refreshed. Painting, enjoying
music, reading, acting, and playing games such as cards or chess are forms
of recreation that aren’t particularly physical. Recreation that uses the large
muscles of the body is sometimes referred to as physical rec- reation.  This 
 type  of  recreation  is  done

during your free time just for enjoyment and relaxation.

Physical recreation activities that are vigorous enough to get
your heart to beat faster are forms of active recreation. Active
recreational activities build cardiovascular fitness. Examples
include cross-country skiing, orienteering, and kayaking. Many
types of active aerobics (such as aerobic dance or jogging) and
active sports (such as tennis and racquetball) could be con-
sidered active recreation because they can be done during your
free time, they use the large muscles of the body, they’re
vigorous, and they’re done for fun. However, this book uses the
term “active recreation” to mean fun and vigorous physical
activities that typically aren’t competitive and aren’t considered
active sports or active aerobics. Some of the most popular forms
of recreational physical

*The way you perform an activity helps determine whether it is considered active.
activities are listed in table 5.2.
Active sports such as tennis require good cardiovascular fitness.
 M
o
vi
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g
T
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g
et
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:
F
ol
lo
wi
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g
R
ul
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s

Have you ever played a game with someone who was cheating? How did it
make you feel? What did you do about it? Would you break the rules in a game
if no one would find out? Why or why not?
Several friends were discussing their experiences in sports. Julia told about
playing in a school basketball game. Alexis, a player on the other
team, was guarding her and kept hitting her in
the arm every time she tried to shoot a basket.
Julia felt that the referee didn’t call every foul
that Alexis commit- ted. She considered fouling
back to get even.
Phung described a situation in a baseball
game when he was the catcher. A player
 on the other team slid into home just as the ball arrived. The umpire called the
runner “safe,” but Phung was sure that he had tagged the runner in time. He
considered arguing with the umpire.
Max didn’t play on a sports team, but he liked to go boating with his family.
There were several rules for using the boat, and one rule was to wear your life
jacket. Max felt that the life jackets did need to be in the boat, but he didn’t want
to wear one.

Discussion Questions

1.

What advice would you have for Julia?

2.
3.

What advice would you have for Phung?

4.
5.

What advice would you have for Max?

6.
7.

Is it OK to violate the rules in some cases?

8.
9.

How can you control yourself and keep from being frustrated when others don’t
play by the rules?

10.

Guidelines for Maintaining Self-Control

Play by the rules. Sometimes it’s hard to play by the rules when others
don’t, but if you play by the rules, your example may give others the
courage to play fairly, too. It’s true that some people won’t follow the rules
no matter what, but you can only control your own behavior, not the
behavior of others.
Remember that umpires and referees make mis- takes. Sports officials
are people just like everyone else. Even when they try hard, they make
mistakes just like we make mistakes when we play sports. Over the long
haul mistakes will balance out.
Sometimes a bad call will go against you, but other times calls will be in your favor.
Retaliation often back- fires. Bad calls or
unnec- essary fouls sometimes lead to retaliation.
Nearly everyone who has played sports has
learned that retaliation rarely pays off. Not only is
the person who retaliates likely to get caught and
 penalized, but when a person retaliates, he or she
often feels bad and has less fun.
Arguing doesn’t help you and leads to losing
control.
Decisions have to be made in sports and games. If a referee or an
umpire makes a decision, the players must agree to accept that decision.
If there is no official, the players must learn to make group decisions
themselves to avoid arguments. Argu- ing can cause you to lose your
focus and perform poorly, and it might cause you to lose control of your
temper.

Good Reasons for Following Rules

Rules are meant to make games fair. Rules aren’t always perfect, but if
we all accept them and follow them, games will be more fun.
Rules keep people safe. Many accidents result from ignoring safety rules
and playing out of control.
Rules help officials and participants have self-control. Because rules
make games fair and safe, they help prevent people from getting angry
and losing control.
 Some forms of physical recreation, such as fishing and some
forms of hiking, aren’t especially vigorous. These activities can
be considered moderate lifestyle physi- cal activities similar to
those described in chapter 3. Recreation doesn’t always have to
be active, but if cardiovascular fitness is your goal, the activity
must cause your heart to beat in the target zone. Table 5.2 will
help you to determine which recre- ational activities are active
and which are not. You can tell the difference by paying attention
to your heart rate and breathing while doing an activity.

As table 5.2 indicates, many recreational activities can be

performed outdoors. For many people just being outdoors is
relaxing
because it gives them an opportunity to appreciate nature, such as leaves 
changing colors in the fall  or snow drifting down in the winter.
Recreational activities and sports vary from culture to culture. For
example, people in colder parts of the world often choose winter activities
such as skiing, sledding, and skating, and people in warmer parts of the
world choose activities such as swimming and boating.

I Spy
“I would be active, but there’s nowhere to go to do what I want to do.” Have you
ever heard a person say something like that? Have you ever said something like
that? Can you find recre- ation, sports, and activity clubs in your community that
interest you, your family, and your friends? Can you find parks or school
playgrounds that are safe and have the equipment you need? Are there other
places that you and others can go to be active? Are there safe places to walk that
have good lighting and good sidewalks?
Knowing where to look and whom to ask about sports and recreation
opportunities requires detective skills. Use the work- sheet supplied by your
teacher to investigate active sports clubs and active recreation clubs in your area.
Your searches might lead to a lifetime of enjoyable activities.
 Active sports and recreation activities, such as kayaking or basketball, can be moderate or
vigorous.

Benefits of Active Sports and

Recreation
t Are the Benefits of Active Sports and Recreation?
 Sports have many benefits. Perhaps  the best benefit  is that they’re fun.
Even if you don’t enjoy all sports, you probably have found several that
you do enjoy. Even the least active sports and recreation activities
provide health benefits similar to those provided by lifestyle physical
activities. Active sports and active recreation have the added advantage
of building cardiovascular fitness. This is one reason why active sports
and recreation are included along with active aerobics in level 2 of the
Physical Activity Pyramid. To gain cardiovascular fitness,
you must follow the
FIT formula that you
learned in chapter 3.
You must perform

FIt Fact

When you participate in active sports and recre- ation, you get health,
wellness, and fitness ben- efits. Can you describe some of the most beneficial
active sport and recreation activities? What are some of the best types of
sports and recreation for you? When you finish this lesson, you’ll know the
active sports and recreation for at least 20 minutes at least three days a week,
and your heart rate must
be elevated into the
Sports and recreation  activities can be adapted for people with dis- abilities. In “beep-
beep softball,” the ball makes a beeping noise so that people who are visually impaired can
participate. In wheelchair ten-
nis, a person in a wheelchair is
allowed two bounces to get
answers to these questions. You’ll also understand the importance of
acceleration and velocity to your
target heart rate zone.
Sports and recreational
to the ball.
performance in physical activity.
activities can help you in many other ways as well.
They can help you to relax and reduce the stresses in your life. They cause your
body to expend calories that can help you main- tain a desirable
weight and feel and look your best. They provide a great way to meet
friends and enjoy social interac- tions. They can help you learn to
work as part of a team, which can benefit you in your adult career.
Finally, participation in active sports and recreation can help you
build parts of fitness other than car- diovascular fitness, including
flexibility and muscle fitness. You’ll learn more about these in later
chapters.

Use the worksheet supplied by your teacher to interview

other students about their favorite active sports and
recreation activity. Ask them about the fitness benefits they
gain, why they enjoy the activity, and what advice they can
give to others who want to try the activity.
Active sports provide a way to meet friends and enjoy social interactions.
N
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 Biomechani
cal Principles:
Velocity,
Acceleration, and
Deceleration

Velocity, acceleration, and deceleration are important in the performance

of physical activities, especially those that require speed and fast
movements.
Velocity refers to the speed of movement. The term acceleration means
causing an increase in speed (velocity) of a movement. Deceleration refers to a
reduction in velocity. When a car moves away from a stoplight, it’s accelerating.
It continues to accelerate as long as its speed increases. The actual speed that
the car is traveling at any point in time is its velocity. When it starts to slow
down, it is decelerating.
Like a car, the body accelerates at the beginning of   a race. The velocity of
the body while running may be constant for a while, and then it decelerates after
reach- ing the finish line. Runners with good acceleration and high velocity are
fast runners.
The energy from food is used to contract the muscles to create force. The
force causes the levers of the body to move. When the levers first begin moving,
they cause acceleration. Acceleration requires a lot of energy. When a runner
moves at a constant speed, energy expenditure is less than when accelerating.
Muscles can also be used to cause acceleration and high rates of velocity
when using implements such as a baseball bat or a golf club. Good
acceleration that results in fast bat speed or club speed allows you to hit a ball
a long way. In fact, bat speed and club speed are more important than the
heaviness of the bat or the club that you use. That is why metal bats and
clubs are made with light metals. A light bat can be swung with high velocity,
allowing a person to hit a ball a long distance.
Friction can affect the velocity of an object. For example, when a ball hits
the ground, it slows down (decelerates) because of the friction created
between the ball and the ground. Air resistance can also cause deceleration.
For example, a strong headwind could slow the speed of a thrown ball.
Acceleration and velocity are important for good performances in some
physical activities. Controlling movement during acceleration and high velocity
is also important. For example, if you swing a bat too fast, you might lose
control of the bat and fail to make good contact with the ball. When
rollerskating or skiing, if you accelerate too fast and move at too high a speed,
you might lose control and fall. You need good
acceleration of your leg to kick a ball far, but it’s also
important to control your leg when it has high velocity
to make sure that you contact the ball squarely.
For optimal performance, you should know when
accel- eration and high velocity are needed. You also
need to know when to limit acceleration and velocity to
control movements for optimal performance and
safety. A reckless driver is one who accelerates too
fast and drives too fast. In physical activity you
sometimes need to accelerate as fast as pos- sible
and to travel at a high speed. Sometimes too much
acceleration and velocity is reckless and may result in
poor performances.
Runners accelerate at the beginning of a race, try
to run at maximum velocity during the race, and
decelerate after crossing the finish line.

Biomechanical Principles:  Velocity, Acceleration, and

Deceleration (continued)

Applying the Principle

To move effectively, you need to know when to accelerate quickly and when to
have high-velocity movements. This is true for total-body movements such as
running, skat- ing, and skiing. It’s also true when using equipment such as a
bat or a golf club, and for body levers such as those used when kicking and
throwing a ball. Sometimes you want to throw a ball with maximum velocity—
for example, throwing a fastball during a baseball game—but other times you
may want to apply spin to cause the ball to curve. How might acceleration and
velocity be needed  in different ways for the following activities listed?

Hitting a ball as far as possible

Making sure you contact a ball in the center of a tennis racket
Pitching a ball for accuracy Running as fast as
possible
Running so that you can change directions when needed
Slowing down to avoid a collision in an activity

Principles in Practice
Velocity, acceleration, and deceleration are important for efficient and
effective movement in normal daily activities. Controlling them is also
important for safety when performing physical activities. Practice
techniques that allow you to accelerate, decelerate, or main- tain a
constant velocity. Practice when moving your whole body (such as
when running), when moving a piece of equipment (such as a tennis
racket), and when using one of the levers of your body (such as
throwing a ball with your arm).
Acceleration and velocity are important when a catcher wants to throw out a runner who is trying to
steal a base.
 Performing gymnastics stunts
requires acceleration and fast
movements, but it also requires
controlling body movements for

safety.

What Types of Sports and Recreation Are

Best?
There is no best sport or recreational activity for all people. What is fun for
one person might not be as fun for another. Each sport and activity has its
benefits. You should choose an activity that’s fun for you and that provides
benefits that are best for you.
Consider some of the following guidelines when choosing sport or
recreational activities:

Select sports And recreAtionAl Activities thAt provide benefits thAt you need. For
example, if you need to improve your cardiovascular fitness, choose an
activity that causes your heart rate to increase.




Choose ACTIVITIES THAT MATCH your ABILITIES. Teens with good cardiovascular
fitness may choose soccer or cross-country running, and those with good
flexibility may choose gymnastics or extreme sports (you can explore
possibilities at the Fitness for Life: Middle School Web site).



Try MANY different Activities. By trying different activities, you can see which
ones you like best and which ones match your abilities.




Choose ACTIVITIES THAT ARE ACCESSIBLE to you. Be sure you have the space and
equipment neces- sary to do the activity. If the activity is a team activity, you
must have other people who are also interested in doing the activity.




Choose Activities thAt you’ll prActice. As you know, practice helps you develop
good skills. Good skills help you perform better and make the activity more
enjoyable.




Choose Activities for which you c An get good instruction. Good instruction helps
you under- stand how to use the biomechanical principles that you’ve
learned, as well as other principles that affect the activity. This knowledge
can help you practice better, learn better, and perform better.

Consider Activities thAt you cAn enjoy now And Also LATER in life. Being
active should be a lifetime goal. Choose activities that you enjoy now,
even if you may not do them later in life. But also choose activities that
you enjoy now and that you’ll be able to perform and enjoy in the years
ahead.


Active sports and active recreation are fun.

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Poverty Alleviation
*What is Poverty?
From the dictionary, poverty is defined as the state of being extremely poor.
From Wikipedia, poverty means not having enough material possessions or income for a
person's needs. According to UN poverty exceeds more than the mere lack of these
abilities. Poverty may include social, economic, and political elements.
Absolute poverty is the complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic personal needs, such
as food, clothing, and shelter. The threshold at which absolute poverty is defined is always about
the same, independent of the person's permanent location or era.
On the other hand, relative poverty occurs when a person cannot meet a minimum level of living
standards, compared to others in the same time and place. Therefore, the threshold at
which relative poverty is defined varies from one country to another, or from one society to
another. For example, a person who cannot afford housing better than a small tent in an open
field would be said to live in relative poverty if almost everyone else in that area lives in modern
brick homes, but not if everyone else also lives in small tents in open fields (for example, in
a nomadic tribe).

*What is Poverty Alleviation?

From Wikipedia, Poverty reduction, poverty relief, or poverty alleviation, is a set of
measures, both economic and humanitarian, that are intended to permanently lift people out
of poverty.
Poverty reduction defined as a permanent reduction in the global poverty headcount
through economic growth has contributed both to poor program selection and poor program
design and implementation, and it has thereby undermined the effectiveness of aid. (Owen
Barder. 2009. "What Is Poverty Reduction?" CGD Working Paper 170)
*Causes of Poverty
Notable primary causes of poverty - inadequate food and poor or limited access to clean
water- relocation in search of food and clean water drains limited resources (especially in poor
economies), causing the poor to get poorer as they seek basic necessities for survival.
( en.wikipedia.org)
The Cultural Cause of Poverty
Cultures have internal and external elements that contribute to the existence of poverty. Some
of these conditions are tangible and external, like:
 Lack of shelter
 Limited access to clean water resources
 Food insecurity
 Physical disabilities
 Lack of access to health care
 Unemployment
 Absence of social services
 Gender discrimination
 Poor infrastructure
 Government corruption
 Environmental circumstances such as natural disasters, droughts, limited resources or depletion of
natural resources

Other elements are intangible and internal—knowledge, aspiration, diligence, confidence,

leadership styles, participatory governance, social capital, values, and peace, to name a few.
(https://www.compassion.com)

TOP CAUSES OF GLOBAL POVERTY - March 4, 2020

1. Inequality and marginalization
“Inequality” is an easy, but sometimes misleading term used to describe the systemic
barriers leaving groups of people without a voice or representation within their communities. For
a population to escape poverty, all groups must be involved in the decision-making process —
especially when it comes to having a say in the things that determine your place in society. Some
of these may be obvious, but in other situations, it can be subtle. 
Gender inequality, caste systems, marginalization based on race or tribal affiliations are
all economic and social inequalities that mean the same thing: Little to no access to the resources
needed to live a full, productive life. When combined with different combinations of
vulnerability and hazards which comprise the rest of this list — a marginalized community may
become even more vulnerable to the cycle of poverty. 
2. Conflict
Conflict is one of the most common forms of risk driving poverty today. Large-scale,
protracted violence that we’ve seen in areas like Syria can grind society to a halt, destroying
infrastructure and causing people to flee (often with nothing but the clothes on their backs). In its
tenth year of conflict, Syria’s middle class has been all but destroyed, and over 80% of the
population now lives below the poverty line.
3. Hunger, malnutrition, and stunting
You might think that poverty causes hunger (and you would be right!), but hunger is also
a cause — and maintainer — of poverty. If a person doesn’t get enough food, they’ll lack the
strength and energy needed to work (or their immune system will weaken from malnutrition and
leave them more susceptible to illness that prevents them from getting to work).
4. Poor healthcare systems — especially for mothers and children
Extreme poverty and poor health often go hand in hand. In countries where health
systems are weak, easily preventable and treatable illnesses like malaria, diarrhea, and
respiratory infections can be fatal — especially for young children. And when people must travel
far distances to clinics or pay for medicine, it drains already vulnerable households of money and
assets, and can tip a family from poverty into extreme poverty.
For some women, pregnancy and childbirth can be a death sentence. In many of the countries
where Concern works, access to quality maternal healthcare is poor. Pregnant and lactating
mothers face a multitude of barriers when seeking care, from not being allowed to go to a clinic
without a male chaperone to receiving poor or even abusive care from a doctor. This is especially
true for adolescent girls aged 18 and under, leaving mothers-to-be and their children at increased
risk for disease and death.
5. Little or no access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene
Currently, more than 2 billion people don’t have access to clean water at home. This
means that people (which is to say, women and girls) collectively spend some 200 million
hours every day walking long distances to fetch water. That’s precious time that could be used
working, or getting an education to help secure a job later in life.
Contaminated water can also lead to a host of waterborne diseases, ranging from the chronic to
the life-threatening. Poor water infrastructure — such as sanitation and hygiene facilities — can
compound this, or create other barriers to escaping poverty, such as keeping girls out of school
during menstruation. 
6. Climate change
Climate change creates hunger, whether through too little water (drought) or too much
(flooding), and its effects contribute to the cycle of poverty in several other ways including
disproportionately affecting women, creating refugees, and even influencing conflict. One World
Bank estimates that climate change has the power to push more than 100 million people into
poverty over the next decade. 
Many of the world’s poorest populations rely on farming or hunting and gathering to eat and earn
a living  — for example, Malawi is 80% agrarian. They often have only just enough food and
assets to last through the next season, and not enough reserves to fall back on in the event of a
poor harvest. So when climate change or natural disasters (including the widespread droughts
caused by El Niño) leave millions of people without food, it pushes them further into poverty,
and can make recovery even more difficult.
7. Lack of education
Not every person without an education is living in extreme poverty. But most of the
extremely poor don’t have an education. There are many barriers to education around the world,
including a lack of money for uniforms and books, a bias against girls’ education, or many of the
other causes of poverty mentioned here. 
But education is often referred to as the great equalizer, because it can open the door to
jobs and other resources and skills that a family needs to not just survive, but thrive. UNESCO
estimates that 171 million people could be lifted out of extreme poverty if they left school with
basic reading skills. Poverty threatens education, but education can also help end poverty. 
8. Poor public works and infrastructure
Imagine that you have to go to work, but there are no roads to get you there. Or heavy
rains have flooded your route and made it impossible to travel. A lack of infrastructure — from
roads, bridges, and wells, to cables for light, cell phones, and internet — can isolate communities
living in rural areas. Living off the grid often means living without the ability to go to school,
work, or the market to buy and sell goods. Traveling further distances to access basic services
not only takes time, it costs money, keeping families in poverty. 
Isolation limits opportunity. Without opportunity, many find it difficult, if not impossible,
to escape extreme poverty.
9. Lack of government support
Many people living in the United States are familiar with social welfare programs that
people can access if they need healthcare or food assistance. But not every government can
provide this type of help to its citizens — and without that safety net, there’s nothing to stop
vulnerable families from backsliding further into extreme poverty. Ineffective governments also
contribute to several of the other causes of extreme poverty mentioned above, as they are unable
to provide necessary infrastructure or healthcare, or ensure the safety and security of their
citizens in the event of conflict.
10. Lack of jobs or livelihoods
This might seem like a no-brainer: Without a job or a livelihood, people will face
poverty. Dwindling access to productive land (often due to conflict, overpopulation, or climate
change) and overexploitation of resources like fish or minerals puts increasing pressure on many

traditional livelihoods. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for example, most of the

population lives in rural communities where natural resources have been plundered over
centuries of colonial rule — while conflict over land has forced people away from their source of
income and food. Now, more than half of the country lives in extreme poverty. 
11. Lack of reserves
All of the above risk factors — from conflict to climate change or even a family illness
— can be weathered if a family or community has reserves in place. Cash savings and loans can
offset unemployment due to conflict or illness. Proper food storage systems can help if a drought
or natural disaster ruins a harvest. 
People living in extreme poverty usually don’t have these means available. This means that,
when a risk turns into a disaster, they turn to negative coping mechanisms, including pulling
children out of school to work (or even marry), and selling off assets to buy food. That can help a
family make it through one bad season, but not another. For communities constantly facing
climate extremes or prolonged conflict, the repeated shocks can send a family reeling into
extreme poverty and prevent them from ever recovering.
(https://www.concernusa.org)
*Poverty in the Philippines
The causes of poverty in the country include the following:
 low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years;
 low growth elasticity of poverty reduction;
 weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs generated;
 failure to fully develop the agriculture sector;
 high inflation during crisis periods;
 high levels of population growth;
 high and persistent levels of inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the positive
impacts of economic expansion; and
 recurrent shocks and exposure to risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural
disasters, and "environmental poverty."
The report's key findings include the following:
 Economic growth did not translate into poverty reduction in recent years;
 Poverty levels vary greatly by regions;
 Poverty remains a mainly rural phenomenon though urban poverty is on the rise;
 Poverty levels are strongly linked to educational attainment;
 The poor have large families, with six or more members;
 Many Filipino households remain vulnerable to shocks and risks;
 Governance and institutional constraints remain in the poverty response;
 There is weak local government capacity for implementing poverty reduction programs;
 Deficient targeting in various poverty programs;
 There are serious resource gaps for poverty reduction and the attainment of the MDGs by
2015;
 Multidimensional responses to poverty reduction are needed; and
 Further research on chronic poverty is needed.

*Poverty Alleviation Programs/Projects in the Philippines

-Republic Act 8425: Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act

AN ACT NSTITUTIONALIZING THE SOCIAL REFORM AND POVERTY

ALLEVIATION PROGRAM, CREATING FOR THE PURPOSE THE NATIONAL
ANTI-POVERTY COMMISSION, DEFINING ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS, AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Section 1. Title. — This Act shall be known as the “Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation
Act.”
NATIONAL ANTI-POVERTY COMMISSION
The National Anti-Poverty Commission. — To support the above-stated policy, the National
Anti-Poverty Commission, hereinafter referred to as the NAPC, is hereby created under the
Office of the President, which shall serve as the coordinating and advisory body for the
implementation of the SRA. The Presidential Commission to Fight Poverty (PCFP), the Social
Reform Council (SRC), and the Presidential Council for Countryside Development (PCCD) are
hereby abolished and the NAPC shall exercise the powers and functions of these agencies. 
-Republic Act No. 11291 otherwise known as the "Magna Carta of the Poor"
Responsible Office: All Provincial Governors, City and Municipal Mayors, Punong Barangays,
DILG Regional / Provincial / City Directors, DILG-BARMM Minister, Cluster Leaders, C /
MLGOOs, and all others concerned
From the National Government
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) 
It’s a human development program of the national government that invests in the health
and education of poor households, particularly of children aged 0-18 years old. 
Patterned after the conditional cash transfer scheme implemented in other developing
countries, the Pantawid Pamilya provides cash grants to beneficiaries provided that they comply
with the set of conditions required by the program. 
On April 17, 2019, the Republic Act No. 11310 or An Act Institutionalizing the Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program was signed by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte making Pantawid
Pamilya the national poverty reduction strategy of the government. (pantawid.dswd.gov.ph)
MALACAÑANG has directed all government offices and agencies to join in the
implementation of the administration’s poverty reduction program.
Executive Secretary Salvador C. Medialdea, as authorized by President Rodrigo R.
Duterte, issued on March 6 Memorandum Circular No. 59 which directs all government offices,
agencies and instrumentalities, including government-owned or -controlled corporations, to
support and actively participate in the implementation of the “Sambayanihan: Serbisyong
Sambayanan.”
The said program intends to carry out the directive of Mr. Duterte to reduce poverty
incidence in the country by 7.6% by year 2022.
The NAPC launched the program in Sept. 7 last year. The memorandum states this is a
program “where the frontline support and basic social services of various national government

agencies will be delivered directly to our fellow Filipinos, especially those in the poorest
communities.” (www.bworldonline.com)
From the Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)
Zero Extreme Poverty PH 2030
It is a new scheme in which NGOs are pooling resources and knowledge in a bid to
eradicate extreme poverty in the Philippines. It brings together 17 civil society organizations who
feel that by joining forces they can make more of an impact.
“By working together, we may find solutions that we won’t be able to figure out on our
own,” argued Reynaldo Laguda, executive director of Philippines Business for Social Progress,
one of the organizations that is part of the initiative.
(How well are the government’s anti-poverty schemes working in the Philippines? – publication
of ASEAN TODAY)

*Contribution of Youth in Poverty Alleviation

“Poverty reduction is not only about meeting our basic needs, it’s also about
participation, influence and power.” - Hanna Hallin, President of LSU 2007–2009. You can visit
the link below to read the full article on how youth can contribute to alleviate poverty.
https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/publications/TPTPublication.pdf
Enhancing the Role of Youths in Poverty Alleviation and National Development in
Nigeria
http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org/IJHSS/2015/Volume2-Issue2/IJHSS-V2I2P103.pdf
The UNESCO’s Media Services with the title “Youth development is a key driver for
poverty eradication”, quoted the following:
Youth development is also a key driver for poverty eradication around the world. Among
the greatest challenges facing many countries today are inadequate human capital investment and
high unemployment rates among youth. Young people should acquire the education and skills
needed to contribute in a productive economy, and they need access to a job market that can
absorb them into its labor force. (http://www.unesco.org)

Supporting today’s youth, the best chance to end poverty tomorrow

The youth population of the world is the largest it has ever been: 1.8 billion people
between the ages of 10 and 24, making up one quarter of humanity, the majority of whom live in
urban areas of developing countries.
Despite their numbers, young people are largely excluded from decision-making due to
adult-centric policies and social norms and values that usually fail to take their views interests or
voices into account. (https://www.oxfam.org)

PHILIPPINE CARABAO CENTER

Republic Act No. 7307

An act creating the PHILIPPINE

CARABAO CENTER to propagate and
promote the Philippine Carabao and for
other purposes.

Title: “Philippine Carabao Act of

1992”

The law was signed on March 27, 1992 and

operationalized on April 1, 1993.

MANDATE

The Philippine Carabao Center is an

attached agency of the Department of
Agriculture. PCC is mandated to
conserve, propagate and promote the
carabao as a source of milk, meat, draft
and hide to benefit the rural farmers.

QUALITY POLICY

PCC aims to be the leading research and

development institution in Southeast Asia for
the development of the water buffalo
industry.

In order to achieve this, we, at PCC, are

committed to provide quality products and
services that address clients needs and
expectations, consistent with statutory and
regulatory requirements, and the
International Standard.

We shall seek to continuously improve

the effectiveness of our quality
management system, services,
processess, people and workplace.

VISION

A premier institution promoting

profitable and sustainable carabao-based
enterprises designed to improve the
income and nutrition of rural farming
communities.

MISSION

“Improving the general well-being of

rural farming communities through
carabao genetic improvement, technology
development and dissemination and
establishment of carabao-based
enterprises thus ensuring higher income
and better nutrition”.

Types of Water Buffalo

Philippine
Carabao

Swamp type - Bubalus bubalis, 2n = 48

light gray to gray, white bands below the jaw

and across the chest and legs

Sickle-shaped horns

1.5 -2 kg of milk/day

The Murrah Buffalo

River type - Bubalus bubalis, 2n = 50

Breeds available are Indian and Bulgarian

Murrah

black or dark gray in color

with tightly curled or drooping straight horn

Dairy type buffalo can produce 8-10 liters of milk

Daily

Breed distribution

Philippine carabao = 81.3%

Murrah = 1.7%

Crossbred = 16.7%

Uses of carabao

Draft or work = 51.5%

Milk = 5.9%
Meat = 19.4%
Other uses = 23.1%

CARABAO

DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAM

Infusion of dairy
animals

dairy buffaloes will be

derived from suitable
FMD-free sources

Setting up dairy
modules for
cooperatives and 3-5
animal dairy modules
for families

Bull loan

capitalizes on the presence

of native carabao in the
target communities to
produce dairy-type
crossbreds through natural
mating. Females will be
utilized for dairy production
while the males for meat
can be reared for meat

Artificial insemination

Massive AI in cooperation with

- LGUs

- Village-based private
technician

( with PCC conducting training of

AI tech,

processing/distribution of high
genetic

semen, technical assistance)

GENETIC IMPROVEMENT

Establish embryo biotech

and semen laboratory

Establish Satellite

Laboratory for in-vitro

embryo production in India

SUPPORT SERVICES

Milk feeding program – aside from

helping minimize child malnutrition, milk
feeding activities utilizing fresh
buffalo/cow milk serve as added
incentive for increased milk production
Post-production
support – milk
collection centers and
processing plants will
ensure availability of
milk supply and create
value-adding
Opportunities

Technical training, social

preparation and
marketing support – to
ensure success of dairy
based enterprises,
recipient families will be
organized into
cooperatives, will undergo
appropriate technical
training on critical aspects
of dairying.

Market networking
will be undertaken to
undertaken to assist
recipient
cooperatives to sell
their milk and dairy
products