HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

Health has prime importance in our day-to-day life. Sound health is necessary to

do the daily work properly. This project aims at developing a system which

gives body temperature and heart rate using LM35. These sensors are interfaced

with controller Arduino uno board. Wireless data transmission done by Arduino

through WIFI module. ESP8266 is used for wireless data transmission on IoT

platform i.e., thing speak. Data visualization is done on Thing speak. So that

record of data can be stored over period of time. This data stored on web server

so that it can see to who logged.

 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

In the recent years wireless technology has increasing for the need of upholding
various sectors. In these recent years IoT graps the most of industrial area
specially automation and control. Biomedical is one of recent trend to provide
better health care. Not only in hospitals but also the personal health caring
facilities are opened by the IoT technology. So, having a smart system various
parameter are observed that consumes power, cost and increase efficiency. In
according to this smart system, this paper is reviewed. In traditional method,
doctors play an important role in health check-up. For this process requires a lot
of time for registration, appointment and then check-up. Also, reports are
generated later. Due to this lengthy process working people tend to ignore the
check-ups or postpone it. This modern approach reduces time consumption in
the process. In the recent years use of wireless technology is increasing for the
need of upholding various sectors. In these recent years IoT groped the most of
industrial area specially automation and control. Biomedical is one of recent
trends to provide better health care. Not only in hospitals but also the personal
health care facilities are opened by the IoT technology. So, having a smart
system, various parameters are observed that consume power, cost and increase
efficiency. In accordance with this smart system, this paper is reviewed.
Medical scientists are trying in the field of innovation and research since many
decades to get better health services and happiness in human lives. Their
contribution in medical area is very important to us and cannot be neglected.
Today’s automotive structures have the root ideas coming from yesterday’s
basics. Also Early detection of chronic diseases can be easy with these
technology. The body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate
are prime parameters to diagnose the disease. This project gives temperature
and heart rate values using IoT.
1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software,

either fixed in capability or programmable, designed for a specific function or
functions within a larger system. Industrial machines, agricultural and process
industry devices, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household
appliances, airplanes, vending machines and toys, as well as mobile devices, are
possible locations for an embedded system.

Embedded systems are computing systems, but they can range from having no
user interface (UI) -- for example, on devices in which the system is designed to
perform a single task -- to complex graphical user interfaces (GUIs), such as in
mobile devices. User interfaces can include buttons, LEDs, touchscreen sensing
and more. Some systems use remote user interfaces as well.

Embedded system hardware (microprocessor-based, microcontroller-

based)
Embedded system hardware can be microprocessor- or microcontroller-based.
In either case, an integrated circuit is at the heart of the product that is generally
designed to carry out computation for real-time operations. Microprocessors are
visually indistinguishable from microcontrollers, but while the microprocessor
only implements a central processing unit (CPU) and, thus, requires the addition
of other components such as memory chips, microcontrollers are designed as
self-contained systems.

Microcontrollers include not only a CPU, but also memory and peripherals such
as flash memory, RAM or serial communication ports. Because
microcontrollers tend to implement full (if relatively low computer power)
systems, they are frequently put to use on more complex tasks. For example,
microcontrollers are used in the operations of vehicles, robots, medical devices
and home appliances, among others. At the higher end of microcontroller
capability, the term system on a chip (SoC) is often used, although there's no
exact delineation in terms of RAM, clock speed and so on.

The embedded market was estimated to be in excess of $140 billion in 2013,

with many analysts projecting a market larger than $20 billion by 2020.
Manufacturers of chips for embedded systems include many mainstays of the
computer world, such as Apple, IBM, Intel and Texas Instruments, as well as
numerous other companies less familiar to those outside the field. Arm has been
a highly influential vendor in this space. The company began as an outgrowth of
Acorn, a U.K. maker of early PCs. Arm chips, produced under license by other
companies, are based on the reduced instruction set computer (RISC)
architecture and are often used in mobile phones; they remain the most widely
deployed SoC in the embedded world, with billions of units fielded.
Embedded system software

A typical industrial microcontroller is unsophisticated compared to the typical

enterprise desktop computer and generally depends on a simpler, less-memory-
intensive program environment. The simplest devices run on bare metal and are
programmed directly using the chip CPU's machine code language.

Often, embedded systems use operating systems or language platforms tailored

to embedded use, particularly where real-time operating environments must be
served. At higher levels of chip capability, such as those found in SoCs,
designers have increasingly decided the systems are generally fast enough and
the tasks tolerant of slight variations in reaction time that near-real-time
approaches are suitable. In these instances, stripped-down versions of the Linux
operating system are commonly deployed, although other operating systems
have been pared down to run on embedded systems, including Embedded
Javaand Windows IoT (formerly Windows Embedded).Generally, storage of
programs and operating systems on embedded devices make use of either flash
or rewritable flash memory.

Embedded firmware

The firmware on embedded systems, referred to as embedded firmware, is

specific software written into the memory of a device that serves the purpose of
ROM, but can be updated more easily. Firmware can be stored in non-volatile
memory devices including ROM, programmable ROM, erasable PROM or flash
memory. Embedded firmware is used to control various device and system
functions, for example, telling the device how to communicate with other
devices, perform specific functions and provide input and output functionality.
The delineation between the terms embedded firmware and embedded
software are blurring, but embedded software often refers to the only code
running on a piece of hardware, while firmware can also refer to the chip that
houses a device's basic input/output system (BIOS) or Unified Extensible
Firmware Interface (UEFI), which connect software and a system's operating
system.

Embedded systems vs. VLSI

Very-large-scale integration, or VLSI, is a term that describes the complexity of

an integrated circuit. VLSI is the process of embedding hundreds of thousands
of transistors into a chip, whereas LSI (large-scale integration) microchips
contain thousands of transistors, MSI (medium-scale integration) contain
hundreds of transistors, and SSI (small-scale integration) contain tens of
transistors. ULSI, or ultra-large-scale integration, refers to placing millions of
transistors on a chip.

VLSI circuits are common features of embedded systems. Many ICs in

embedded systems are VLSI, and the use of the VLSI acronym has largely
fallen out of favour.

Debugging embedded systems

One area where embedded systems part ways with the operating systems and
development environments of other, larger-scale computers is in the area
of debugging. While programmers working with desktop computer
environments have systems that can run both the code being developed and
separate debugger applications that monitor the actions of the development code
as it is executed, embedded system programmers generally cannot.
Some programming languages run on microcontrollers with enough efficiency
that rudimentary interactive debugging is available directly on the chip.
Additionally, processors often have CPU debuggers that can be controlled --
and, thus, control program execution -- via a JTAG or similar debugging port.

In many instances, however, programmers of embedded systems need tools that

attach a separate debugging system to the target system via a serial or other
port. In this scenario, the programmer can see the source code on the screen of a
conventional personal computer just as would be the case in the debugging of
software on a desktop computer. A separate, frequently used approach is to run
software on a PC that emulates the physical chip in software, thus making it
possible to debug the performance of the software as if it were running on an
actual, physical chip.

Broadly speaking, embedded systems have received more attention to testing

and debugging because a great number of devices using embedded controls are
designed for use in situations where safety and reliability are top priorities.

The internet of things builds on an embedded systems base

While some embedded systems can be relatively simple, a growing number

either supplant human decision-making or offer capabilities beyond what a
human could provide. For instance, some aviation systems, including those used
in drones, are able to integrate sensor data and act upon that information faster
than a human could, permitting new kinds of operating features.

1.2 INTERNET OF THINGS:

 The term Internet of Things generally refers to scenarios where network
connectivity and computing capability extends to objects, sensors and
everyday items not normally considered computers, allowing these devices
to generate, exchange and consume data with minimal human intervention.
There is, however, no single, universal definition.

 Enabling Technologies: The concept of combining computers, sensors,

and networks to monitor and control devices has existed for decades. The
recent confluence of several technology market trends, however, is
bringing the Internet of Things closer to widespread reality. These
include Ubiquitous Connectivity, Widespread Adoption of IP-based
Networking, Computing Economics, Miniaturization, Advances in Data.
 Connectivity Models: IoT implementations use different technical
communications models, each with its own characteristics. Four common
communications models described by the Internet Architecture Board
include: Device-to-Device, Device-to-Cloud, Device-to-Gateway,
and Back-End Data-Sharing. These models highlight the flexibility in the
ways that IoT devices can connect and provide value to the user.
IoT devices are implemented using both hardware and software components.
Dedicated hardware components are used to implement the interface with the
physical world, and to perform tasks which are more computationally complex.
Microcontrollers are used to execute software that interprets inputs and controls
the system. This module discusses the roles of both the hardware and software
components in the system. The functions of common hardware components are
described and the interface between the software and hardware through the
microcontroller is explained. IoT devices often use an operating system to
support the interaction between the software and the microcontroller. We will
define
the role of an operating system in an IoT device and how an IoT operating
system differs from a standard one. 

How IoT works

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded
processors, sensors and communication hardware to collect, send and act on
data they acquire from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data
they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is
either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these
devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they
get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human
intervention, although people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set
them up, give them instructions or access the data.

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these

web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.

Benefits of IoT
The internet of things offers a number of benefits to organizations, enabling
them to:

 monitor their overall business processes;

 improve the customer experience;

 save time and money;

 enhance employee productivity;

 integrate and adapt business models;

 make better business decisions; and

 generate more revenue.

IoT encourages companies to rethink the ways they approach their businesses,
industries and markets and gives them the tools to improve their business
strategies.

Consumer and enterprise IoT applications

There are numerous real-world applications of the internet of things, ranging

from consumer IoT and enterprise IoT to manufacturing and industrial IoT
(IoT). IoT applications span numerous verticals, including automotive, telco,
energy and more.

In the consumer segment, for example, smart homes that are equipped with

smart thermostats, smart appliances and connected heating, lighting and
electronic devices can be controlled remotely via computers, smartphones or
other mobile devices.
Wearable devices with sensors and software can collect and analyze user data,
sending messages to other technologies about the users with the aim of making
users' lives easier and more comfortable. Wearable devices are also used for
public safety -- for example, improving first responders' response times during
emergencies by providing optimized routes to a location or by tracking
construction workers' or firefighters' vital signs at life-threatening sites.

In healthcare, IoT offers many benefits, including the ability to monitor patients
more closely to use the data that's generated and analyze it. Hospitals often use
IoT systems to complete tasks such as inventory management, for both
pharmaceuticals and medical instruments.
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

NEW SECURE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM USING CLOUD OF THINGS

Modern healthcare services are serving patients’ needs by using new

technologies such as wearable devices or cloud of things. The new technology
provides more facilities and enhancements to the existing healthcare services as
it allows more flexibility in terms of monitoring patients records and remotely
connecting with the patients via cloud of things. However, there are many
security issues such as privacy and security of healthcare data which need to be
considered once we introduce wearable devices to the healthcare service.
Although some of the security issues were addressed by some researchers in the
literature, they mainly addressed cloud of things security or healthcare security
separately and their work still suffers from limited security protection and
vulnerabilities to some security attacks. The proposed new healthcare system
combines security of both healthcare and cloud of things technologies. It also
addresses most of the security challenges that might face the healthcare services
such as the man in the middle (MITM), eavesdropping, replay, repudiation, and
modification attacks. Scyther verification tool was also used to verify the
robustness and correctness of the proposed system.

COEXISTENCE OF ZIGBEE-BASED WBAN AND WIFI FOR HEALTH

TELEMONITORING SYSTEMS

The development of telemonitoring via wireless body area networks (WBANs)

is an evolving direction in personalized medicine and home-based mobile
health. A WBAN consists of small, intelligent medical sensors which collect
physiological parameters such as electrocardiogram, electroencephalography,
and blood pressure. The recorded physiological signals are sent to a coordinator
via wireless technologies, and are then transmitted to a healthcare monitoring
center. One of the most widely used wireless technologies in WBANs is ZigBee
because it is targeted at applications that require a low data rate and long battery
life. However, ZigBee-based WBANs face severe interference problems in the
presence of WIFI networks. This problem is caused by the fact that most
ZigBee channels overlap with WIFI channels, severely affecting the ability of
healthcare monitoring systems to guarantee reliable delivery of physiological
signals. To solve this problem, we have developed an algorithm that controls the
load in Wi-Fi networks to guarantee the delay requirement for physiological
signals, especially for emergency messages, in environments with coexistence
of ZigBee-based WBAN and Wi-Fi. Since Wi-Fi applications generate traffic
with different delay requirements, we focus only on WIFI traffic that does not
have stringent timing requirements. In this paper, therefore, we propose an
adaptive load control algorithm for ZigBee-based WBAN/WIFI coexistence
environments, with the aim of guaranteeing that the delay experienced by
ZigBee sensors does not exceed a maximally tolerable period of time.
Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm guarantees the delay
performance of ZigBee-based WBANs by mitigating the effects of WIFI
interference in various scenarios.

SMART HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW OF

DESIGN AND MODELLING

Health monitoring systems have rapidly evolved during the past two
decades and have the potential to change the way health care is currently
delivered. Although smart health monitoring systems automate patient
monitoring tasks and, thereby improve the patient workflow management,
their efficiency in clinical settings is still debatable. This paper presents a
review of smart health monitoring systems and an overview of their design
and modelling. Furthermore, a critical analysis of the efficiency, clinical
acceptability, strategies and recommendations on improving current health
monitoring systems will be presented. The main aim is to review current
state of the art monitoring systems and to perform extensive and an in-
depth analysis of the findings in the area of smart health monitoring
systems. In order to achieve this, over fifty different monitoring systems
have been selected, categorized, classified and compared. Finally, major
advances in the system design level have been discussed, current issues
facing health care providers, as well as the potential challenges to health
monitoring field will be identified and compared to other similar systems.

THE INTERNET OF THINGS FOR HEALTH CARE: A

COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY

The Internet of Things (IoT) makes smart objects the ultimate building blocks in
the development of cyber-physical smart pervasive frameworks. The IoT has a
variety of application domains, including health care. The IoT revolution is
redesigning modern health care with promising technological, economic, and
social prospects. This paper surveys advances in IoT-based health care
technologies and reviews the state-of-the-art network architectures/platforms,
applications, and industrial trends in IoT-based health care solutions. In
addition, this paper analyses distinct IoT security and privacy features,
including security requirements, threat models, and attack taxonomies from the
health care perspective. Further, this paper proposes an intelligent collaborative
security model to minimize security risk; discusses how different innovations
such as big data, ambient intelligence, and wearables can be leveraged in a
health care context; addresses various IoT and eHealth policies and regulations
across the world to determine how they can facilitate economies and societies in
terms of sustainable development; and provides some avenues for future
research on IoT-based health care based on a set of open issues and challenges.

IOT-BASED HEALTH MONITORING VIA LORAWAN

In this paper, we present a new IOT-based health monitoring approach in which
collected medical sensor data is sent to an analysis module via low-cost, low-
power and secure communication links provided by a Lora WAN network
infrastructure. We mainly focus on monitoring blood pressure, glucose and
temperature in rural areas where cellular network coverage is either absent or
does not allow data transmission. The main objective is to reduce the burden of
long trips for people living in these areas to visit healthcare facilities, while
minimizing the communication cost. Several experiments have been conducted
to evaluate the area covered by the LoRa network and the power consumption
of our system. The results indicate that the average area covered is around 33
km   when the LoRa Gateway is placed outdoor on a 12-meter altitude.
2

Moreover, the results demonstrate that the power consumption of our

monitoring system is at least ten times lower than other long range cellular
solutions, such as GPRS/3G/4G.

RESOURCE-AWARE MOBILE-BASED HEALTH MONITORING

Monitoring heart diseases often requires frequent measurements of

electrocardiogram (ECG) signals at different periods of the day, and at different
situations (e.g., traveling, and exercising). This can only be implemented using
mobile devices in order to cope with mobility of patients under monitoring, thus
supporting continuous monitoring practices. However, these devices are energy-
aware, have limited computing resources (e.g., CPU speed and memory), and
might lose network connectivity, which makes it very challenging to maintain a
continuity of the monitoring episode. In this paper, we propose a mobile
monitoring solution to cope with these challenges by compromising on the fly
resources availability, battery level, and network intermittence. In order to solve
this problem, first we divide the whole process into several subtasks such that
each subtask can be executed sequentially either in the server or in the mobile or
in parallel in both devices. Then, we developed a mathematical model that
considers all the constraints and finds a dynamic programming solution to
obtain the best execution path (i.e., which sub-step should be done where). The
solution guarantees an optimum execution time, while considering device
battery availability, execution and transmission time, and network availability.
We conducted a series of experiments to evaluate our proposed approach using
some key monitoring tasks starting from pre-processing to classification and
prediction. The results we have obtained proved that our approach gives the best
(lowest) running time for any combination of factors including processing
speed, input size, and network bandwidth. Compared to several greedy but
nonoptimal solutions, the execution time of our approach was at least 10 times
faster and consumed 90% less energy.
 CHAPTER-3

PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

• Robust healthcare is a requirement for both developed countries, where

the cost of healthcare is high and security and privacy are critical issues
and developing countries like India, where there is a mass population to
handle in hospitals and robust healthcare procedures are required.

• Doctors should visit the patient regularly and check the status. Situation
may occur like nurse make mistake while noting the report.

Disadvantage

 Collected data cannot be received immediately, efficiency is low

 Doctors should visit the patient regularly and check the status.
 Situation may occur like nurse make mistake while noting the report
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

 The health monitoring sensors are used to collect health related data i.e.,
for data acquisition.
 Communication can be done by controller for sending data on internet
wirelessly. Data processing has been done at server.
 All data collected and aggregated at server point.
 To get health related information in understandable format it can be
shown on web page i.e., data management.
3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

POWER
SUPPLY

TEMPERATUR
E SENSOR
ARDUINO IOT
UNO
HEARTRATE
SENSOR
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

• Arduino UNO

• Power supply

• Temperature sensor

• Heart rate sensor

• IOT Module

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

• Arduino IDE

• Embedded C
 CHAPTER-4

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1 ARDUINO UNO:

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable
or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs
from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver
chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno board has a
resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU
mode. Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:

 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two
other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields
to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be
compatible both with the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and
with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected
pin, that is reserved for future purposes.

 Stronger RESET circuit.

 Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to
mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the
reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series
of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a
comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.
POWER:

VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via
the power jack, access it through this pin.

 5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The
board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the
USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage
via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We
don't advise it.

 3V 3. A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum

current draw is 50 mA.

 GND. Ground pins.

ARDUINO UNO:
Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2
KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the
EEPROM library). Input and Output Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can
be used as an input or output, using pin Mode (), digital Write (), and digital
Read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a
maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20-50 kilo Ohms.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an

interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attach Interrupt () function for details.

 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write
() function.

 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Uno has 6
analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e., 1024 different values). By default, they measure from ground to
5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the
AREF pin and the analog Reference () function. Additionally, some pins have
specialized functionality:

 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using
the Wire library. There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference
().

 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add
a reset button to shields which block the one on the board. See also the mapping
between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the Atmega8,
168, and 328 is identical. Communication The Arduino Uno has a number of
facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other
microcontrollers.

The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is

available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board
channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port
to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM
drivers, and no external driver is needed.

However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a

serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is
being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the
computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial
library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The
ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the
documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

PIN CONFIGURATION:
USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable poly fuse that protects your computer's USB
ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own
internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than
500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the
connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches
respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the
former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface
or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"),
not an even multiple of the 100-mil spacing of the other pins.
4.2 POWER SUPPLY:
DEFINITION:

A power supply (sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU) is a

device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output
load or group of loads. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy
supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

Block diagram of a basic power supply

The transformer steps up or steps down the input line voltage and isolates
the power supply from the power line. The rectifier section converts the
alternating current input signal to a pulsating direct current. However, as you
proceed in this chapter you will learn that pulsating dc is not desirable. For this
reason, a filter section is used to convert pulsating dc to a purer, more desirable
form of dc voltage.

The final section, the regulator, does just what the name implies. It
maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large
changes in load current or input line voltages. Now that you know what each
section does, let's trace an AC signal through the power supply. At this point
you need to see how this signal is altered within each section of the power
supply. Later on, in the chapter you will see how these changes take place. In
view B of figure 4-1, an input signal of 115 volts AC is applied to the primary
of the transformer. The transformer is a step-up transformer with a turn’s ratio
of 1:3. We can calculate the output for this transformer by multiplying the input
voltage by the ratio of turns in the primary to the ratio of turns in the secondary;
therefore, 115 volts AC´ 3 = 345 volts ac (peak-to- peak) at the output. Because
each diode in the rectifier section conducts for 180 degrees of the 360-degree
input, the output of the rectifier will be one-half, or approximately 173 volts of
pulsating DC. The filter section, a network of resistors, capacitors, or inductors,
controls the rise and fall time of the varying signal. Consequently, the signal
remains at a more constant DC level. We will see the filter process more clearly
in the discussion of the actual filter circuits. The output of the filter is a signal of
110 volts dc, with ac ripple riding on the dc. The reason for the lower voltage
(average voltage) will be explained. The regulator maintains its output at a
constant 110-volt dc level, which is used by the electronic equipment (more
commonly called the load).

Simple 5v supply for digital circuits

 Brief description of operation: Gives out well-regulated +5V output,

output current capability of 100 mA.
 Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output
when regulator IC gets too hot.
 Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build.
 Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation.
 Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic
components.
 Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply.
 Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply.
 Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA.

Circuit description

This circuit is a small +5V power supply, which is useful when

experimenting with digital electronics. Those transformers are easily available,
but usually their voltage regulation is very poor, which makes then not very
usable for digital circuit experimenter unless a better regulation can be achieved
in some way.

This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be
increased to 1 A when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit
has over overload and terminal protection.

Circuit diagram

Circuit diagram of the power supply:

The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely handle the
input voltage feed to circuit. The circuit is very easy to build into a piece of
Vero board.

Pinout of the 7805 regulator IC.

 1. Unregulated voltage in

2. Ground

3. Regulated voltage out

COMPONENT LIST

 7805 regulator IC.

 100 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least 25V voltage rating.
 10 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least 6V voltage rating.
 100 nF ceramic or polyester capacitor.

MORE OUTPUT CURRENT

If we need more than 150 mA of output current, we can update the output
current up to 1A doing the following modifications:

 Change the transformer from where we take the power to the circuit to a
model which can give as much current as we need from output
 Put a heat sink to the 7805 regulators (so big that it does not overheat
because of the extra losses in the regulator)
 MORE OUTPUT CURRENT

OTHER OUTPUT VOLTAGES

If we need other voltages than +5V, we can modify the circuit by

replacing the 7805 chips with another regulator with different output voltage
from regulator 78xx chip family. The last numbers in the chip code tells the
output voltage. The input voltage must be at least 3V greater than regulator
output voltage to otherwise the regulator does not work well.

4.3 TEMPARATURE SENSOR:

‘The world is getting warmer day by day.’ This sentence has started to crop up
every now and then in our day to day lives. But seldom do we wonder what it
means. What is warmer? How warm is warm? Is it hotter than hot, or just hotter
than cold? To our human senses, temperature is only a subjective evaluation.
For an objective and reproducible measurement, we need to quantify the
temperature values, and to do that, a suitable measurement device is required
Temperature and its Measurement
Simply speaking, temperature is the degree of hotness of the body which is a
measure of the heat content in the body. The problem to quantify the heat
content of the body on a scale did not arise until the invention of the Steam
Engine. The curiosity of scientists to understand the behavior of water at
different levels of heat contents gave rise to a formal and better laid out study.
One of the first references for ‘temperature’ dates back to 1760, when Joseph
Black declared that applying the same heat to different materials resulted in
different temperatures. Years of rigorous scientific study led to many theories
ranging from the simple ‘Caloric’ concept, which treated heat as a material
substance which is exchanged among materials, to Carnot’s description of heat
as a form of energy (which laid the foundation of the first law of
thermodynamics). However, none of them satisfactorily explained the concept
of temperature. It was Maxwell’s theory which offered good reasoning into it.
He defined temperature of a body as is its thermal property which provides
information about the energy content of the system. It is the measure of the
average kinetic energy (energy by virtue of motion) of the molecules of the
substance and signifies a heat potential due to which heat flows from higher
temperature to lower temperature.

There are many different types of Temperature Sensor available and all have
 different characteristics depending upon their actual application. A temperature
sensor consists of two basic physical types:

 Contact Temperature Sensor Types – These types of temperature

sensor are required to be in physical contact with the object being sensed
and use conduction to monitor changes in temperature. They can be used
to detect solids, liquids or gases over a wide range of temperatures.

 Non-contact Temperature Sensor Types – These types of temperature

sensor use convection and radiation to monitor changes in temperature.
They can be used to detect liquids and gases that emit radiant energy as
heat rises and cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect the
radiant energy being transmitted from an object in the form of infra-red
radiation (the sun).
The two basic types of contact or even non-contact temperature sensors can also
be sub-divided into the following three groups of

 sensors,
 Electro-mechanical, 
 Resistive and Electronic .

The Thermostat

The Thermostat is a contact type electro-mechanical temperature sensor or

switch, that basically consists of two different metals such as nickel, copper,
tungsten or aluminium etc, that are bonded together to form a Bi-metallic strip.
The different linear expansion rates of the two dissimilar metals produces a
mechanical bending movement when the strip is subjected to heat.

The bi-metallic strip can be used itself as an electrical switch or as a mechanical

way of operating an electrical switch in thermostatic controls and are used
extensively to control hot water heating elements in boilers, furnaces, hot water
storage tanks as well as in vehicle radiator cooling systems.

The Bi-metallic Thermostat

The thermostat consists of two thermally different metals stuck together back to
back. When it is cold the contacts are closed and current passes through the
thermostat. When it gets hot, one metal expands more than the other and the
bonded bi-metallic strip bends up (or down) opening the contacts preventing the
current from flowing.

On/Off Thermostat
There are two main types of bi-metallic strips based mainly upon their
movement when subjected to temperature changes. There are the “snap-action”
types that produce an instantaneous “ON/OFF” or “OFF/ON” type action on the
electrical contacts at a set temperature point, and the slower “creep-action”
types that gradually change their position as the temperature changes.

Snap-action type thermostats are commonly used in our homes for controlling
the temperature set point of ovens, irons, immersion hot water tanks and they
can also be found on walls to control the domestic heating system.
Creeper types generally consist of a bi-metallic coil or spiral that slowly
unwinds or coils-up as the temperature changes. Generally, creeper type bi-
metallic strips are more sensitive to temperature changes than the standard snap
ON/OFF types as the strip is longer and thinner making them ideal for use in
temperature gauges and dials etc.

Although very cheap and are available over a wide operating range, one main
disadvantage of the standard snap-action type thermostats when used as a
temperature sensor, is that they have a large hysteresis range from when the
electrical contacts open until when they close again. For example, it may be set
to 20oC but may not open until 22oC or close again until 18oC.

So the range of temperature swing can be quite high. Commercially available

bi-metallic thermostats for home use do have temperature adjustment screws
that allow for a more precise desired temperature set-point and hysteresis level
to be pre-set.

SPECIFICATIONS
4.4 HEART BEAT SENSOR:

A person’s heartbeat is the sound of the valves in his/heir’s heart contracting or

expanding as they force blood from one region to another. The number of times
the heart beats per minute (BPM), is the heart beat rate and the beat of the heart
that can be felt in any artery that lies close to the skin is the pulse.

 Ways to Measure a Heartbeat

 Manual Way: Heart beat can be checked manually by checking one’s

pulses at two locations- wrist (the radial pulse) and the neck (carotid pulse).
 The procedure is to place the two fingers (index and middle finger) on the
wrist (or neck below the windpipe) and count the number of pulses for 30
seconds and then multiplying that number by 2 to get the heart beat rate.
However, pressure should be applied minimum and also fingers should be
moved up and down till the pulse is felt.
 Using a sensor: Heart Beat can be measured based on optical power
variation as light is scattered or absorbed during its path through the blood as
the heart beat changes.
Principle of Heartbeat Sensor

The heartbeat sensor is based on the principle of photo plethysmography. It

measures the change in volume of blood through any organ of the body which
causes a change in the light intensity through that organ (a vascular region). In
case of applications where heart pulse rate is to be monitored, the timing of the
pulses is more important. The flow of blood volume is decided by the rate of
heart pulses and since light is absorbed by blood, the signal pulses are
equivalent to the heart beat pulses.

Normal appearance of heart beat sensor

Primary Applications of Heartbeat Sensor

 Works as a Digital Heart Rate monitor

 Works as a Patient Health Monitoring System
 Used as a Bio-Feedback control of robotic applications
when the heart pumps blood through the blood vessels, the finger becomes
slightly more opaque; due to this, less amount of light reaches from the LED to
the detector.
With every heart pulse generated, the detector signal gets varied. The varied
detector signal is converted into an electrical pulse. This electrical signal gets
amplified and triggered through an amplifier

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF HEART BEAT SENSOR:

Working of a Heartbeat Sensor

The basic heartbeat sensor consists of a light emitting diode and a detector like a
light detecting resistor or a photodiode. The heart beat pulses cause a variation
in the flow of blood to different regions of the body.  When a tissue is
illuminated with the light source, i.e. light emitted by the led, it either reflects (a
finger tissue) or transmits the light (earlobe). Some of the light is absorbed by
the blood and the transmitted or the reflected light is received by the light
detector. The amount of light absorbed depends on the blood volume in that
tissue. The detector output is in form of electrical signal and is proportional to
the heart beat rate.

This signal is actually a DC signal relating to the tissues and the blood volume
and the AC component synchronous with the heart beat and caused by pulsatile
changes in arterial blood volume is superimposed on the DC signal. Thus, the
major requirement is to isolate that AC component as it is of prime importance.

To achieve
the task of getting the AC signal, the output from the detector is first filtered
using a 2 stage HP-LP circuit and is then converted to digital pulses using a
comparator circuit or using simple ADC. The digital pulses are given to a
microcontroller for calculating the heat beat rate, given by the formula-
BPM (Beats per minute) = 60*f

Where f is the pulse frequency

Practical Heartbeat Sensor

Practical heartbeat Sensor examples are Heart Rate Sensor (Product No PC-
3147). It consists of an infrared led and an ldr embedded onto a clip like
structure. The clip is attached to the organ (earlobe or the finger) with the
detector part on the flesh.

Another example is TCRT1000, having 4 pins-

Pin1: To give supply voltage to the LED

Pin2 and 3 are grounded. Pin 4 is the output. Pin 1 is also the enable pin and
pulling it high turns the LED on and the sensor starts working. It is embedded
on a wearable device which can be worn on the wrist and the output can be sent
wirelessly (through Bluetooth) to the computer for processing.

Application Developing your own Heartbeat Sensor System

A basic Heartbeat Sensor system can also be built using basic components like a
ldr, comparator IC LM358 and a Microcontroller as given below
As described above regarding the principle of heart beat sensor, when the finger
tissue or the earlobe tissue is illuminated using a light source, the light is
transmitted after getting modulated i.e., a part getting absorbed by the blood and
the rest being transmitted. This modulated light is received by the light detector.

Here a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is used as a light detector. It works on

the principle that when light falls on the resistor, its resistance changes. As the
light intensity increases, the resistance decreases. Thus, the voltage drops across
the resistor decreases.

Here a comparator is used which compares the output voltage from the LDR to
that of the threshold voltage. The threshold voltage is the voltage drop across
the LDR when the light with fixed intensity, from the light source falls directly
on it. The inverting terminal of the comparator LM358 is connected to the
potential divider arrangement which is set to the threshold voltage and the non-
inverting terminal is connected to the LDR. When a human tissue is illuminated
using the light source, the intensity of the light reduces. As this reduced light
intensity falls on the LDR, the resistance increases and as a result the voltage
drop increases. When the voltage drop across the LDR or the non-inverting
input exceeds that of the inverting input, a logic high signal is developed at the
output of the comparator and in case voltage drop being lesser a logic low
output is developed. Thus, the output is a series of pulses. These pulses can be
fed to the Microcontroller which accordingly processes the information to get
the heart beat rate and this is displayed on the Display interfaced to the
Microcontroller.

4.5 ESP8266 MODULE:

The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP

stack and microcontroller capability produced by manufacturer Espressif
Systems in Shanghai, China.

The chip first came to the attention of western makers in August 2014 with
the ESP-01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer Ai-Thinker. This small
module allows microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple
TCP/IP connections using Hayes-style commands. However, at first there was
almost no English-language documentation on the chip and the commands it
accepted.[2] The very low price and the fact that there were very few external
components on the module, which suggested that it could eventually be very
inexpensive in volume, attracted many hackers to explore the module, chip, and
the software on it, as well as to translate the Chinese documentation

FEATURE:

 Memory:
 32 KiB instruction RAM
 32 KiB instruction cache RAM
 80 KiB user-data RAM
 16 KiB ETS system-data RAM
 External QSPI flash: up to 16 MiB is supported (512 KiB to 4 MiB
typically included)
 IEEE 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching
network
 WEP or WPA/WPA2 authentication, or open networks
 16 GPIO pins
 SPI
 I²C (software implementation)[6]
 I²S interfaces with DMA (sharing pins with GPIO)
 UART on dedicated pins, plus a transmit-only UART can be enabled on
GPIO2
 10-bit ADC (successive approximation ADC)

ESP8266 is Wi-Fi enabled system on chip (SoC) module developed by

Espressif system. It is mostly used for development of IoT (Internet of Things)
embedded applications.

ESP8266-01 WIFI Module

ESP8266 comes with capabilities of

  2.4 GHz Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g/n, supporting WPA/WPA2),
 general-purpose input/output (16 GPIO),
 Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) serial communication protocol,
 analog-to-digital conversion (10-bit ADC)
 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) serial communication protocol,
 I²S (Inter-IC Sound) interfaces with DMA (Direct Memory Access)
(sharing pins with GPIO),
 UART (on dedicated pins, plus a transmit-only UART can be
enabled on GPIO2), and
 pulse-width modulation (PWM).
It employs a 32-bit RISC CPU based on the Tensilica Xtensa L106 running at
80 MHz (or overclocked to 160 MHz). It has a 64 KB boot ROM, 64 KB
instruction RAM and 96 KB data RAM. External flash memory can be accessed
through SPI.

ESP8266 module is low-cost standalone wireless transceiver that can be used

for end-point IoT developments.

To communicate with the ESP8266 module, microcontroller needs to use set of

AT commands. Microcontroller communicates with ESP8266-01 module using
UART having specified Baud rate.

There are many third-party manufacturers that produce different modules based
on this chip. So, the module comes with different pin availability options like,

 ESP-01 comes with 8 pins (2 GPIO pins) – PCB trace antenna.

(shown in above figure)
 ESP-02 comes with 8 pins, (3 GPIO pins) – U-FL antenna connector.
 ESP-03 comes with 14 pins, (7 GPIO pins) – Ceramic antenna.
 ESP-04 comes with 14 pins, (7 GPIO pins) – No ant.
etc.
For example, below figure shows ESP-01 module pins

ESP8266-01 Module Pin Description

ESP8266-01 Module Pins

3V3: - 3.3 V Power Pin.

GND: - Ground Pin.

RST: - Active Low Reset Pin.

EN: - Active High Enable Pin.

TX: - Serial Transmit Pin of UART.

RX: - Serial Receive Pin of UART.

GPIO0 & GPIO2: - General Purpose I/O Pins. These pins decide what mode
(boot or normal) the module starts up in. It also decides whether the TX/RX
pins are used for Programming the module or for serial I/O purpose.
To program the module using UART, Connect GPIO0 to ground and GPIO2 to
VCC or leave it open. To use UART for normal Serial I/O leave both the pins
open (neither VCC nor Ground).
 CHAPTER-5
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

5.1 ARDUINO IDE:

The Arduino IDE is incredibly minimalistic, yet it provides a near-complete

environment for most Arduino-based projects. The top menu bar has the
standard options, including “File” (new, load save, etc.), “Edit” (font, copy,
paste, etc.), “Sketch” (for compiling and programming), “Tools” (useful
options for testing projects), and “Help”. The middle section of the IDE is a
simple text editor that where you can enter the program code. The bottom
section of the IDE is dedicated to an output window that is used to see the
status of the compilation, how much memory has been used, any errors that
were found in the program, and various other useful messages.

Projects made using the Arduino are called sketches, and such sketches are
usually written in a cut-down version of C++ (a number of C++ features are
not included). Because programming a microcontroller is somewhat different
from programming a computer, there are a number of device-specific
libraries (e.g., changing pin modes, output data on pins, reading analog
values, and timers). This sometimes confuses users who think Arduino is
programmed in an “Arduino language.” However, the Arduino is, in fact,
programmed in C++. It just uses unique libraries for the device.

The 6 Buttons

While more advanced projects will take advantage of the built-in tools in the
IDE, most projects will rely on the six buttons found below the menu bar.

The button bar

1. The check mark is used to verify your code. Click this once you have
written your code.
2. The arrow uploads your code to the Arduino to run.
3. The dotted paper will create a new file.
4. The upward arrow is used to open an existing Arduino project.
5. The downward arrow is used to save the current file.
6. The far right button is a serial monitor, which is useful for sending
data from the Arduino to the PC for debugging purposes.
The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License,
version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special
rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from
the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures.

User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and
the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program
stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU
toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.[5] The Arduino IDE employs
the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in
hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader
program in the board's firmware

Projects made using the Arduino are called sketches, and such sketches are
usually written in a cut-down version of C++ (a number of C++ features are
not included). Because programming a microcontroller is somewhat different
from programming a computer, there are a number of device-specific
libraries (e.g., changing pin modes, output data on pins, reading analog
values, and timers). This sometimes confuses users who think Arduino is
programmed in an “Arduino language.” However, the Arduino is, in fact,
programmed in C++. It just uses unique libraries for the device.

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code

structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from
the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures.
User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and
the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program
stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU
toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.

The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code
into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by
a loader program in the board's firmware.

5.2 EMBEDDED C:

Embedded C Programming is the soul of the processor functioning inside each

and every embedded system we come across in our daily life, such as mobile
phone, washing machine, and digital camera.
Each processor is associated with an embedded software. The first and foremost
thing is the embedded software that decides functioning of the embedded
system. Embedded C language is most frequently used to program the
microcontroller.

Earlier, many embedded applications were developed using assembly level

programming. However, they did not provide portability. This disadvantage was
overcome by the advent of various high-level languages like C, Pascal, and
COBOL. However, it was the C language that got extensive acceptance for
embedded systems, and it continues to do so. The C code written is more
reliable, scalable, and portable; and in fact, much easier to understand.

C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1969. It is a collection of one or

more functions, and every function is a collection of statements performing a
specific task.
C language is a middle-level language as it supports high-level applications and
low-level applications. Before going into the details of embedded C
programming, we should know about RAM memory organization.

Salient features of the language

 C language is a software designed with different keywords, data types,

variables, constants, etc.
 Embedded C is a generic term given to a programming language written
in C, which is associated with a particular hardware architecture.
 Embedded C is an extension to the C language with some additional
header files. These header files may change from controller to controller.
 The microcontroller 8051 #include<reg51.h> is used.
The embedded system designers must know about the hardware architecture to
write programs. These programs play prominent role in monitoring and
controlling external devices. They also directly operate and use the internal
architecture of the microcontroller, such as interrupt handling, timers, serial
communication and other available features.

The basic additional features of the embedded software

Data types
The data type refers to an extensive system for declaring variables of different
types like integer, character, float, etc. The embedded C software uses four data
types that are used to store data in the memory.
The ‘char’ is used to store any single character; ‘int’ is used to store integer
value, and ‘float’ is used to store any precision floating point value.
The size and range of different data types on a 32-bit machine is given in the
following table. The size and range may vary on machines with different word
sizes.

Keywords
There are certain words that are reserved for doing specific tasks. These words
are known as keywords. They are standard and predefined in the Embedded C.
Keywords are always written in lowercase. These keywords must be defined
before writing the main program. The basic keywords of an embedded software
are given below:

Keywords
sbit: This data type is used in case of accessing a single bit of SFR register.
 Syntax: sbit variable name = SFR bit ;
 Ex: sbit a=P2^1;
 Explanation: If we assign p2.1 as ‘a’ variable, then we can use ‘a’ instead
of p2.1 anywhere in the program, which reduces the complexity of the
program.
Bit: This data type is used for accessing the bit addressable memory of RAM
(20h-2fh).
 Syntax: bit variable name;
 Ex: bit c;
 Explanation: It is a bit sequence setting in a small data area that is used
by a program to remember something.
SFR: This data type is used for accessing a SFR register by another name. All
the SFR registers must be declared with capital letters.
 Syntax: SFR variable name = SFR address of SFR register;
 Ex: SFR port0=0x80;
 Explanation: If we assign 0x80 as ‘port0’, then we can use 0x80 instead
of port0 anywhere in the program, which reduces the complexity of the
program.
SFR Register: The SFR stands for ‘Special Function Register’. Microcontroller
8051 has 256 bytes of RAM memory. This RAM is divided into two parts: the
first part of 128 bytes is used for data storage, and the other of 128 bytes is used
for SFR registers. All peripheral devices like I/O ports, timers and counters are
stored in the SFR register, and each element has a unique address.

The Structure of an Embedded C Program

 comments
 preprocessor directives
 global variables
 main() function
{

 local variables
 statements
 …………..
 …………..
}

 fun(1)
{

 local variables
 statements
 …………..
 …………..
}
 CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSION

By using the system, the healthcare professionals can monitor, diagnose, and
advice their patients all the time. The health parameters data are stored and
published online. Hence, the healthcare professional can monitor their patients
from a remote location at any time. Our system is simple. The Future work of
the project is very essential in order to make the design system more advanced.
In the designed system the enhancement would be connecting more sensors to
internet which measures various other health parameters and would be
beneficial for patient monitoring i.e., connecting all the objects to internet for
quick and easy access. Establishing a Wi-Fi mesh type network to increase in
the communication range.
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