edit Composition and powers

The legislative authority, the Crown-in-Parliament, has three separate elements: the Monarch, the House of Lords, and

the House of Commons. No individual may be a member of both Houses, and members of the House of Lords are legally barred

from voting in elections for members of the House of Commons.

Royal Assent of the Monarch is required for all Bills to become law, and certain Delegated Legislation must be made by the

Monarch by Order-in-Council. The Crown also has executive powers which do not depend on Parliament, through prerogative

powers, which include among others the ability to dissolve Parliament, make treaties, declare war, award honours, and appoint

officers and civil servants. In practice these are always exercised by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister and the

other ministers of HM Government. The Prime Minister and government are directly accountable to Parliament, through its

control of public finances, and to the public, through election of Members of Parliament.

The Monarch also chooses the Prime Minister, who then forms a government from members of the houses of parliament. This

must be someone who could command a majority in a confidence vote in the House of Commons. In the recent past the

monarch has had to make a judgment, as in the appointment of Alec Douglas-Home in 1963 when it was thought that the

incumbent Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, had become ill with terminal cancer. However, today the monarch is advised by

the outgoing Prime Minister as to whom she should offer the position next.

The Upper House is formally styled The Right Honourable The Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament Assembled, the Lords

Spiritual being bishops of the Church of England and the Lords Temporal being Peers of the Realm. The Lords Spiritual and Lords

Temporal are considered separate "estates", but they sit, debate and vote together.

Since the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the powers of the House of Lords have been very much less than those of the House

of Commons. All bills except money bills are debated and voted upon in House of Lords; however by voting against a bill, the

House of Lords can only delay it for a maximum of two parliamentary sessions over a year. After this time, the House of

Commons can force the Bill through without the Lords' consent under the Parliament Acts. The House of Lords can also hold the

government to account through questions to government ministers and the operation of a small number of select committees.
The highest court in England & Wales and Northern Ireland used to be a committee of the House of Lords, but it became an

independent supreme court in 2009.

The Lords Spiritual formerly included all of the senior clergymen of the Church of England—archbishops, bishops, abbots and

mitred priors. Upon the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII the abbots and mitred priors lost their positions in

Parliament. All diocesan bishops continued to sit in Parliament, but the Bishopric of Manchester Act 1847, and later acts,

provide that only the 26 most senior are Lords Spiritual. These always include the incumbents of the "five great sees", namely

the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, theBishop of London, the Bishop of Durham and the Bishop of

Winchester. The remaining 21 Lords Spiritual are the most senior diocesan bishops, ranked in order of consecration.

The Lords Temporal are all members of the Peerage. Formerly, they were hereditary peers. The right of some hereditary peers

to sit in Parliament was not automatic: after Scotland and England united into Great Britain in 1707, it was provided that all

peers whose dignities had been created by English Kings could sit in Parliament, but those whose dignities had been created by

Scottish Kings were to elect a limited number of "representative peers". A similar arrangement was made in respect of Ireland

when that nation merged with Great Britain in 1801, but when southern Ireland left the United Kingdom in 1922 the election of

Irish representative peers ceased. By the Peerage Act 1963, the election of Scottish representative peers also ended, and all

Scottish peers were granted the right to sit in Parliament. Under the House of Lords Act 1999, only life peerages (that is to say,
peerage dignities which cannot be inherited) automatically entitle their holders to seats in the House of Lords. Of the hereditary

peers, only 92—the Earl Marshal, the Lord Great Chamberlain and the 90 elected by other peers—retain their seats in the

House.

The Commons, the last of the "estates" of the Kingdom, are represented in the House of Commons, which is formally styled The

Honourable The Commons in Parliament Assembled(commons coming not from the term commoner, but from commune, the

old French term for a district). The House currently consists of 650 members. Each "Member of Parliament" or "MP" is chosen

by a single constituency according to the First-Past-the-Post electoral system. Universal adult suffrage exists for those 18 and

over; citizens of the United Kingdom, and those of the Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth nations resident in the United

Kingdom are qualified to vote. The term of members of the House of Commons depends on the term of Parliament, a maximum

of five years; a general election, during which all the seats are contested, occurs after each dissolution (see below).

All legislation must be passed by the House of Commons to become law and it controls taxation and the supply of money to the

government. Government ministers (including the Prime Minister) must regularly answer questions in the House of Commons

and there are a number of select committees that scrutinise particular issues and the workings of the government. There are

also mechanisms that allow members of the House of Commons to bring to the attention of the government particular issues

affecting their constituents.

Type Bicameral

Houses House of Lords

House of Commons

Leadership

Lord Speaker Baroness Hayman

since 4 May 2006

Speaker of the John Bercow

House of Commons since 22 June 2009

Structure

Members 1,436

786 Peers

650 Members of Parliament (MPs)

LordsPolitical Labour Party, Conservative Party,Cross

groups Benchers, Liberal Democrats,Lords Spiritual, UK

Independence Party, Non-affiliated peers

 Parliament of the Republic of Moldova arliament of the Republic of Moldova
Parlamentul Republicii Moldova From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Moldova

The Parliament of the Republic of Moldova (Parlamentul

Republicii Moldova) is a unicameral assembly with 101 seats. Its

members are elected by popular vote every 4 years. The

parliament then elects a president, who functions as the head of

state. The president appoints a prime minister as head of

government who in turn assembles a cabinet, both subject to

Type
parliamentary approval.

Type Unicameral [edit]Apparatus

The Parliament staff ensures an organizational, informational

Leadership
and technological assistance to activity of the Parliament, the

President of the Parliament Standing Bureau, standing committees, parliamentary factions

Mihai Ghimpu, PL
since Aug 28, 2009 and of deputies. The structure and the personal record of the

parliament staff are approved by the Parliament.

Structure [edit]Legislative procedure

Members 101 According to the Constitution of Moldova (1994), the Parliament

is the supreme representative organ and the single legislative

Political groups AIE (53): authority of the state. The right of legislative initiative belongs to
PLDM 18, PL 15, PDM13, AMN 7
the Members of Parliament, to the Speaker (excepting proposals
PCRM (48)
to revise the Constitution) and to the Government. In exercise of

this right MPs and the President of the state present to

Elections
Parliament draft papers and legislative proposals, while

Last election the Government presents draft papers.

November 28, 2010

[edit]Structure of former legislatures

Meeting place
[edit]Moldovan Parliament 1994-1998

Main article: Moldovan parliamentary election, 1994

56 28 11 9

PDAM BePSMUE BTI BeAFPCD

[edit]Moldovan Parliament 1998-2001

Main article: Moldovan parliamentary election, 1998

40 26 24 11
Parliament Building, Chişinău

Website

www.parlament.md
 Democratic
PCRM Dem & Prosperous PFD
Convention

[edit]Moldovan Parliament 2001-2005

Main article: Moldovan parliamentary election, 2001

71 19 11

PCRM Braghis Alliance PPCD

[edit]Moldovan Parliament 2005-2009

Main articles: Moldovan Parliament 2005-2009 and  Moldovan parliamentary election, 2005

56 22 8 4 11

PCRM AMN PDM PSL PPCD

[edit]Moldovan Parliament April–July 2009

Main article: Moldovan parliamentary election, April 2009

60 15 15 11

PCRM PL PLDM AMN

[edit]Moldovan Parliament 2009–2010

Main articles: Moldovan Parliament 2009–2010 and  Moldovan parliamentary election, July 2009

48 18 15 13 7

PCRM PLDM PL PDM AMN

]Moldovan Parliament 2010–Present

Main articles: Moldovan Parliament 2010-Present  and Moldovan parliamentary election, 2010

42 32 15 12

PCRM PLDM PDM PL