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Differential Equation.

1) The document discusses ordinary differential equations, including definitions, examples, orders, degrees, and methods for solving differential equations. 2) Fundamental concepts introduced include the independent and dependent variables, orders of differential equations, and the general, particular, and singular solutions. 3) Methods for solving differential equations include finding the general solution involving arbitrary constants, eliminating arbitrary constants to find particular solutions, and separating variables.

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Rimon Chandra
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
146 views8 pages

Differential Equation.

1) The document discusses ordinary differential equations, including definitions, examples, orders, degrees, and methods for solving differential equations. 2) Fundamental concepts introduced include the independent and dependent variables, orders of differential equations, and the general, particular, and singular solutions. 3) Methods for solving differential equations include finding the general solution involving arbitrary constants, eliminating arbitrary constants to find particular solutions, and separating variables.

Uploaded by

Rimon Chandra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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f T (Introduction)

nfofo ATARTTT 9I0 I V ATHSAI TTATAA (Differential Equation) ICPTAI HAIeat ai bSTM

dy
2 x . . . (i)
dx

dx
-u
dt2
(u>0)... (Gi)

dx
=kx (k> 0)... (ii)
dt

I 4 G), (Gii), Gii)-44 afoiGR VITA AAIATI GA211| ZTA1 ODA afdidto x, y, t UstA Ty1e S I 7 TUI7

6R 7Ra (Collection of Information)


RNRGT NTT (Description)
T m a Rtre H lsane Newton sat rfa sftres Gottfried Leibniz
rf I T 2 eut "The History of Differential Equations, 1670-1950) *17 2 7 RCATR
"Differential equations began with Leibniz, the Bernouli brothers, and others from the 1680s, not long after
Newton's fluxional equations in the 1670s"1

Newton 1736 aTT Z The Method of Fluxions and Infinite Series'-9 aam r g r a t
(Pluxional Equations) 4131 CI afd hoes Edward Ince-43 HO TATA S199f7 Leibniz-4a 2TE KTAR 1675

Jedr=
1776 12M Newton T
dx
d TY7 Tr4foa TT oRLA Leibniz, y 579t- g | 4 x

dy-gT NTAI7 ANTO differential equations' (aequationdifferentialis, Latin) 7 | 1693


O SUTEBernoulli tyR-Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705) 4R Johann Bernoulli (1667-1748)
TR1 Newton-43 Theory Leibniz-4 NTUG fACSTA U BITi (Plagiarized) Tyi IS Z AI|
of Fluxions',
aT157TPAT 1 aem u RI fqofaw Gabriele Manfredi-4 T (1701-1704 13 T
ARE)1ED Leibniz 47R Bernoulli arýacas o Aca TT TRI 130PI 7AIT 4 I1RT Leonhard
Euler, Daniel Bernoulli, Joseph Lagrange, Pierre Laplace
R OY TRICA S TITEI
T4T3 YEP 7AAT
7RT (Definition of ordinary differential equation)
T 5RI (Independent variable) x, 4 TR 5ETRI (Dependent variable) y R 1 4ee
AS 2 , d"y ARE A-IAI TAPAITT KTT
7AIPA (Ordinary Differential Equation)
dx

dy C . (1)
dx (2)

dy = sinx dx d y - y dx
(3) +X dx
22 + y dy = 0 .(4)
dy dy
(5)
+ y xex . (6)

r 7AIA FA TO (Order and degree of a differential equation)


(Order) [
Note: u 7 T S
(1) TR F7 AAT 1yefs aR7 sTA (first order) y a
(2) TR 9 P R 2, (3) Aa,
R 97 a 1 , (4) AR AA DN 1, (5) R I 3, (6) aR 47 2
i PIt FAIT UVRP7A}UR 37) zMa (Polynomial equation)-9 a1 A A15

(1) R 6 AIATI IU = 1
a,a+an-1X"-l + + d + a1x + ag = 0
(2) R TAPAT IU = 1
(3) R TT TE = 1
(4) R 7AIAT KIE = 1

5) a d , +y dy
dx

2 2

d3 d3 +y= 1 +
dx

d'y
dx3

RT, (6) R 7APSTA TI 1


1-
dx
1+y . (7)

+2d+sin
d2 dx
=. (8)
dy
y +edr +y =0 .(9)
dr2

d'y2
d5dr =xxlog
log d? .(10)

d
dy
PT AATDA KTT UArEI 4 PIIC (9) R TÄIATI eds (10) R HAPTI log
(d2|

CATfERF GAAT (Fundamental theorem)


dy dy
2 '
d
9 RITR STERI A. Ar, y, cq. C2 ..,
C,) 0 AIT F|*
=
dx' d2 dx"
(primitive)-e : T T o711f FRTA| 7AMS (general solution) *I 2

ndent)
n-

TT U 13T EAT T 3 sT (Formation of differential equation h


elimination of by
arbitrary constant)
I e S R I ART (system of curves) 1 T 7 (system of functions)-47 RIEA I A R

2+y= c2, ATTA c i CABR |


T x-4 TAT 44aA P , 2x + 2y = 0 1, x + y dy =0
=0
dx

04 TINTA TATATT (Solution of differential equation)

2 7AKTA 2P4 A : 1. 14t3 7A1T (General solution),


3. f T TATA (Singular solution).
2. c T (Particular solution)

O1. tT49 7AtYtA (General solution or complete integral or complete primitive) : ICAl nAI
ATATTI n-7RT CA (arbitrary constant) 7aT 7AI4T 3777 TÄAT T171 AITA
general solution) 7 7 (Complete Integral) 1 (Complete primitive) t I

IE y = A sin x + B cos x (A, B, C 4R) y = 0 Taa 7TRTRS FATAYT


dx
2 . fCR TATYtT (Particular solution) : AIAI T7 7APATTN 141 AITT - CR IT3 Roa

TET3 y = A sin x + B cos x 71kTa1 7414TTDTTA = 1 9 B 2 T . y = sin x + 2 cos x - R


dy
dx

3. r TAAta (Singular solution) A 7ATT G AIAT EICI A

dy
GIRa41a, y = *
d dx

dy p 41t7 1,y
dx
=
=px + . .
(1)
ToAT x-91 AitAT D A MA R, dy dp a dp
dp a dp
dx p:1 +
*ds?d p , =
p +
dx p2 dx
dp
a. dx\ dp
=
0 01
dp
0
dx p ={ =c (c C )
(1) CRT R, y = c* + . (2)
C

3, = T , (1) AT i , y =p : +

==4a y = 4ax ... (3)

solution), P (2) AR 1KT 7AIATA CAR c-9 TAI AO7 A aÍACA (3) TR 7A14T CATCATI 7 3 7

o o i e T PUT (Biological problems) : faT 91 TRIUS ROR7 aE 2T51 RTS 7eT g

Genomics : Ra 1faafHsa v eIa 5 ATAT CTE f e T zTE TYT

Tite 3RITA SNRVtTerer Calculation g Simulation-a f UTAT7R RTATEI

Molecular Biology : 9 7 R I Quantitative model 7AIATN ARICI 10 1


I Mathematical Cell Biology 46 qo PAT interdisciplinary C4 IITA 7AaTR YIT

r a râean DNA Molecules uI M Biosynthesis phospholipids R fAf9T StafAsr

Cell Biology : Biological, Biomedical 94t Biotechnology i I R RA F UTS T9Tq A


q 27I Cell Biology-( Protein interaction, 'Cartoon Models' iEA A150I afan uA z I 31 79

Evolutionary Biology : Ecology 44R Evolutionary Biology-(oe V 1 j 7AlT A9T AT 7* 1


TI Population genetics-4 Alleles 3 i37RR Gene loci-ce 3 4 ¢GI 7 R RI Gene loci-co
Fafo 1ÓtAa a91 7 *a1a ICA, O Quantitative genetics-91 2M 9 TGI
Phylogenetics -9 Ronald Fisher 9 Evolutionary Game Theory-o John Maynard Smith s Gorge R.
Price-41 UaaI

y 2
APUTHR (Physlcal and chemical problems) ATTAG Tot
CTE 9R HNA

Exponential Decay :t 7AII I I CU TI7 A CT*31, (IR NACI) * I fG7

dt

mg

dr c - x ) , IRTAk 4
k TY (+ve)
Chemical reaction : R UT AIMTAT fARIS A PITAI T7 CYS ITUÍ TAI 3 | T7 AsP

ka- xNb -x), aA k 9d T (+ve) { | 4RITA, a e b R ZU 21


The differential rate law: First order reaction
3T5 fTPIIT AR3, TI A 7TAT TTG, R

First order kinetics-43 (Fta


TU FA TA Rate =
dA= klA| = k[A] 4R
dt
Half-live of first order reaction : [A] =
[Agl
UTATR PIPR (Geometrical
TAT RS AT problems): B K7pE TRAK AR yAfE
the 19th century
TATR
TI Differential Geometry AITA STTU AY17 CE TOCI "Since
differential geometry has grown into a field concerned
geometric structure on differential more
generally with the
manifolds. Differential geometry is closely related
topology and the geometric aspects of the theory of to
differential
Riemannian Geometry Riemannian :
differenital equationsts"
metric-4 JTA Riemannian
manifolds, smooth manifolds
Pseudo-Riemannian Geometry: ad Riemannian
ARTO T K aTAT9 GI 9 TUT 0
Geometry-g 1 , AA Metric tensor
RT C Lorentzian manifold, 1
RA
Finsler Geometry: aTT Finsler
metric-4ARITRI Differential
TTBranch norm A1 A Finsler
manifold-93 TTFTIDAT I 9tA aO0 *oora
metric i Riemannian metric-4 tA
RT
TTt-1 CITAI PTATR (x, y) fgc 3y+ 2x+4
ÁtA C E
6y+ PTAiG (0, -
1) f

NTta: dy 3y+2x +4
241ACA, dx 4x +6y +5
1dz 2+4
77, 2x+ 3y =z
2 z +12
dx 22 +5 :2+3
dz 32 +12
, 2+12+42 +10 72 +22
dx 24 2
22 +5 22 +5
a1. 722z+22
+dz = dx , (72 +22)+5-4 dz = dax
72 +22
dz
.
de-7+22 Jdx +e a1. l o g 17+ 22 = x + c

T. (2+3y) 049 log I7(2x-

+ 3y) +
22 =x + 3, 6y 9
c
49 log |14x + 21y +
22 =
-+ C.
x =0 TAy= - 1 A l0g 1 = c c -
7
3 TAA 6y
4 log |14x + 21y +22 =
7. 7( 2y 2 ) 3 log |14x + 21y + 221 = 0.

sRTe T¥ (Biological problems)

RI R1 qE I = dn kn (k > 0)
- ktdt log|n| kt
n
» = +
log|e|, c 7A 4
log =kt * . (i)

K31 R, t 0-C5 n =no o=


4R n =
2n0, 37t = 3
DR (i) (AT n0 = ce =
. (ii)
2n0 = ce3k
(ii)
(i) R (iii) (RT R, e3* = 2
.. (iv)
3 7 , n = No, 73at = 12
No =
nglel2) =
nole3k4 no(24) =16no
=

TOR 12 z1 ATA I I RU1 16 11 TI


3HA TPU (Chemical problem)

XATEta: 4A1 31, t 3EA MA


dm AÍUATCAT E= m

km (k= 0),
dt
=
k
7aTCOT |
kdt m
m
m = kldt +logc logm =logcekt
m = ce
m = mek
(i)
CICRY CATUATAI WKAP =
1200 1 ,
mo mel200k = el200
2 . (ii)
7 600 q2 I I M TAI CaIGAN
UAT IT,

M =
mo600k M 1200k) =mo lel2004 2 =o mo
» =
moe
1.414
600 TA A131A UT1 100
70.72% UatarG
1.414 NTT
mechanics and
physics)
in
TT 9 stAfAT aatst (Application

de
H s t A : NtPATCA, = -k(0-a), (k > 044*
dt

= = - kdt log |0- al = - kt + loglcl.


0-a
R t = 0, 6 = 150°C, .: log|150 - a| = - k.0 + 1og|¢|

log|e| = log|150 - al
T 3 , (i) cRTT , log| 6 - a| = - kt + log| 150 - a|

- -
-a=
log |- kt = 0 a =(150 ae*
150- al
6= a + (150 ae (ii)

PTE (Inference)

3FOTOTP (Acknowledgement)
**************** ****.****

arnrotic (Bibliography)
OAmit M. Agarwal: Calculus
R.D. Sharma
Mathematics (Vol-2)

cfGaa

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