EEE -3 DEPT.

OF EEE MPTC MLP

MODULE – 3 ➢ Controlling torque is provided by gravity control.

Working
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) Instruments ➢ When the instrument is connected in the circuit ,
current flowing through the coil set up a magnetic field
and coil behave like a magnet and it attracts the soft
iron piece towards it.
➢ The result is that the pointer attached to the moving
system moves from zero position.
➢ The pointer will come to rest at a position where
deflecting torque is equal to the controlling torque.
2) Repulsion type
➢ It consist of two soft-iron vanes surrounded by a fixed
cylindrical hollow coil which carries the operating
current.
➢ One of these vane is fixed and the other is free to
move.

Construction
➢ This type of instrument is based on the principle that
when a current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field,
torque acts on the coil.
➢ It consist of a rectangular coil of many turns of fine wire
wound on an aluminium former which is mounted
between the poles of a permanent magnet.
➢ Controlling torque is provided by two hair springs.
Working ➢ Movable vane is mounted on a spindle to which a
➢ When the instrument is connected in the circuit, the pointer is attached
current flows through the coil. ➢ Fixed vane is attached to the coil
➢ Since the coil is carrying current and is placed in the
➢ Controlling torque is provided by a spring arranged at
magnetic field of the permanent magnet, a mechanical the top of the instrument.
force acts on it.
➢ As a result, the pointer attached to the moving system
Working
➢ When the instrument is connected in the circuit, the
moves in a clockwise direction over the scale to indicate
current flows through the coil, a magnetic field is set up
the value of current or voltage being measured. by the coil
Moving Iron (MI) Instruments ➢ This magnetic field magnetizes the two vanes in the
There are two type of moving-iron instruments same direction and it repel each other. Due this
1) Attraction type 2) Repulsion type repulsive force movable vane moves as a result pointer
moves over the scale.
1) Attraction type
➢ The pointer will come to rest at a position where
deflecting torque is equal to the controlling torque
provided by the spring.
Dynamometer type wattmeter
➢ Working principle is ‘ when a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field a mechanical
force is exerted on it’.
➢ It consist of a fixed coil and a moving coil
➢ The fixed coil (current coil) is connected in series with
the load while the moving coil (pressure coil) is
connected across the load.
➢ It consists of a cylindrical coil which is kept fixed and an
➢ The controlling torque is provided by spring control
oval shaped soft iron is attached to the spindle in such a
way that it can move in and out of the coil. ➢ When the wattmeter is connected in the circuit, the
➢ A pointer is attached to the spindle so that it is deflected current coil carries the load current and potential coil
with the motion of the soft iron piece. carries current proportional to the load voltage.

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EEE -3 DEPT.OF EEE MPTC MLP

H ∝ I2Rt
Induction heating
➢ Induction heating is the process of heating an electrically
conducting object (usually a metal) by electromagnetic
induction, through heat generated in the object by eddy
currents Induction furnaces are classified as
1. Core type induction furnace
2. Coreless induction furnace

➢ Due to currents in the coils, mechanical force exist Core type induction furnace
between them.
➢ It is essentially a transformer which has core , primary
➢ The result is that movable coil moves the pointer over winding , charge act as short circuited single turn.
the scale.
➢ Charge is kept in insulated crucible.
➢ The pointer comes to rest at a position where deflecting
➢ The charge is magnetically coupled to the primary by an
torque is equal to the controlling torque.
iron core.
Power measurement in three phase AC system by ➢ When AC supply is connected to primary winding, eddy
two wattmeter method current is induced in the charge due to electromagnetic
induction and charge gets heated.

Coreless induction furnace

➢ The furnace consist of a ceramic crucible cylindrical in
shape enclosed within a coil which forms the primary of a
transformer.
➢ The furnace also may have a conducting or non-
conducting container.
➢ If the container is made of conducting material, it forms
➢ Two Wattmeter Method can be used to measure the the secondary circuit and the charge can have either
power in a 3 phase, 3 wire star or delta connected conducting or non-conducting properties.
balanced or unbalanced load.
➢ In Two wattmeter method the current coils of the
wattmeter are connected with any two lines, say R and Y
and the potential coil of each wattmeter is connected
across the same line and the third line i.e. B as shown in
the figure
➢ Total power of the circuit is sum of the reading of both the
wattmeters (P1 + P2)
Heat production from electric power
➢ The heat which is produced due to the flow of current in
a wire.
➢ If the container is made of non conducting or ceramic
➢ The amount of heat produced in current conducting material, the charge must necessarily have conducting
wire, is proportional to the square of the amount of properties.
current, resistance of the wire and time of current flow.

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EEE -3 DEPT.OF EEE MPTC MLP

➢ When a high frequency supply is given to the primary

winding sets up eddy currents in the charge or container
by transformer action.These current heat the charge to
melting point.

Dielectric heating

➢ Dielectric heating (also known as Capacitance heating) is

the method of heating non-conductive materials.
➢ The material to be heated is placed between two
electrodes to which a high-frequency AC supply is
connected.
➢ High frequency alternating field heat up the material
placed between the electrodes due dielectric loss in the
material.
➢ Frequency used for dielectric heating is in the range of 1
to 40 MHz