Chapter 13

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1. Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes? A. mitosis

A. mitosis
B. fertilization
C. meiosis
D. the exchange of chromosomes between organisms of different species
2. The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes. Therefore, following C. crossing over and random
meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. In addition to mutations, fertilization
how might genetic diversity be generated in this species?

A. crossing over only

B.independent assortment only
C. crossing over and random fertilization
D. nothing else
3. Crossing over of chromosomes normally takes place during which of the following C. meiosis I
processes?

A. mitosis
B. meiosis II
C. meiosis I
D. mitosis and meiosis II
4. A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes D. 16
produces gametes containing _____ chromosomes.

A. 64
B. 32
C. 8
D. 16
E. 30
5. DNA was isolated from three different cell types of the same organism, the relative
DNA content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the graph
shown in the figure below.

Refer to the graph to answer the following question.

Which sample of DNA might be from a cell that stopped the process of cell division in
G0 phase of the cell cycle prior to meiosis?

A. I
B. II
C. III A. I
D. either I or II
6. DNA was isolated from three different cell types of the same organism, the relative
DNA content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the
graph shown in the figure below.

Refer to the graph to answer the following question.

Which sample of DNA might represent an animal cell in the G2 phase of the cell cycle
prior to meiosis?

A. I
B. II
C. III B. II
D. both I and II
7. DNA was isolated from three different cell types of the same organism, the relative
DNA content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the
graph shown in the figure below.

Refer to the graph to answer the following question.

Which sample of DNA might represent a zygote?

A. I
B. II
C. III
D. either I or II A. I

8. During which of the following phases of meiosis do centromeres split and sister C. anaphase II
chromatids migrate to opposite poles of the cell?

A. anaphase I
B. telophase I
C. anaphase II
D. telophase II
9. During which of the following phases of meiosis do homologous chromosomes C. anaphase I
separate?

A. anaphase II
B. mitosis
C. anaphase I
D. prophase I
10. During which of the following processes does independent assortment of B. in meiosis I only
chromosomes occur?

A. in meiosis II only
B. in meiosis I only
C. in mitosis and meiosis I
D. in mitosis and meiosis II
11. During which of the following processes do sister chromatids separate from each B. during both mitosis and meiosis II
other?

A. during both mitosis and meiosis I

B. during both mitosis and meiosis II
C. during meiosis II only
D. during meiosis I only
12. For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different D. about 8 million
combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes based
on the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis?

A. 46
B. 23
C. about 1,000
D. about 8 million
13. Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for C. Sexual reproduction increases
evolution. Biological systems have multiple processes, such as reproduction, that affect genetic variation because random
genetic variation. They are evolutionarily conserved and shared by various organisms. mutations can be shuffled between
organisms.
Which of the following statements best represents the connection between
reproduction and evolution?

A. Plants that use sexual reproduction are rare since this type of reproduction in plants
does not contribute to genetic diversity.
B. Since prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually, there is no mechanism for them to
add genetic diversity for evolution.
C. Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be
shuffled between organisms.
D. In order to increase genetic diversity for evolution in sexually reproducing organisms,
mutations must occur in the zygote after fertilization.
14. How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of C. The cells have half the number of
meiosis I? chromosomes and one-fourth the
amount of DNA.
A. The cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.
B. The cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA.
C. The cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.
D. The cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.
15. How does natural selection apply to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual A. Sexual reproduction results in many
reproduction? new gene combinations, some of
which will lead to differential
A. Sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead reproduction.
to differential reproduction.
B. Sexual reproduction results in the greatest number of new mutations.
C. Sexual reproduction allows the greatest number of offspring to be produced.
D. Sexual reproduction utilizes far less energy than asexual reproduction.
16. Human gametes are produced by _____. A. meiosis

A. meiosis
B. asexual reproduction
C. the cell cycle
D. mitosis
E. fertilization
17. If a cell has completed meiosis I and the first cytokinesis, and is just beginning meiosis II, B. It has half the amount of DNA as
which of the following is an appropriate description of its genetic contents? the cell that began meiosis.

A. It is genetically identical to another cell formed from the same meiosis I event.
B. It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.
C. It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the parent cell.
D. It has half the chromosomes but twice the DNA of the parent cell.
18. Imagine that there are 25 different species of protists living in a tide pool. Some of these B. The sexually reproducing species
species reproduce both sexually and asexually, and some of them can reproduce only is likely to thrive.
asexually. The pool gradually becomes infested with disease-causing viruses and bacteria.

Which species are more likely to thrive in the changing environment?

A. The asexually reproducing species is likely to thrive.

B. The sexually reproducing species is likely to thrive.
C. Sexually and asexually reproducing species are equally likely to thrive.
D. Neither species will be able to thrive.
19. In a human karyotype, chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs. If we choose one of these B. length, centromere position,
pairs, such as pair 14, which of the following do the two chromosomes of the pair have in staining pattern, and traits coded
common? for by their genes

A. length and position of the centromere only

B. length, centromere position, staining pattern, and traits coded for by their genes
C. length, centromere position, and staining pattern only
D. They have nothing in common except that they are X-shaped.
20. Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of which of the following processes? A. the random way each pair of
homologous chromosomes lines
A. the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate up at the metaphase plate during
during meiosis I meiosis I
B. the random combinations of eggs and sperm during fertilization
C. the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during
anaphase II
D. the diverse combination of alleles that may be found within any given chromosome
21. Many organisms spend most of their life cycle in the diploid state. If meiosis produces B. by fertilization
haploid cells, how is the diploid number restored for these types of organisms?

A. through the transcription of DNA to RNA

B. by fertilization
C. by synapsis of the homologous pairs of chromosomes during prophase of meiosis I
D. by DNA replication
22. Normal human gametes carry _____ chromosomes. E. 23

A. 5
B. 23 pairs of
C. 46 pairs of
D. 46
E. 23
23. Part complete D. VII
For the following question, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below.

I. Prophase I V. Prophase IIII. Metaphase I VI. Metaphase IIIII. Anaphase I VII. Anaphase IIIV.
Telophase I VIII. Telophase II

Centromeres of sister chromatids disjoin and chromatids separate.

A. III
B. IV
C. V
D. VII
24. A particular organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. Which of the following D. It produces gametes with 23
statements is correct regarding this organism? chromosomes.
A. It must be human.
B. It must be an animal.
C. It reproduces sexually.
D. It produces gametes with 23 chromosomes.
25. Quaking aspen trees can send out underground stems for asexual reproduction. Sexual D. 38
reproduction is not as common, but when it does happen, the haploid gametes have 19
chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the cells of the underground stems?

A. 10
B. 9
C. 19
D. 38
26. Question 7 C. Corresponding segments of non-
Which of the following processes occurs when homologous chromosomes cross over in sister chromatids are exchanged.
meiosis I?

A. Two sister chromatids get tangled, resulting in one re-sequencing its DNA.
B. Two sister chromatids exchange identical pieces of DNA.
C. Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged.
D. Maternal alleles are "corrected" to be like paternal alleles and vice versa.
27. Refer to the drawings in the figure below of a single pair of homologous chromosomes
as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the
following question.

Which diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis?

A. II
B. I B. I
C. IV
D. V
28. Refer to the information and figure below to answer the following question.

A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the
B. one chromosome 12 with one blue
consequence of one of its genes on chromosome 12, and has either long or short
gene and one chromosome 19 with
antennae as the result of a second gene on chromosome 19, as shown in the figure.A
one long gene
certain female's number 12 chromosomes both have the blue gene and number 19
chromosomes both have the long gene.

As cells in her ovaries undergo meiosis, which of the following combinations of genes
and chromosomes will her eggs have?

A. either two number 19 chromosomes with long genes or two with short genes
B. one chromosome 12 with one blue gene and one chromosome 19 with one long gene
C. either two number 12 chromosomes with blue genes or two with orange genes
D. either one blue or one orange gene in addition to either one long or one short gene
29. Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure below to answer the following
question.

In a life cycle such as that shown in part II of the figure above, if the zygote's
chromosome number is ten, which of the following statements will be true?

A. The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is five and the gametophyte's is ten.
B. The sporophyte and gametophyte each have ten chromosomes per cell.
C. The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is ten and the gametophyte's is five.
C. The sporophyte's chromosome
D. The sporophyte and gametophyte each have five chromosomes per cell.
number per cell is ten and the
gametophyte's is five.
30. Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure below to answer the following
question. Which of the life cycles is typical for animals?
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and III

A. I only
31. Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. D. two

How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm?

A. a diploid number
B. eight
C. four
D. two
32. A triploid cell contains three sets of homologous chromosomes. If a cell of a diploid B. 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3
species that normally has 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be
expected to have which of the following sets of chromosomes?

A. 63 chromosomes, each with 3 sister chromatids

B. 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3
C. 63 chromosomes in 31 1/2 pairs
D. 21 chromosome pairs and 21 unique chromosomes
33. When chiasmata can first be seen in cells using a microscope, which of the following A. prophase I
processes has most likely occurred?

A. prophase I
B. anaphase II
C. the separation of homologs
D. meiosis II
34. Which of the following processes facilitates the fastest way for C. sexual reproduction
organisms to adapt to a changing environment?

A. mutation
B. asexual reproduction
C. sexual reproduction
D. mitosis
35. Which of the following processes might produce a human zygote A. an error in meiotic anaphase occurring in either an egg
with 45 chromosomes? or sperm

A. an error in meiotic anaphase occurring in either an egg or sperm

B. failure of the egg nucleus to be fertilized by the sperm
C. failure of an egg to complete meiosis II
D. incomplete cytokinesis during spermatogenesis after meiosis I
36. Which of the following processes occur during meiosis but not C. Diploid cells form haploid cells.
mitosis?

A. Haploid cells fuse to form diploid cells.

B. Haploid cells multiply into more haploid cells.
C. Diploid cells form haploid cells.
D. A diploid cell combines with a haploid cell.
37. Which of the following processes occurs in a plant's sexual life C. gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis
cycle?

A. sporophytes produce gametes by mitosis

B. gametophytes produce gametes by meiosis
C. gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis
D. sporophytes produce gametes by meiosis
38. Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not in B. synapsis of chromosomes
mitosis?
A. chromosome replication
B. synapsis of chromosomes
C. alignment of chromosomes at the equator
D. condensation of chromosomes
39. Which of the following statements defines a genome? D. the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA
sequences
A. the complete set of an organism's polypeptides
B. the complete set of a species' polypeptides
C. a karyotype
D. the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA
sequences
40. Which of the following statements describes a major difference A. Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous
between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism? pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I.

A. Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of

chromosomes separate in meiosis I.
B. Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of
chromosomes separate in meiosis II.
C. DNA replication takes place prior to mitosis, but not before
meiosis I.
D. Only meiosis I results in daughter cells that contain identical
genetic information.
41. Which of the following statements describes an example of A. A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces a spore by
alternation of generations? meiosis that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen
grain (gametophyte).
A. A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces a spore by meiosis that
gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte).
B. A grandparent and grandchild each have dark hair, but the parent
has blond hair.
C. A diploid animal produces gametes by meiosis, and the gametes
undergo fertilization to produce a diploid zygote.
D. A haploid mushroom produces gametes by mitosis, and the
gametes undergo fertilization, which is immediately followed by
meiosis.
42. Which of the following statements describes one characteristic of B. Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids
each chromosome in a cell during the entire process of meiosis I? joined by a centromere.

A. Each chromosome is paired with a homologous chromosome.

B. Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a
centromere.
C. Each chromosome is joined with its homologous pair to form a
synaptonemal complex. D. Each chromosome consists of a single
strand of DNA.
43. Which of the following statements describes the chromosomal C. The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each
makeup of each daughter cell after telophase of meiosis I? composed of two chromatids.

A. The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed
of a single chromatid.
B. The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed
of two chromatids.
C. The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed
of two chromatids.
D. The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed
of a single chromatid.
44. Which of the following statements is correct in comparing sexual B. In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their
and asexual reproduction? nuclear genes to each of their offspring.

A. Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring.

B. In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear
genes to each of their offspring.
C. Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is
characteristic of only plants and fungi.
D. In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization
without meiosis.
45. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the human X C. It is present in every somatic cell of males and females.
chromosomes?

A. It is referred to as an autosome.
B. It is the same size as the Y chromosome and has the same
number of genes.
C. It is present in every somatic cell of males and females.
D. It carries genes that determine an individual's biological sex.
46. Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a D. Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of
chromosome number of 2n = 16? chromosomes.

A. The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell.

B. A gamete from this species has four chromosomes.
C. The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell.
D. Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes.
47. Which of these cells is (are) haploid?

A. B
B. B and C
C. C and D
D. A and D
E. D

C. C and D
48. Which of these gametes contains one or more recombinant chromosomes?

A. A and C
B. D and E
C. A and D
D. B and C
E. A and B

D. B and C
49. Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing B. random fertilization
organisms? C. crossing over
Select all that apply. D. independent assortment of chromosomes in
meiosis
A. cytokinesis
B. random fertilization
C. crossing over
D. independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis