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Reading Process Theories: Bottom-Up Model Interactive Model Top-Down Model

The document discusses three main reading process theories: top-down, bottom-up, and interactive models. The top-down model emphasizes using prior knowledge to understand text from whole to part. The bottom-up model focuses on decoding letters and words to build meaning from part to whole. The interactive model combines top-down and bottom-up approaches by synthesizing patterns from textual and reader-provided information simultaneously.

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Beverly Panganiban Cadacio
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194 views

Reading Process Theories: Bottom-Up Model Interactive Model Top-Down Model

The document discusses three main reading process theories: top-down, bottom-up, and interactive models. The top-down model emphasizes using prior knowledge to understand text from whole to part. The bottom-up model focuses on decoding letters and words to build meaning from part to whole. The interactive model combines top-down and bottom-up approaches by synthesizing patterns from textual and reader-provided information simultaneously.

Uploaded by

Beverly Panganiban Cadacio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reading Process Theories

Top-Down Model Bottom-Up Model Interactive Model

General Characterization General Characterization General Characterization


a reading model that reading model that a reading model where the
emphasizes what the emphasizes the written or combination of Top-Down
reader brings to the text printed text and Bottom-Up model
reading is driven by synthesizing of patterns,
reading is driven by a
meaning and proceeds process that results in calling for the application or
from whole to part meaning integration of all of the
previously identified
knowledge sources

Specific Characterization Specific Characterization Specific Characterization


Prior Knowledge to Stimulus influences the data-driven sensory
influence the perception perception and information and non-
and comprehension comprehension or data sensory information come
drive;Emphasize the sound together at one place
Meaning and understanding words and development of
is attached to the text sight vocabulary assume that a pattern is
Attention placed on phonics synthesized based on
and sight vocabulary Learn the basic in order to information provided
Comprehension Driven fully understand the more simultaneously from several
complex components knowledge sources
Text-Driven

Reading Process Reading Process Reading Process


Working from Whole-to-the Parts Working from Parts-to-the Whole Combination of Top-Down and
Steps: Bottom-Up Model
Steps:
Understanding → Interpret words Letter and word recognition → Steps:
and letters → word recognition
Understand Words → Understand Source of Information (reading
Sentences → understand the whole text) →Encoding → Decoding →
Interpretation
meaning (deep structure) Meaning
(deep
structure)
Information
Syntax (language Words
pattern) (lexical Message Board
(encoding/decoding)
Level)

Letter sound Letter Sounds Interpretation


relationship (Character Level)
INTERPRETATION
Reading usually means dealing with language messages in written or printed form, it
involves processing language messages, hence knowledge of language. Reading process
theories have been declared as a vital role in reading comprehension among the students.
The use of reading strategies would help the learners to deeper understand the text so that
they could achieve their tasks. Some of these reading processes are Top-Down, Bottom-Up
and Interactive Model.

The Top-Down model can be simply described as a reading process working from
Whole-to-the-parts. It is reading process where the readers bring to the text separately in
terms of both their prior knowledge of the topic and their knowledge about the language
assists them in predicting what the upcoming words will be. If meaning is constructed,
readers resample the text and form a new hypothesis. This model it is apparent that the
flow of information proceeds from the top downward so that the process of word
identification is dependent upon meaning first. Example in teaching the Top-Down model
is when we support the learners through reading the story, understanding the story, and
then understand the vocabulary and discovering the new vocabulary.

The Bottom-Up Model is a phonics-based of the reading process which portrays


processing in reading as proceeding in serial fashion, from letter to sound, to words, to
meaning, in the progression suggested in the accompanying figure. Readers begin with
decoding letters, words, and syntactic features of a text, then they build textual meaning.
They work mainly from the text but ignore reader’s prior or background knowledge in such
a progression where the reader constructs an overall interpretation of the text. Example in
teaching the Bottoms-Up model is when in a reading activity we assist the learners through
looking the vocabularies, speaking about the theme of the story, Reading the story aloud,
and understanding the story.

The interactive model in which both letter features or data-driven sensory


information and non-sensory information come together at one place. In this model,
reading is not viewed simply as either a bottom-up or top-down process, but instead as a
synthesizing of patterns, calling for the application or integration of all of the previously
identified knowledge sources. The interactive model suggests that the reader constructs
meaning by the selective use of information from all sources of meaning. The reader
simultaneously uses all levels of processing even though one source of meaning can be
primary at a given time. Interactive Model can be applied in teaching when assist the
readers through one which uses print as input and has meaning as output. But the reader
provides input, too, and the reader, interacting with the text, is selective in using just as
little of the cues from text as necessary to construct meaning.

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