Physics 115

General Physics II

Session 11

Exam review: sample questions

Thermodynamic processes
•  R. J. Wilkes
•  Email: [email protected]
•  Home page: http://courses.washington.edu/phy115a/
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 Lecture Schedule (up to exam 1)

See course home page

courses.washington.edu/phy115a/ Today
for course info, and slides from previous sessions
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 Announcements
•  Exam 1 tomorrow Friday 4/18, in class, posted
formula sheet provided
–  YOU bring a bubble sheet , pencil, calculator (NO laptops or
smartphones; NO personal notes allowed.)
•  If you forget, buy one in hBar cafe in C wing, or fellow student
–  We’ll go over solutions to posted sample questions today
–  No special seat assignments – also, every seat will be needed
–  Pick up exam paper at front of room when you arrive, do NOT
begin until 1:30 bell – no extra copies! Take only 1
–  50 minutes allowed, last call at 2:20 – you must leave then, next
class has exam also!
–  Turn in the bubble sheet AND the exam paper
•  If you want to keep your paper, write your name on it and put
it in the “keep” bin
•  If not, put it in the “Recycle” bin
•  DO NOT LEAVE THE ROOM without turning in exam paper!
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 !
1.!!!Water!(assume!it!is!incompressible!and!non5viscous)!flows!in!a!pipe!as!shown!
above.!The!pipe!is!horizontal!at!point!1,!then!rises!in!elevation!while!decreasing!in!
diameter!and!is!again!horizontal!at!point!2.!!Which!of!the!following!statements!is!
correct?!!!
A!!P1!>!P2!!!!!
B!!P1!<!P2!!!
C!!P1!=!P2!!!!!
D!!The!answer!depends!on!the!direction!of!the!flow.!!!
E!!The!answer!depends!on!the!speed!of!the!flow.!!!
Answer:!!A!!!
!
A
( ) A2
( )
h1 − h2 < 0; A1v1 = A2 v2 → v2 = 1 v1 > v1 → v12 − v22 < 0
!
( )
P2 = P1 + ρ g h1 − h2 + 12 ρ v12 − v22 < P1
( )
!
Ref:!Sec.!1557!

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 ?"

!
!
2.!!A!spar!buoy!consists!of!a!circular!cylinder,!which!floats!with!its!axis!oriented!
vertically.!It!has!a!radius!of!1.00!m,!a!height!of!2.00!m!and!weighs!40.0!kN.!What!
portion!of!it!is!submerged!when!it!is!floating!in!fresh!water?!!!
!
A!!1.35!m!!!
B!!1.30!m!!!
C!!1.25!m!!!
D!!1.20!m!!!
E!!1.50!m!!!
!
Answer:!!B!!!
!
( )( )( )
B = ρWATER gVSUBMERGED = 1000kg / m3 9.8m / s2 π r 2 h

F = B → 40kN = h (9800kg / m2 / s2) (3.14m ) = (30.772h ) kN / m !

g
2

h = 40kN 30.772 ( kN / m) = 1.299m

!
Ref:!Sec.!15M4!
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 3.#A#glass#tea#kettle#containing#500#g#of#water#is#on#top#of#the#stove.#The#portion#of#
the#tea#kettle#that#is#in#contact#with#the#heating#element#has#an#area#of#0.090#m2#and#
is#1.5#mm#thick.#At#a#certain#moment,#the#temperature#of#the#water#is#75°C,#and#it#is#
rising#at#the#rate#of#3#C°#per#minute.#What#is#the#temperature#of#the#outside#surface#
of#the#bottom#of#the#tea#kettle?#The#thermal#conductivity#of#glass#is#0.840#W/(m∙K).##
Neglect#the#heat#capacity#of#the#kettle.###
#
A##39°C###
B##92°C###
C##120°C###
D##86°C###
E##77°C###
#
Answer:##E###
#
Heat transferred in 1 minute = heat to raise T of water 3 K
Q = mW cW ( ΔT ) = ( 0.5kg) ( 4186J / kg / K ) (3K ) = 6279J
#
(T1 − T2 ) QL (6279J ) (0.0015m)
Q = kA (60s) → (T1 − T2 ) = = = 2.07K
L kA ( 60s) ( 0.84J / s / m / K ) ( 0.090m2) ( 60s)
T = 75 + 2 = 77
#
#
Ref:#Sec.#16V6#
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4.##Two#identical#objects#are#placed#in#a#room#with#a#temperature#of#20°C.#Object#A#
has#a#temperature#of#50°C,#while#object#B#has#a#temperature#of#90°C.#What#is#the#
ratio#of#the#net#power#emitted#by#object#B#to#that#emitted#by#object#A?###
A##1.7###
B##2.8###
C##81###
D##17###
E##21###
Answer:##B###
#

( ) ( 4
PA = Prad − Pabsorbed = ε A σ T 4 − T04 = (const ) [323K ] − [ 293K ]
4
)
#
PB 9.993×10 9
( 4
PB = (const ) [363K ] − [ 293K ]
4
) → =
PA 3.51×10 9
= 2.8

#
#
#
Ref:#Sec.#16N6###

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5.##Two#containers#of#equal#volume#each#hold#samples#of#the#same#ideal#gas.#
Container#A#has#twice#as#many#molecules#as#container#B.#If#the#gas#pressure#is#the#
same#in#the#two#containers,#the#correct#statement#regarding#the#absolute#
temperatures#####and###in#containers#A#and#B,#respectively,#is###
A###TA##=##TB#.###
B###TA##=##2TB.###
1
C###TA##=# "TB#.###
2
1
D###TA##=### "TB#.###
2
1
E###TA##=### "TB#.###
4
#
Answer:##C###
TA PV N ( A) k N ( B) 1
PV = NkT → = = =
TB PV N ( B) k N ( A) 2
#
#
Ref:#Sec.#17I2#
#

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6.##A#35'g#block#of#ice#at#'14°C#is#dropped#into#a#calorimeter#(of#negligible#heat#
capacity)#containing#400#g#of#water#at#0°C.#When#the#system#reaches#equilibrium,#
how#much#ice#is#left#in#the#calorimeter?#The#specific#heat#of#ice#is#2090#J/(kg#K)#and#
the#latent#heat#of#fusion#of#water#is#33.5#×#104#J/kg.####
#
A##32#g###
B##33#g###
C##35#g###
D##38#g###
E##41#g###
Answer:##D###
#
"ice is left..." → Tf = 0°C
( ) ( )( )( )
Qout of liquid + Qinto ice = 0 → −Qout of liquid = Qinto ice = mice cice Tf − Ti = 0.035kg 2090J / kg / K +14K = 1024J #
Liquid is already at 0°C, so heat lost by liquid → make more ice
Qout of liquid = mnew ice Lice → mnew ice = Qout of liquid Lice =1024J / 33.5 x 104 J/kg=0.003kg → mice, final = 38g
#
Ref:#Sec.#17'6#
#

Standard strategy: finish easy problems (low points) first, then tackle hard ones

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 Next topic: Laws of Thermodynamics

(Each of these 4 “laws” has many alternative statements)

We’ll see what all these words mean later...
•  0th Law: if objects are in thermal equilibrium, they have
the same T, and no heat flows between them
–  Already discussed
•  1st Law: Conservation of energy, including heat:
Change in internal energy of system = Heat added – Work done
•  2nd Law: when objects of different T are in contact,
spontaneous heat flow is from higher T to lower T
•  3rd Law: It is impossible to bring an object to T=0K in
any finite sequence of processes

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 Internal energy and 1st Law
•  1st Law of Thermodynamics:
The change in internal energy of a system equals
the heat transfer into the system plus the work
done by the system.
ΔU = Qin −W
(Essentially: conservation of energy).
Work done by the system
Example: expanding gas pushes
ΔU
a piston
Work done on the system
Wby  =  positive   Example: piston pushed by
Won  =  negative   external force compresses gas

Minus sign in equation means:

W increases U if work is on system
W decreases U if work is by system

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 Example of sign convention
•  Ideal gas in insulated container: no Q in or out
•  Gas expands, pushing piston up (F=mg, so W=mgd)
–  Work is done by system, so W is a positive number
–  U is decreased ΔU = −W

•  If instead: we add weights to compress gas

–  Work done on gas, W is a negative number
–  U is increased
( )
ΔU = − −W = +W

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 System state, and state variables
•  U is another quantity, like P, V, and T, used to
describe the state of the system
–  They are connected by equations describing system
behavior: for ideal gas, PV=NkT, and U=(3/2)NkT
“equation of state”
•  Q and W are not state variables: they describe
changes to the state of the system
–  Adding or subtracting Q or W moves the system from one
state to another: points in a {P,V,T} coordinate system
–  The system can be moved from one point to another via
different sequences of intermediate states
= different paths in PVT space
= different sequences of adding/subtracting W and Q
= different thermodynamic processes

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 Recall that 3D model of PVT surface
•  Ideal gas law PV=NkT
constrains state
variables P,V,T to lie
on the curved surface
shown here
•  Every point on the
surface is a possible
state of the system
•  Points off the surface
cannot be valid
combinations of P,V,T,
for an ideal gas

hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

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 Thermodynamic processes
•  For ideal gas, we can describe processes that are
–  Isothermal (T=const)
–  Constant P
–  Constant V
–  Adiabatic (Q=0)
•  Quasi-static processes : require very slow changes
–  System is ~ in equilibrium throughout
Example: push a piston in very small steps
At each step, let system regain equilibrium

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