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It Is The Processing of Wastewater To Remove Pollutants/contaminants To Levels That Are Not Harmful To Environmental & Human Health

Wastewater treatment involves processing wastewater to remove pollutants and contaminants to safe levels. The objectives of sewage treatment are to protect human and environmental health, enable wastewater reuse, and fulfill legal requirements. Treatment methods include physical, chemical, and biological unit processes at preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Preliminary treatment uses screens to remove large particles and grit chambers to remove heavy inorganic particles.

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Wasif Riaz
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56 views

It Is The Processing of Wastewater To Remove Pollutants/contaminants To Levels That Are Not Harmful To Environmental & Human Health

Wastewater treatment involves processing wastewater to remove pollutants and contaminants to safe levels. The objectives of sewage treatment are to protect human and environmental health, enable wastewater reuse, and fulfill legal requirements. Treatment methods include physical, chemical, and biological unit processes at preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Preliminary treatment uses screens to remove large particles and grit chambers to remove heavy inorganic particles.

Uploaded by

Wasif Riaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WASTEWATER TREATMENT

It is the processing of wastewater to remove


pollutants/contaminants to levels that are not harmful to
environmental & human health.

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 2


OBJECTIVES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT
1. To protect Human Health:
• Pathogens, heavy metals, and other toxic constituents of wastewater are of public
health concern.
2. To protect health of environment:
If untreated wastewater is disposed into environment, then following effects can be
occurred;
• Depletion of Oxygen resources of stream
• Eutrophication, turbidity, taste and color in water bodies
• Toxic for aquatic life
• Soil pollution (in case of land disposal)

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 3


OBJECTIVES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT
3. For wastewater Reuse Applications:
Treated wastewater may be used for one of the following:
• Irrigation purposes
• Industrial purposes
• Ground water recharge
4. To fulfill legal requirements:
• Pak EPA effluent standards (BOD ≤ 80 mg/L)

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 4


Treatment Methods
Wastewater Treatment Methods:
• Physical Unit Operations,
• Chemical Unit Processes,
• Biological Unit Processes.
Degree and Type of Treatment:
• The degree of sewage treatment depends upon the strength of wastewater (i.e.
characteristics), the method of wastewater disposal or reuse.

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 5


Levels of Wastewater Treatment
1. Preliminary Treatment
2. Primary Treatment
3. Secondary Treatment
4. Tertiary/Advanced Treatment

1. Preliminary Treatment:
Purpose; Removal of large floating particles and grit (heavy inorganic particles of
silt, clay etc) which interfere with mechanical equipments of subsequent treatment
units.
Units employed; Screens and Grit chamber

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 6


Levels of Wastewater Treatment
2.Primary Treatment:
Purpose: Removal of suspended (settle-able) organic matter.
Unit employed: Primary sedimentation tanks
BOD removal = 15-30%, S.S. removal = 30-60%

3. Secondary Treatment:
Purpose; Removal of soluble and colloidal organic matter that remains after primary treatment.
Methods used; It is generally achieved by biological treatment
processes like Activated Sludge Process (ASP), Trickling Filters (T.F),
Aerated Lagoons (A.L),Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) etc.
BOD removal = 75-95% , S.S. removal = 90 %

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 7


Levels of Wastewater Treatment
4.Tertiary/Advanced Treatment:

Purpose: Removes specific residual substances, trace organic materials, nutrients,


and other constituents that are not removed at primary and secondary levels of
treatment.

Methods Used: Physical, chemical, biological or a combination of these methods


are used.

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 8


Levels of Wastewater Treatment

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 9


Levels of Wastewater Treatment

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 10


PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
1. SCREENS:
• Screens remove large suspended solids such as rags, sticks, plastics and similar
materials from the wastewater.

• The bar screen may be coarse (2-4 inch openings) or fine(0.75-2.0 inch
openings).

• The bar screen may be manually cleaned or mechanically cleaned.

• Typical amount of screenings = 1.5 x 10-5 m3/m3 of sewage.

• Screenings are to be disposed off either by landfill or incineration.


31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 11
SCREENS:

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 12


PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
1. SCREENS:
Design Guidelines:
• Use 2 BAR RACKS at least, each designed to carry peak sewage flow.
• Maximum allowable head loss is 15 cm.
• Velocity through the screens should be around 1.5 fps (0.45 m/s).

• If the velocity of flow decreases below 1 fps (0.3 m/s) or slower, grit will drop
out of the flow and deposit in screening chamber.

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 13


PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
2.COMMINUTOR

• In some plants, shredding devices such as comminutor are installed as


alternatives to screens.

• Comminutor reduce solids to a size that can enter the plant without
causing mechanical problems or clogging.

• Chopped solids are then removed from the flow in subsequent


sedimentation process.

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 14


COMMINUTOR

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 15


PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
3. GRIT CHAMBER
• GRIT includes sand, clay, egg shells, metal fragments and other similar materials.
• Grit, if not removed, can cause following problems;
1. It damages the pumps and other mechanical equipments of treatment
units.

2. It may accumulate in primary sedimentation tank and clog the sludge lines.

3. Cause serious troubles in sludge digestion and is not benefited by secondary


treatment.

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 16


PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
Design Basis:
• Grit removal devices rely on the difference in specific gravity between organic and inorganic
solids to effect their separation.
• Generally are designed to remove grit particles of size larger than 0.2 mm.
• All particles settles with the settling velocity

• Scoured at a velocity
0.5
8𝛽 𝑆𝑠 − 1 𝑔𝑑
𝑉𝐻 =
𝑓
• To ensure removal of grit while permitting the organic matter which may settle, to be re
suspended by scour, the horizontal velocity should be close to but less than the scour velocity of
the grit.

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 17


GRIT CHAMBER

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 18


Design Guidelines

Parameters Values
Velocity 0.25-0.30 m/s
Detention time 40-60 s
Length 10-20 m
Cleaning interval 2 weeks
Data required Qmax
Unit No. 2
W:D 1:1 to 5:1
L:W 3:1 to 5:1

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 19


Problem 1 (Design of Grit Chamber)

A suspension contains particles of grit with a dia of 0.2mm and specific gravity of 2.65.For
Particles of this size , CD =10 , b= 0.06 , and f =0.03 .The suspension also contains organic solids
of same size for which the specific gravity is 1.10 and f, b are unchanged.
Determine the settling velocity of the grit and scour velocity of both grit and organic material.
Select a horizontal velocity for the basin.

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 20


Problem 2
Design an grit chamber for the treatment of municipal wastewater .the
average flow rate is 0.5 m3/s, and the peaking factor of
2.75,B=0.06,f=0.03,CD=10.
Problem 3
Design a grit chamber to remove a grit of size greater than 0.2 mm if the flow is
10,000 m3/d. The specific gravity of the particles is 1.9 and settles with the
settling velocity of 0.02m/s

31-October-2016 Lecture # 08 CE – 441 – Environmental Engineering II ,IEER, UET Lahore 21

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