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The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its

Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive PrinciplesThe
Constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to
adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women.Y

aithin the framework of a democratic polity, our laws, development policies, Plans
and programmes have aimed at women¶s advancement in different spheres. From
the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) onwards has been a marked shift in the approach
to women¶s issues from welfare to development. In recent years, the empowerment
of women has been recognized as the central issue in determining the status of
women. The National Commission for aomen was set up by an Act of Parliament in
rd
1990 to safeguard the rights and legal entitlements of women. The 73 and
th
74 Amendments (1993) to the Constitution of India have provided for reservation of
seats in the local bodies of Panchayats and Municipalities for women, laying a
strong foundation for their participation in decision making at the local levels.Y

1.3 India has also ratified various international conventions and human rights
instruments committing to secure equal rights of women. Key among them is the
ratification of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
aomen (CEDAa) in 1993.Y

1.4 The Mexico Plan of Action (1975), the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies
(1985), the Beijing Declaration as well as the Platform for Action (1995) and the
Outcome Document adopted by the UNGA Session on Gender Equality and
Development & Peace for the 21st century, titled "Further actions and initiatives to
implement the Beijing Declaration andthe Platform forActionhave been
unreservedly endorsed by India for appropriate follow up.Y

1.5 The Policy also takes note of the commitments of the Ninth Five Year Plan and
the other Sectoral Policies relating to empowerment of aomen.Y

1.6 The women¶s movement and a wide-spread network of non-Government

Organisations which have strong grass-roots presence and deep insight into
women¶s concerns have contributed in inspiring initiatives for the empowerment of
women.Y

1.7 However, there still exists a wide gap between the goals enunciated in the
Constitution, legislation, policies, plans, programmes, and related mechanisms on
the one hand and the situational reality of the status of women in India, on the other.
This has been analyzed extensively in the Report of the Committee on the Status of
aomen in India, "Towards Equality", 1974 and highlighted in the National
Perspective Plan for aomen, 1988-2000, the Shramshakti Report, 1988 and the
Platform for Action, Five Years After- An assessment"Y

1.8 Gender disparity manifests itself in various forms, the most obvious being the
trend of continuously declining female ratio in the population in the last few decades.
Social stereotyping and violence at the domestic and societal levels are some of the
other manifestations. Discrimination against girl children, adolescent girls and
women persists in parts of the country.Y
1.9The underlying causes of gender inequality are related to social and economic
structure, which is based on informal and formal norms, and practices.Y

1.10 Consequently, the access of women particularly those belonging to weaker

sections including Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/ Other backward Classes
and minorities, majority of whom are in the rural areas and in the informal,
unorganized sector ± to education, health and productive resources, among others,
is inadequate. Therefore, they remain largely marginalized, poor and socially
excluded.Y

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1.11 The goal of this Policy is to bring about the advancement, development and
empowerment of women.The Policy will be widely disseminated so as to encourage
active participation of all stakeholders for achieving its goals. Specifically, the
objectives of this Policy includeY

(i) Creating an environment through positive economic and social policies for full
development of women to enable them to realize their full potentialY

(ii) The i
 and i
 enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedom
by women on equal basis with men in all spheres ± political, economic, social,
cultural and civilY

(iii) Equal access to participation and decision making of women in social, political
and economic life of the nationY

(iv) Equal access to women to healthcare, qualityeducation at all levels, career and
vocational guidance, employment, equal remuneration, occupational health and
safety, social security and public office etc.Y

"Strengthening legal systems aimed at elimination of all forms of

discriminationagainst womenY

(vi) Changing societal attitudes and community practices by active participation and
involvement of both men and women.Y

(vii) Mainstreaming a gender perspective in the development process. Y

(viii) Elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence against women and the
girl child; andY

(ix) Building and strengthening partnerships with civil society, particularly women¶s
organizations.Y

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Legal-judicial system will be made more responsive and gender sensitive to

women¶s needs, especially in cases of domestic violence and personal assault. New
laws will be enacted and existing laws reviewed to ensure that justice is quick and
the punishment meted out to the culprits is commensurate with the severity of the
offence.Y

2.2 At the initiative of and with the full participation of all stakeholders including
community and religious leaders, the Policy would aim to encourage changes in
personal laws such as those related to marriage, divorce, maintenance and
guardianship so as to eliminate discrimination against womenY

2.3 The evolution of property rights in a patriarchal system has contributed to the
subordinate status of women. The Policy would aim to encourage changes in laws
relating to ownership of property and inheritance by evolving consensus in order to
make them gender just.Y

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3.1 aomen¶s equality in power sharing and active participation in decision making,
including decision making in political process at all levels will be ensured for the
achievement of the goals of empowerment. All measures will be taken to guarantee
women equal access to and full participationYin decision making bodies at every
level, including the legislative, executive, judicial, corporate, statutory bodies, as also
the advisory Commissions, Committees, Boards, Trusts etc. Affirmative action such
as reservations/quotas, including in higher legislative bodies, will be considered
whenever necessary on a time bound basis. aomen±friendly personnel policies will
also be drawn up to encourage women to participateeffectively in the
developmental processY

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4.1Policies, programmes and systems will be established to ensure mainstreaming

of women¶s perspectives in all developmental processes, as catalysts, participants
and recipients.aherever there are gaps in policies and programmes, women
specific interventions would be undertakento bridgethese Coordinating and
monitoring mechanisms will also be devised to assess from time to time the
progress of such mainstreaming mechanisms. aomen¶s issues and concerns as a
result will specially be addressed and reflected in all concerned laws, sectoral
policies, plans and programmes of action.Y

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5.1 Since women comprise the majority of the population below the poverty line and
are very often in situations of extreme poverty, given the harsh realities of intra-
household and social discrimination, macro economic policies and poverty
eradication programmes will specifically address the needs and problems of such
women. There will be improved implementation of programmes which are already
women oriented with special targets for women. Steps will be taken for mobilization
of poor women and convergence of services, by offering them a range of economic
and social options, along with necessary support measures to enhance their
capabilitiesY

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5.2In order to enhance women¶s access to credit for consumption and production,
the establishment of new, and strengthening of existing micro-credit mechanisms
and micro-finance institution will be undertaken so that the outreach of credit is
enhanced. Other supportive measures would be taken to ensure adequate flow of
credit through extant financial institutions and banks, so that all women below
poverty line have easy access to creditY

a YY
 Y

5.3 aomen¶s perspectives will be included in designing and implementing macro-

economic and social policies by institutionalizing their participation in such
processes. Their contribution to socio-economic development as producers and
workers will be recognized in the formal and informal sectors (including home based
workers) and appropriate policies relating to employment and to her working
conditions will be drawn up. Such measures could include:Y

Reinterpretation and redefinition of conventional concepts of work wherever

necessary e.g. in the Census records, to reflect women¶s contribution as producers
and workers.Y

Preparation of satellite and national accounts.Y

Development of appropriate methodologies for undertaking (i) and (ii) above.Y

·   Y

Globalization has presented new challenges for the realization of the goal of
women¶s equality, the gender impact of which has not been systematically evaluated
fully. However, from the micro-level studies that were commissioned by the
Department of aomen & Child Development, it is evident that there is a need for re-
framing policies for access to employment and quality of employment. Benefits of
the growing global economy have been unevenly distributed leading to wider
economic disparities, the feminization of poverty, increased gender inequality
through often deteriorating working conditions and unsafe working environment
especially in the informal economy and rural areas. Strategies willbedesigned
toenhance the capacity of women and empower them to meet the negative social
and economic impacts, which may flow from the globalization process.Y

a YY
 Y

5.5 In view of the critical role of women in the agriculture and allied sectors, as
producers, concentrated efforts will be made to ensure that benefits of training,
extension and various programmes will reach them in proportion to their numbers.
The programmes for training women insoil conservation,social forestry, dairy
development and other occupations allied to agriculture like horticulture, livestock
including small animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries etc. will be expanded to benefit
women workers in the agriculture sector.Y

a YYY

5.6 The important role played by women in electronics, information technology and
food processing and agro industry and textiles has been crucial to the development
of these sectors. They would be given comprehensive support in terms of labour
legislation, social security and other support services to participate in various
industrial sectors.Y

5.7 aomen at present cannot work in night shift in factories even if they wish to.
Suitable measures will be taken to enable women to work on the night shift in
factories. This will be accompanied with support services for security, transportation
etc.Y

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5.8 The provision of support services for women, like child care facilities, including
crèches at work places and educational institutions, homes for the aged and the
disabled will be expanded and improved to create an enabling environment and to
ensure their full cooperation in social, political and economic life. aomen-friendly
personnel policies will also be drawn up to encourage women to participate
effectively in the developmental process.Y

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 Y

6.1 Equal access to education for women and girls will be ensured. Special
measures will be taken to eliminate discrimination, universalize education, eradicate
illiteracy, create a gender-sensitive educational system, increase enrolment and
retention rates of girls and improve the quality of education to facilitate life-long
learning as well as development of occupation/vocation/technical skills by
women.YReducing the gender gap insecondary and higher education would be a
focus area Sectoral time targets in existing policies will be achieved, with a special
focus on girls and women, particularly those belonging to weaker sections including
the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/Other Backward
Classes/Minorities.Gender sensitive curricula would be developed at all levels of
educational system in order to address sex stereotyping as one of the causes of
gender discrimination.Y

› Y

6.2 A holistic approach to women¶s health which includes both nutrition and health
services will be adopted and special attention will be given to the needs of women
and the girl at all stages of the life cycle. The reduction of infant mortality and
maternal mortality, which are sensitive indicators of human development, is a priority
concern.YThis policy reiterates the national demographic goals for Infant Mortality
Rate (IMR), Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) set out in the National PopulationPolicy
2000.Yaomen shouldhave access tocomprehensive,affordable and quality health
care. Measures will be adopted that take into accountthe reproductive rights of
women to enable them to exercise informed choices, their vulnerability to sexual and
health problems together with endemic, infectious and communicable diseases such
as malaria, TB, and water borne diseases as well as hypertension and cardio-
pulmonary diseases. The social, developmental and health consequences of
HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases will be tackled from a gender
perspective.Y

6.3 To effectively meet problems of infant and maternal mortality, and early marriage
the availability of good and accurate data at micro levelon deaths, birth and
marriages is required. Strict implementation of registration of births and deaths
would be ensured and registration of marriages would be made compulsory.Y

6.4 In accordance with the commitment of the National Population Policy (2000) to
population stabilization, this Policy recognizes the critical need of men and women
to have access to safe, effective and affordable methods of family planning of their
choice and the need to suitably address the issues of early marriages and spacing
of children.Interventions such as spread ofeducation, compulsory registration of
marriage and special programmes like BSY should impact on delaying the age of
marriage so that by 2010 child marriages are eliminated.Y

6.5 aomen¶s traditional knowledge about health care and nutrition will be
recognized through proper documentation and its use will be encouraged. The use
of Indian and alternative systems of medicine will be enhanced within the framework
of overall health infrastructure available for women.Y

c  Y

6.6 In view of the high risk of malnutrition and disease that women face at all the
three critical stages viz., infancy and childhood, adolescent and reproductive phase,
focussed attention would be paid to meeting the nutritional needs of women at all
stages of the life cycle. This is also important in view of the critical link between the
health of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women with the health of infant
and young children. Special efforts will be made to tackle the problem of macro and
micro nutrient deficiencies especially amongst pregnant and lactating women as it
leads to various diseases and disabilities.Y

6.7 Intra-household discrimination in nutritional matters vis-à-vis girls and women

will be sought to be ended through appropriate strategies. aidespread use of
nutrition education would be made to address the issues of intra-household
imbalances in nutrition and the special needs of pregnant and lactating women.
aomen¶s participation will also be ensured in the planning, superintendence and
delivery of the systemY

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6.8 Special attention will be given to the needs of women in the provision of safe
drinking water, sewage disposal, toilet facilities and sanitation within accessible
reach of households, especially in rural areas and urban slums.Yaomen¶s
participation will be ensured in the planning, delivery and maintenance of such
services.Y

›  YYG Y

6.9 aomen¶s perspectives will be included in housing policies, planning of housing

colonies and provision of shelter both in rural and urban areas. Special attention will
be given for providing adequate and safe housing and accommodation for women
including single women, heads of households, working women, students,
apprentices and trainees.Y


  Y

6.10 aomen will be involved and their perspectives reflected in the policies and
programmes for environment, conservation and restoration. Considering the impact
of environmental factors on their livelihoods, women¶s participation will be ensured in
the conservation of the environment and control of environmental degradation. The
vast majority of rural women still depend on the locally available non-commercial
sources of energy such as animal dung, crop waste and fuel wood. In order to
ensure the efficientuse of theseenergy resources in an environmental friendly
manner, the Policy will aim at promoting the programmes of non-conventional
energy resources. aomen will be involved in spreading the use of solar energy,
biogas, smokelesschulahs and other rural application so as to have a visible impact
of these measures in influencing eco system and in changing the life styles of rural
womenY

G

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6.11Programmes will be strengthened to bring about a greater involvement of

women in science and technology. These will include measures to motivate girls to
take up science and technology for higher education and also ensure that
development projects with scientific and technical inputs involve women fully. Efforts
to develop a scientific temper and awareness will also be stepped up. Special
measures would be taken for their training in areas where they have special skills
like communication and informationtechnology. Efforts to develop appropriate
technologies suited to women¶s needs as well as to reduce their drudgery will be
given a special focus too.Y

a Y Yë 
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Y

6.12 In recognition of the diversity of women¶s situations and in acknowledgement of

the needs of specially disadvantaged groups, measures and programmes will be
undertaken to provide them with special assistance. These groups include women in
extreme poverty, destitute women, women in conflict situations, women affected by
natural calamities, women in less developed regions, the disabled widows, elderly
women, single women in difficult circumstances, women heading households, those
displaced from employment, migrants, women who are victims of marital violence,
deserted women and prostitutes etc.Y

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7.1 All forms of violence against women, physical and mental, whether at domestic
or societal levels, including those arising from customs, traditions or accepted
practices shall be dealt with effectively with a view to eliminate its incidence.
Institutions and mechanisms/schemes for assistance will be created and
strengthened for prevention of such violence , including sexual harassment at work
place and customs like dowry; for the rehabilitation of the victims of violence and for
taking effective action against the perpetrators of such violence. A special emphasis
will also be laid on programmes and measures to deal with trafficking in women and
girls.Y

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8.1 All forms of discrimination against the girl child and violation of her rights shall be
eliminated by undertaking strong measures both preventive and punitive within and
outside the family. These would relate specifically to strict enforcement of laws
against prenatal sex selection and the practices of femalefoeticide, female
infanticide, child marriage, child abuse and child prostitution etc. Removal of
discrimination in the treatment of the girl child within the family and outside and
projection of a positive image of the girl child will be actively fostered. There will be
special emphasis on the needs of the girl child and earmarking of substantial
investments in the areas relating to food and nutrition, health and education, and in
vocational education. In implementing programmes for eliminating child labour, there
will be a special focus on girl childrenY

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9.1 Media will be used to portray images consistent with human dignity of girls and
women. The Policy will specificallystrive to remove demeaning, degrading and
negative conventional stereotypical images of women and violence against women.
Private sector partners and media networks willbe involved at all levels to ensure
equal access for women particularly in the area of information and communication
technologies. The media would be encouraged to develop codes of conduct,
professional guidelines and other self regulatory mechanisms to remove gender
stereotypes and promote balanced portrayals of women and men.Y

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10.1 All Central and State Ministries will draw up time bound Action Plans for
translating the Policy into a set of concrete actions, through a participatoryprocess
ofconsultation with Centre/State Departments of aomen and Child Development
and National /State Commissions for aomen. The Plans will specifically including
the following: -Y

i) Measurable goals to be achieved by 2010.Y

ii) Identification and commitment of resources. Y

iii) Responsibilities for implementation of action points.Y

iv) Structures and mechanisms to ensure efficient monitoring, review and gender
impact assessment of action points and policies.Y

v) Introduction of a gender perspective in the budgeting process. Y

10.2 In order to support better planning and programme formulation and adequate
allocation of resources, Gender Development Indices (GDI) will be developed by
networking with specialized agencies. These could be analyzed and studied in
depth. Gender auditing and development of evaluation mechanisms will also be
undertaken along side.Y

10.3 Collection of gender disaggregated data by all primary data collecting agencies
of the Central and State Governments as well as Research and Academic
Institutions in the Public and Private Sectors will be undertaken. Data and
information gaps in vital areas reflecting the status of women will be sought to be
filled in by these immediately. All Ministries/Corporations/Banks and financial
institutions etc will be advised to collect, collate, disseminate and maintain/publish
data related to programmes and benefits on a gender disaggregated basis. This will
help in meaningful planning and evaluation of policies.Y
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11.1 Institutional mechanisms, to promote the advancement of women, which exist

at the Central and State levels, will be strengthened. These will be through
interventions as may be appropriate and will relate to, among others, provision of
adequate resources, training and advocacy skills to effectively influence macro-
policies, legislation, programmes etc. to achieve the empowerment of women.Y

11.2 National and State Councils will be formed tooversee the operationalisation of
the Policy on a regular basis. The National Council will be headed by the Prime
Minister and the State Councils by the Chief Ministers and be broad in composition
having representatives from the concerned Departments/Ministries, National and
State Commissions for aomen, Social aelfare Boards, representatives of Non-
Government Organizations, aomen¶s Organisations, Corporate Sector,
TradeUnions, financing institutions,academics, experts and social activists
etc These bodies will review the progress made in implementing the Policy twice a
year. The National DevelopmentCouncil will also beinformed of the progress of the
programme undertaken under the policy from time to time for advice and comments.Y

11.3 National and State Resource Centres on women will be established with
mandates for collection and dissemination of information, undertaking research
work, conducting surveys, implementing training and awareness generation
programmes, etcThese Centers will link up with aomen¶s Studies Centres and
other research and academic institutions through suitable information networking
systems.Y

11.4 ahile institutionsat the district level will be strengthened, at the grass-roots,
women will be helped by Government through its programmes to organize and
strengthen into Self-Help Groups (SHGs) at the Anganwadi/Village/Town level. The
women¶s groups will be helped to institutionalize themselves into registered societies
and to federate at the Panchyat/Municipal level. These societies will bring about
synergistic implementation of all the social and economic development programmes
by drawing resources made available through Government and Non-Government
channels, including banks and financial institutions and by establishing a close
Interface with the Panchayats/ Municipalities.Y

!#! '!)!Y

12.1 Availability of adequate financial, human and market resources to implement

the Policy will be managed by concerned Departments, financial credit institutions
and banks, private sector, civil society and other connected institutions. This
process will include:Y

(a) Assessment of benefits flowing to women and resource allocation to the

programmes relating to them through an exercise of gender budgeting. Appropriate
changes in policies will be made to optimize benefits to women under these
schemes;Y

(b) Adequate resource allocation to develop and promote the policy outlined earlier
based on (a) above by concerned Departments.Y

(c) Developing synergy between personnel of Health, Rural Development, Education

and aomen & Child Development Department at field level and other village level
functionaries¶Y

(d) Meeting credit needs by banks and financial credit institutions through suitable
policy initiatives and development of new institutions in coordination with the
Department of aomen & Child Development.Y

12.2 The strategy of aomen¶s Component Plan adopted in the Ninth Plan of
ensuring that not less than 30% of benefits/funds flow to women from all Ministries
and Departmentswill be implemented effectively so that the needs and interests of
women and girls are addressed by all concernedsectors. The Department of
aomen and Child Development being the nodal Ministry will monitor and review the
progress of the implementation of the Component Plan from time to time, in terms of
both quality and quantity in collaboration with the Planning Commission.Y

12.3 Efforts will be made to channelize private sector investments too, to support
programmes and projects for advancement of womenY

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13.1 The existing legislative structure will be reviewed and additional legislative
measures taken by identified departments to implement the Policy. This will also
involve a review of all existing laws including personal, customary and tribal laws,
subordinate legislation, related rules as well as executive and administrative
regulations to eliminate all gender discriminatory references. The process will be
planned over a time period 2000-2003. The specific measures required would be
evolved through a consultation process involving civil society, National Commission
for aomen and Department of aomen and Child Development. In appropriate
cases the consultation process would be widened to include other stakeholders too.Y

13.2 Effective implementation of legislation would be promoted by involving civil

society and community. Appropriate changes in legislation will be undertaken, if
necessary.Y

13.3 In addition, following other specific measures will be taken to implement the
legislation effectively.Y


Strict enforcement of all relevant legal provisions and speedy redressal of
grievances will be ensured, with a special focus on violence and gender related
atrocities.Y


Measures to prevent and punish sexual harassment at the place of work,
protection for women workers in the organized/ unorganized sector and strict
enforcement of relevant laws such as Equal Remuneration Act and Minimum aages
Act will be undertaken,Y


Crimes against women, their incidence, prevention, investigation, detection and
prosecution will be regularly reviewed at all Crime Review fora and Conferences at
the Central, State and District levels. Recognised, local, voluntary organizations will
be authorized to lodge Complaints and facilitate registration, investigations and legal
proceedings related to violence and atrocities against girls and women.Y

i
aomen¶s Cells in Police Stations, Encourage aomen Police Stations Family
Courts, Mahila Courts, Counselling Centers, Legal Aid Centers and
NyayaPanchayats will be strengthened and expanded to eliminate violence and
atrocities against women.Y


aidespread dissemination of information on all aspects of legal rights, human
rights and other entitlements of women, through specially designed legal literacy
programmes and rights information programmes will be done.Y

·!!(!#.Y

14.1 Training of personnel of executive, legislative and judicial wings of the State,
with a special focus on policy and programme framers, implementation and
development agencies, law enforcement machinery and the judiciary, as well as
non-governmental organizations will be undertaken. Other measures will include:Y


Promoting societal awareness to gender issues and women¶s human rights.Y


Review of curriculum and educational materials to include gender education and
human rights issuesY


Removal of all references derogatory to the dignity of women from all public
documents and legal instruments.Y

i
Use of different forms of mass media to communicate social messages relating
to women¶s equality and empowerment.Y

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15.1 The73 and 74 Amendments (1993) to the Indian Constitution have served
as a breakthrough towards ensuring equal access and increased participation in
political power structure for women. The PRIs will play a central role in the process
of enhancing women¶s participation in public life. The PRIs and the local self
Governments will be actively involved in the implementation and execution of the
National Policy for aomen at the grassroots level.Y

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16.1 The involvement of voluntary organizations, associations, federations, trade

unions, non-governmental organizations, women¶s organizations, as well as
institutions dealing with education, training and research will be ensured in the
formulation, implementation, monitoring and review of all policies and programmes
affecting women. Towards this end, they will be provided with appropriate support
related to resources and capacity building and facilitated to participate actively in the
process of the empowerment of women.Y

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17.1 The Policy will aim at implementation of international obligations/commitments

in all sectors on empowerment of women such as the Convention on All Forms of
Discrimination Against aomen (CEDAa), Convention on the Rights of the Child
(CRC), International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD+5) and
other such instruments. International, regional and sub-regional cooperation towards
the empowerment of women will continue to be encouraged through sharing of
experiences, exchange of ideas and technology, networking with institutions and
organizations and through bilateral and multi-lateral partnerships. Y
Y

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