Problem #1

A linearly polarized plane wave propagates in free space and has its E-field lying
along the x-direction. Its propagation vector K1 makes an angle of 30 degrees with
the z axis and in the quadrant y>0, z>0 the wave propagates away from the origin.
Assume that the magnitude of its electric field is Eo and its phase is zero at the origin.

1) Write down an expression for the electric field.

If the electric field is pointing in the x-direction, the wave vector must be in the
yz-plane and if it makes an positive angle of 30º with the z-axis, we can write
k1 k 0 zF cos 30 yF sin 30

Therefore our electric field is given by

jk 1 r jk 0 z cos 30 jk 0 y sin 30
E1 xF E 0 e xF E 0 e e

2) Write down an expression for the magnetic field.

Using Faraday’s Law

E j 0 H

xF yF zF
j jE 0 jk z z jk y y E0 jk z z jk y y
H x y z jk z yF jk y zF e e k z yF k y zF e e
0 0 0
Ex 0 0

and in terms of the angle of propagation

k
H E0 0 yF cos 30 zF sin 30 e jk0 z cos 30 e jk 0 y sin 30

where
k0 we can
0 0
simplify the
1 coefficient to get
0

0 0 0 0

leaving us with
E0 jk 0 z cos 30 jk 0 y sin 30
H yF cos 30 zF sin 30 e e
0

Page 2
A second linearly polarized plane wave is also propagating in free space and has its E-
field lying along the x-direction as well. Its propagation vector K 2 however makes an
angle of 150 degrees with the z axis and in the quadrant y>0, z<0 this wave
propagates toward the origin. Assume that its electric field magnitude is also Eo with
a phase of zero at the origin.

3) Write down an expression for the electric field of this second plane wave.

Similarly to part 1) but with a new angle and propagating inward so we add a
negative sign to the front
k2 k 0 zF cos 150 yF sin 150 k 0 zF cos 30 yF sin 30

and the electric field becomes

jk 0 z cos 30
E2 xF E 0 e jk 2 r
xF E 0 e e jk 0 y sin 30

4) Write down an expression for the total electric field.

The total electric field is simply the super-position of the first an second field
k2 k 0 zF cos 150 yF sin 150 k 0 zF cos 30 yF sin 30

and the electric field becomes

E E1 E2 xFE0 e jk 0 z cos 30 e jk 0 y sin 30 e jk 0 y sin 30

which we can simplify to

E xF E0 e jk0 z cos 30 2 cos k 0 y sin 30

5) Determine the loci of the points where the total electric field vanishes.

The electric field vanishes when the cosine is zero, which occurs when the
argument satisfies k 0 y sin 30 n 1 2 where n is an integer

n 12 2 3 5
This occurs when y n 12 n 12 , , , ...
k 0 sin 30 k0 2 2 2

The loci of the points is the set of planes normal to the y-axis, separated by a
wavelength, and passing through y 2.

Page 3
 8-20
The values from problem 8-12 are used to give numerical solutions.
a) For ✏r = 80, µr = 1, = 4, and ! = 104 , we have ✏! = 5.65 ⇥ 103 , which is
muchpgreater than 1. Hence, seawater is a good conductor. For a good conductor, we have
↵ = ⇡f µ = 1 . Hence,
1
=p = 6.31 m
⇡f µ
p
b) For a good conductor, we have ↵ = = ⇡f µ = 1 . Hence, adding the attenuation
and phase terms, we have:
z z
H(t, z) = ây H0 e cos(104 t )

Next, we calculate the intrinsic impedance for a good conductor:

p
↵ 2 j⇡
⌘c = (1 + j) = e 4

Finally, we have:
p
H0 2 z z ⇡
E(t, z) = ⌘c aˆz ⇥ H = aˆx e cos(104 t + )
4

2
Problem 7.19 Ignoring reflection at the air–soil boundary, if the amplitude of a
3-GHz incident wave is 10 V/m at the surface of a wet soil medium, at what depth will
it be down to 1 mV/m? Wet soil is characterized by µr = 1, εr = 9, and σ = 5 × 10−4
S/m.
Solution:

E(z) = E0 e−α z = 10e−α z ,

σ 5 × 10−4 × 36π
= = 3.32 × 10−4 .
ωε 2π × 3 × 109 × 10−9 × 9
Hence, medium is a low-loss dielectric.
!
σ µ σ 120π 5 × 10−4 × 120π
α= = · √ = √ = 0.032 (Np/m),
2 ε 2 εr 2× 9
10−3 = 10e−0.032z , ln 10−4 = −0.032z,
z = 287.82 m.
Problem 7.21 Based on wave attenuation and reflection measurements conducted
at 1 MHz, it was determined that the intrinsic impedance of a certain medium is
28.1∠45◦ (Ω) and the skin depth is 2 m. Determine the following:
(a) The conductivity of the material.
(b) The wavelength in the medium.
(c) The phase velocity.
Solution:
(a) Since the phase angle of ηc is 45◦ , the material is a good conductor. Hence,
α ◦
ηc = (1 + j) = 28.1e j45 = 28.1 cos 45◦ + j28.1 sin 45◦ ,
σ
or
α
= 28.1 cos 45◦ = 19.87.
σ
Since α = 1/δs = 1/2 = 0.5 Np/m,

α 0.5
σ= = = 2.52 × 10−2 S/m.
19.87 19.87
(b) Since α = β for a good conductor, and α = 0.5, it follows that β = 0.5.
Therefore,
2π 2π
λ= = = 4π = 12.57 m.
β 0.5
(c) up = f λ = 106 × 12.57 = 1.26 × 107 m/s.
Problem 7.22 The electric field of a plane wave propagating in a nonmagnetic
medium is given by

E = ẑ 25e−30x cos(2π × 109t − 40x) (V/m)

Obtain the corresponding expression for H.

Solution: From the given expression for E,

ω = 2π × 109 (rad/s),
α = 30 (Np/m),
β = 40 (rad/m).

From (7.65a) and (7.65b),

ω2 ′
α 2 − β 2 = −ω 2 µε ′ = −ω 2 µ0 ε0 εr′ = − ε,
c2 r
ω 2 ′′
2αβ = ω 2 µε ′′ = ε .
c2 r
Using the above values for ω , α , and β , we obtain the following:

εr′ = 1.6,
εr′′ = 5.47.
! " #
µ ε ′′ −1/2
ηc = 1− j ′
ε′ ε
" # " #
η0 εr′′ −1/2 377 5.47 −1/2 ◦
= $ 1− j ′ = √ 1− j = 157.9 e j36.85 (Ω).
′
εr εr 1.6 1.6
% = ẑ 25e
E −30x
e− j40x
,
% = 1 k̂×
H ×E%= 1 ◦
× ẑ 25e−30x e− j40x = −ŷ 0.16 e−30x e−40x e− j36.85 ,
◦ x̂×
ηc 157.9 e j36.85

%
H = Re{He } = −ŷ 0.16 e−30x cos(2π × 109t − 40x − 36.85◦ ) (A/m).
jω t
Problem 7.24 In a nonmagnetic, lossy, dielectric medium, a 300-MHz plane wave
is characterized by the magnetic field phasor

H̃ = (x̂ − j4ẑ)e−2y e− j9y (A/m)

Obtain time-domain expressions for the electric and magnetic field vectors.
Solution:
! = −ηc k̂×
E !
× H.
!
To find ηc , we need ε ′ and ε ′′ . From the given expression for H,

α = 2 (Np/m),
β = 9 (rad/m).

Also, we are given than f = 300 MHz = 3 × 108 Hz. From (7.65a),

α 2 − β 2 = −ω 2 µε ′ ,
10−9
4 − 81 = −(2π × 3 × 108 )2 × 4π × 10−7 × εr′ × ,
36π
whose solution gives
εr′ = 1.95.
Similarly, from (7.65b),

2αβ = ω 2 µε ′′ ,
10−9
2 × 2 × 9 = (2π × 3 × 108 )2 × 4π × 10−7 × εr′′ × ,
36π
which gives

εr′′ = 0.91.
" # $
µ ε ′′ −1/2
ηc = 1− j ′
ε′ ε
# $
η0 0.91 −1/2 377 ◦
=% 1− j =√ (0.93 + j0.21) = 256.9 e j12.6 .
εr′ 1.95 1.95
Hence,
! = −256.9 e j12.6◦ ŷ×
E × (x̂ − j4ẑ)e−2y e− j9y
◦
= (x̂ j4 + ẑ) 256.9 e−2y e− j9y e j12.6
◦
= (x̂ 4e jπ /2 + ẑ) 256.9 e−2y e− j9y e j12.6 ,
 ! jω t }
E = Re{Ee
= x̂ 1.03 × 103 e−2y cos(ω t − 9y + 102.6◦ )
+ ẑ 256.9 e−2y cos(ω t − 9y + 12.6◦ ) (V/m),
H = Re{He ! jω t }
= Re{(x̂ + j4ẑ)e−2y e− j9y e jω t }
= x̂ e−2y cos(ω t − 9y) + ẑ 4e−2y sin(ω t − 9y) (A/m).
Problem 7.29 The electric-field phasor of a uniform plane wave traveling
downward in water is given by

! = x̂ 5e−0.2z e− j0.2z
E (V/m)

where ẑ is the downward direction and z = 0 is the water surface. If σ = 4 S/m,

(a) Obtain an expression for the average power density.
(b) Determine the attenuation rate.
(c) Determine the depth at which the power density has been reduced by 40 dB.
Solution:
(a) Since α = β = 0.2, the medium is a good conductor.
α 0.2 ◦
ηc = (1 + j) = (1 + j) = (1 + j)0.05 = 0.0707e j45 (Ω).
σ 4
From Eq. (7.109),

|E0 |2 −2α z 25
Sav = ẑ e cos θη = ẑ e−0.4z cos 45◦ = ẑ125e−0.4z (W/m2 ).
2|ηc | 2 × 0.0707

(b) A = −8.68α z = −8.68 × 0.2z = −1.74z (dB).

(c) 40 dB is equivalent to 10−4 . Hence,

10−4 = e−2α z = e−0.4z , ln(10−4 ) = −0.4z,

or z = 23.03 m.
Problem 7.32 At microwave frequencies, the power density considered safe for
human exposure is 1 (mW/cm2 ). A radar radiates a wave with an electric field
amplitude E that decays with distance as E(R) = (3, 000/R) (V/m), where R is the
distance in meters. What is the radius of the unsafe region?
Solution:
|E(R)|2
Sav = , 1 (mW/cm2 ) = 10−3 W/cm2 = 10 W/m2 ,
2η0
! "2
3 × 103 1 1.2 × 104
10 = × = ,
R 2 × 120π R2
! "1/2
1.2 × 104
R= = 34.64 m.
10
Problem 7.33 Consider the imaginary rectangular box shown in Fig. P7.33.
(a) Determine the net power flux P(t) entering the box due to a plane wave in air
given by
E = x̂ E0 cos(ω t − ky) (V/m)

(b) Determine the net time-average power entering the box.

b
a

c y

Figure P7.33: Imaginary rectangular box of Problems 7.33 and 7.34.

Solution:
(a)

E = x̂ E0 cos(ω t − ky),
E0
H = −ẑ cos(ω t − ky).
η0
E2
S(t) = E×× H = ŷ 0 cos2 (ω t − ky),
η0
E2
P(t) = S(t) A|y=0 − S(t) A|y=b = 0 ac[cos2 ω t − cos2 (ω t − kb)].
η0
(b) ! T
1
Pav = P(t) dt.
T 0
where T = 2π /ω .
" ! 2π /ω #
E 2 ac ω 2 2
Pav = 0 [cos ω t − cos (ω t − kb)] dt = 0.
η0 2π 0
Net average energy entering the box is zero, which is as expected since the box is in
a lossless medium (air).
Problem set 9

Problem 10

!"#
= −'()
$!"# $

$*"# +, = 0.$ = 2000/2

3 r = 0.01 S/m

f = 4 GHz

Solution:

a)

3 c = 3′ – j 3"

3′ = 3 r 3 0 = 38.9×10-12 F/m and 3"=σ/ω = 3.98×10-13 F/m

7.79 +:/;.
σ/ω 3′ = <=+> ?@A.+BC.D×97FGH I/;.= 0.0102 <<1

We can use low loss formulae

3" 1 3" <

J ≅ LMNO3′[1 − L + U V ]
2 3R 8 3R

J ≅ 0.898 + L 176.04 2\9

b)

β= Im(γ)= 176.04 rad/m

λ=2π/β = 35.8 mm

α= Re(γ) = 0.898 Np/m

eαy = 10-6/20

(0.898 Np/m) y = -0.691

y = -769 mm => d = 769 mm

d/λ = (769 mm)/(35.8 mm) = 21.5

c)

We are given $*"# +, = 0, ^ = 0.$ = *7 '(_ = 200 '(_ 0/2. For RHCP, the z-component of electric field
must lag the x-component by 90 degrees. Therefore,
 z

RHCP Ez

-y !"# Ex
x

*"# +,. = 200` a) '(_ − L 200 ` a) '(A

*"# +,. = 200 ` 7.CDC) ` b9cd.7>) '(_ − L 200 ` 7.CDC) ` b9cd.7>) '(A (Phasor form)

Real-time form:

=
*"# +,.` bef = 200 ` 7.CDC) ` b+efg9cd.7>). '(_ + 200 ` 7.CDC) ` b+efg9cd.7>)\ < . '(A

*"# +,, ^. = h`[*"# +,.` bef ]

*"# +,, ^. = 200 ` 7.CDC) ijk+M^ + 176.04,.'(_ + 200 ` 7.CDC) klm+M^ + 176.04,.'(A

d)

"# +,. = 9 p'(q × *

n """"r7 s` a)
o

where here, '(q = −'() and """"r

*7 = 200'(_ − L200'(A

v w"
and t ≅ uwx y1 + L < wx z = 179.6 + L0.92{ = 179.8 ∠0.29° {

'(_ '() '(A

9 9
"r +,. =
n 0 −1 0 ` a) = +L200'(_ + 200'(A .` 7.CDC) ` b9cd.7>)
9c9cD.C ∠ 7.<D° 9cD.C∠7.<D°
200 0 −L200

"r +,. = +1.11∠89.7° '(_ + 1.11∠ − 0.29° '(A .` 7.CDC) ` b9cd.7>)

n (phasor form)

"r +,, ^. = +1.11 cos+M^ + 176.04, + 89.7°. '(_ + 1.11cos +M^ + 176.04, − 0.29°. '(A .` 7.CDC)
n
(real-time form)