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Lecture 2 Rheology and Classification of Fluids

This document discusses rheology and the classification of fluids. It defines rheology as the study of fluid deformation and stress. Fluids are classified as either purely viscous or viscoelastic. Purely viscous fluids are further divided into time-independent and time-dependent. Time-independent fluids include Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids like Bingham plastics, pseudoplastics, and dilatants. Time-dependent fluids can be rheopectic or thixotropic. Viscoelastic fluids exhibit both viscous and elastic properties.

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449 views

Lecture 2 Rheology and Classification of Fluids

This document discusses rheology and the classification of fluids. It defines rheology as the study of fluid deformation and stress. Fluids are classified as either purely viscous or viscoelastic. Purely viscous fluids are further divided into time-independent and time-dependent. Time-independent fluids include Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids like Bingham plastics, pseudoplastics, and dilatants. Time-dependent fluids can be rheopectic or thixotropic. Viscoelastic fluids exhibit both viscous and elastic properties.

Uploaded by

mpdmlns
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RHEOLOGY

AND
CLASSIFICATION ChE 134-1P

OF FLUIDS
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Rheology

Rheology is the discipline of fluid mechanics


which studies the relationship between fluid
deformation and stress
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Classification of fluids

 Fluids are classified into two general categories: purely viscous and
viscoelastic.
Purely viscous fluids
▪ These are fluids that are without any solid-like elastic behavior and do not undergo
any reverse deformation when shear stress is removed.
▪ Purely viscous fluids are further classified as time-dependent or time-independent
fluids.
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Classification of fluids

 Time-independent fluids
▪ For time-independent fluids, the shear stress depends only on the instantaneous
shear rate. Their behavior is generally described by the Power Law Model as
follows:
n −1
 dv  dv
 = −K  
 dy  dy dv
dy
▪ where  is the shear stress, K is the consistency index, is the shear rate or
velocity gradient, and n is the power-law exponent. The time-independent fluids are
either Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids.
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Classification of fluids

 Newtonian fluids
Newtonian fluids are time-independent viscous fluids that have
viscosity that is independent of shear rate (i.e. shear stress is
proportional to shear rate and n = 1). These fluids follow the Newton’s
law of viscosity:

dv
 = −
dy
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Classification of fluids

 Non-Newtonian fluids
 Non-Newtonian fluids are time-independent viscous fluids for which
the (apparent) viscosity varies with shear rate. Non -Newtonian fluids
are further classified as Bingham plastic, dilatant, or pseudoplastic.
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Classification of fluids

 Bingham plastic
 These are non-newtonian fluids for which a finite stress (called the
yield stress) is required before continuous deformation occurs .

dv
 =  − 
▪ where  
dy
is the yield stress, which when attained the fluid will behave as Newtonian
 clay suspensions, drilling mud, toothpaste, mayonnaise, chocolate,
and mustard.
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Classification of fluids

 Pseudoplastic
 These are shear-rate thinning fluids (n < 1) with apparent viscosity
that decreases with shear-rate.
 paint
The paint should flow readily off the brush when it is being applied to a surface but
not drip excessively
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Classification of fluids

 Dilatant
 These are shear-rate thickening fluids (n > 1) with apparent viscosity
that increases with shear-rate.
 Corn starch suspended in water
when stirred slowly it looks milky, when stirred vigorously it feels
like a very viscous liquid.
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Classification of fluids
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Classification of fluids

 Time-dependent fluids
 For time-dependent fluids, the shear stress depends on the past
history of the rate of deformation (i.e. shear stress changes with
duration of shear).
.
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Classification of fluids

 Time-dependent fluids
 Rheopectic
 These are time-dependent fluids having viscosity that increases with
time at a constant shear-rate (i.e. shear stress increases with time at
constant shear rate).
 printer ink, gypsum paste
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Classification of fluids

 Time-dependent fluids
 Thixotropic
 These are time-dependent fluids which exhibit viscosity that
decreases with time at a constant shear-rate (i.e. shear stress
decreases with time at constant shear rate).
Yogurt, peanut butter, xanthan gum solutions
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Classification of fluids

 Viscoelastic fluids
 These are fluids which exhibit elastic recovery from deformations
during flow.

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