GRACE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Mullakadu, Tuticorin – 628005.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GE8261 ENGINEERING PRACTICES

LABORATORY MANUAL

(2017 REGULATION)

2020-2021 EVEN SEMESTER

NAME :
YEAR & SEM :
REG NO :
 (ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS)
II ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 13
1. Residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energy meter.
2. Fluorescent lamp wiring.
3. Stair case wiring
4. Measurement of electrical quantities — voltage, current, power & power factor in RLC
circuit.
5. Measurement of energy using single phase energy meter.
6. Measurement of resistance to earth of an electrical equipment.

III ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE 16

1. Study of Electronic components and equipments — Resistor, colour coding
measurement of AC signal parameter (peak-peak, rms period, frequency) using CRO.
2. Study of logic gates AND, OR, EX-OR and NOT.
3. Generation of Clock Signal.
4. Soldering practice — Components Devices and Circuits — Using general purpose PCB.
5. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR.
TOTAL: 60
PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to
• fabricate carpentry components and pipe connections including plumbing works.
• use welding equipments to join the structures.
• Carry out the basic machining operations
• Make the models using sheet metal works
• Illustrate on centrifugal pump, Air conditioner, operations of smithy, foundary
and fittings
• Carry out basic home electrical works and appliances
• Measure the electrical quantities
• Elaborate on the components, gates, soldering practices.
 CONTENTS

S.No Date Name of the Experiment Marks Signature

N G
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2
 CONTENTS

S.No Date Name of the Experiment Marks Signature

N G
R I
E E
IN
N G
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2
Ex. No: 1
Date:

Residential House Wiring Using Switches, Fuse, Indicator, Lamp and Energy Meter

Aim:
To Construct House wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and Energy Meter.

Apparatus Required:
S. No Apparatus Name Range / Type Quantity
1 SPST Switch (Single Pole Single 3
Through)
2 Fuses 3
3 Indicator 1
4 Lamp 5A 1
5 Fan 1
5 Energy meter 1
6 Connecting wires Few

Theory:
Conductors, switches and other accessories should be of proper capable of carrying the
maximum current which will flow through them. Conductors should be of copper or
aluminum. In power circuit, wiring should be designed for the load which it is supposed to
carry. Wiring should be done on the distribution system with main and branch distribution
boards at convenient centers. Wiring should neat, with good appearance. Wires should pass
through a pipe or box, and should not twist or cross. The conductor is carried in a rigid steel
conduit conforming to standards or in a porcelain tube.

Procedure:
1. Study the given wiring diagram.
2. Make the location points for energy meter, fuse, indicator, main switch box, Switch
board, lamp and ceiling rose.
3. Draw the lines for wiring on the wooden board.
4. Place the wires along with the line and fix.
5. Fix the lamp holder, Switches, Ceiling rose, Socket in marked positions on the
wooden board.
6. Connect the energy meter and main switch box in marked positions on the wooden
board.
7. Give a supply to the wires circuit.
8. Test the working of light and socket.
Circuit Diagram:

Result :

Thus the House wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and Energy Meter constructed.
Ex.no:2
Date:
Fluorescent Lamp Wiring

Aim:
To make and check the fluorescent lamp wiring.

Apparatus Required:
S.no Apparatus Name Quantity
1 Fluorescent Lamp 1
2 Lamp Holder
3 Switch 1
4 Starter 1
5 Choke 1
6 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:
Fluorescent lights are the most commonly used high source for illumination in houses,
industries, commercial organizations and public utility services. A fluorescent lamp is a low
pressure mercury and public utility services. A fluorescent discharge lamp with internal
surface coated with suitable fluorescent material. This lamp consists of glass tube provided at
both ends with caps having two pins and oxide coated tungsten filament. Tube contains
argon or krypton gas to facilitate starting with small quantity of mercury under low pressure.
Fluorescent material, when subjected to electro-magnetic radiations of particular wavelength
produced by the discharge through the mercury vapor, gets excited and in turn gives out
radiation at some other wave length which falls under visible spectrum. Thus, the secondary
radiations from fluorescent powder increase the efficiency of the lamp. Fluorescent lights in
India are generally made either 61cm long 20 W rating or 122 cm ling 40 W rating.
In order to make a Fluorescent light self starting, electronic choke is connected in the
circuit. When switch S is closed, full supply voltage appears across the electrodes which are
enclosed in a glasses bulb filled with argon gas. This voltage causes discharge in the argon
gas with consequent heating of the electrodes. Due to this heating, the electrode in the starter
which is made of bimetallic strip, bends and closes contact of the starter. At this stage, the
choke, the filaments of the tube and the starter become connected in series across the supply.
A current flows through the filaments and heats them. Meanwhile the argon discharge in the
starter tube disappears and after a cooling time, the electrodes of starter cause a sudden break
in the circuit. This causes a high value of induced EMF in the choke. The induces EMF in
the choke is applied across the Fluorescent light electrodes and is responsible for initiating a
gaseous discharge because initial heating has already created good number of free electrons
in the vicinity of electrodes

Procedure

1. Make connections as shown in the Figure.

2. Assemble the fluorescent light accessories like starter holder, holder for tube and
chock in the fitting base with the help of screws.
3. Fixed in the holder to light it and switch ON the supply the lamp will glow.
4. Switch off the supply
Circuit Diagram

Result:

The wiring for the tube light is completed and tested.

 Ex. No: 3

Date:
Staircase Wiring
Aim:
To control the status of the given lamp by using 2 two – way switches

Apparatus Required:
S. No Apparatus Name Quantity
1 Two way Switch 2
2 Lamp 1
3 Connecting wires As required
4 Pvc pipes As required
5 Drilling machine 1

Procedure:
1. Place the accessories on the wiring board as per the circuit diagram.
2. Place the P.V.C pipe and insert two wires into the P.V.C pipe.
3. Take one wire connect one end to the phase side and other end to the middle point of
SPDT switch 1
4. Upper point of SPDT switch 1 is connected to the upper point of SPDT switch2.
5. Lower point of SPDT 1 is connected to the lower point SPDT switch2.
6. Another wire taken through a P.V.C pipe and middle point of SPDT switch 2 is
connected to one end of the lamp holder.
7. Another end of lamp holder is connected to neutral line.
8. Screw the accessories on the board and switch on the supply.
9. Circuit is tested for all possible combination of switch position.
Circuit Diagram:

TABULATION

SWITCH POSITION LAMP

CONDITION
SWITCH- 1 SWITCH- 2

OFF OFF OFF

ON OFF ON
OFF ON ON
ON ON OFF

Result :
Thus the staircase wiring was done using two way switch
Ex. No: 4
Date:
Measurement of Voltage, Current, Power and Power Factor using RLC load

Aim:
To measure power in a single phase AC circuit using wattmeter by RLC load.

Apparatus Required:
Components
SL.NO Range Quantity
Required
1 Resistor 10Ω
1
2 Inductor
0.1H 1
3 Capacitor 0.1μf
1
4 Function generator
- 1
5 Ammeter (0-100)Ma 1

6 Multimeter 1

7 Connecting wires As required

Theory:
Power in an electric circuit can be measured using a wattmeter. A wattmeter consists of two
coils, namely current coil and pressure coil or potential coil. The current coil is marked as
ML and pressure coil is marked as CV. The current coil measure the quantity that is
proportional to the current in the circuit the pressure coil measures quantity that is
proportional to the voltage in the circuit. The given wattmeter is loaded by direct loading.
The ammeter is connected in series to the wattmeter. Since the same current flows in both the
coils, the current and voltage across the circuit are constant. The power consumed by the load
is measured using the wattmeter and calculated using the formula.

Procedure:

 Connect the RLC circuit as per circuit diagram

 Give the electrical voltage to the circuit and measure the values of voltage
and current
 By using formula calculate the values of power and power factor

Formula used

Impedance Z =√R²+(XL+XC) ²Ω
XL = 2 πfL Ω

XC = 1/2 πfC Ω

Current = v/z Amp

Power = VICOSφ watts
Power factor cos( ) = R/Zφ
Result : Thus the power was calculated using wattmeter by R load
EX.NO: 5
Date:
Measurement of Energy Using Energy meter
Aim:
To measure the energy in a single phase circuit using direct Loading.
Apparatus Required:
S.no Name of the apparatus Range/type Quantity

1. Single Phase Energy meter Rev/kWh 1

2. Voltmeter (0-300)v 1

3. Ammeter (0-5)A 1

4. Wattmeter 300V,5A 1

5. Load
6. Connecting Wires As required

7. Stop watch 1

Theory:
Energy meters are integrating instruments and are used for measurement of energy in
a circuit over a given time. Since the working principle of such instrument is based on
electro-magnetic induction, these are known as induction type energy meter. There are two
coils in an induction type energy meter, namely current coil and voltage coil. The current coil
is connected in series with the load while the voltage coil is connected across the load. The
aluminium disc experiences deflecting torque due to eddy currents induced in it and its
rotations are counted by a gear train mechanism.

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given to the switch by closing the DPST switch.
3. Load is switched on.
4. Time taken for five revolutions in the energy meter is noted and the
Corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading are noted.
5. The above procedure is repeated for different load current and for fixed
number of revolutions.
6. Then the load is gradually released and supply is switched OFF.
7. The error is calculated and the graph is plotted between calculated energy and
Percentage of error.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Observation Table:
W (W) Power from
Time in Seconds
S.N V I Observe d (t) energy %
o (V) (A) Actual (P) (10 Revolutions) meter Error
(kWh-
Unit)
1
2
3
4
Model Calculation:
Calculated Energy=
Observed Energy =
% of Error =

Result : Thus the power was calculated using wattmeter by RL load

 EX.NO:6
DATE:
Measurement of Resistance to Earth of Electrical Equipment
AIM:

To measure the resistance to earth resistance of Electrical Equipment.

APPARTUS REQUIRED:

S.NO. Components Required Quantity

1. Insulation Tester (Megger) 1

2. Rod 2

3. Connecting wires 1

THEORY:
For this experiment we have to use the Megger. It is an instrument for testing the
insulation resistance of the order of mega ohms.
A megger consists of an emf source and a voltmeter. The voltmeter scale is calibrated
in ohms. In measurement, the emf of the self-contained source should be equal that of the
source used in calibration. The deflection of the moving system depends on the ratio of the
currents in the coils and is independent of the applied voltage. The value of unknown
resistance can be found directly from the scale of the instrument. Figure shows detailed
diagram of a megger. It consists of a hand driven dc generator a emf about 500V.the
permanent dc meter has two moving coils. First one is deflecting coil and another one is
controlling coil. The deflecting coil is connected to the generator through a resistor R2. The
torque due to the two coils opposes each other. It consists of three terminals E (earth
terminal) and L (line terminal) and G (guard wire terminal).

OPERATION:

When the terminals are open circuited, no current flows through the deflecting coil.
The torque to the controlling coil moves the pointer to one end of the scale. When the
terminals are short circuited, the torque due to the controlling coil and the pointer is deflected
to the other end of the scale i.e. zero mark. In between the two extreme positions the scale is
calibrated to indicate the value of unknown resistance directly. The unknown insulation
resistance is the combination of insulation volume resistance and surface leakage resistance.
The guard wire terminal makes the surface leakage current to bypass the instrument hence
only insulation resistance is measured.
 TABULATION:
S.N Distance Resistance
o between (Ω)
electrode(feet)

RESULT:
Thus the earth resistance was measured in the given area.
 List of Experiments

Group B ( Electronics)

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE 13

1. Study of Electronic components and equipments – Resistor, colour coding

measurement of AC signal parameter (peak-peak, rms period, frequency)
using CRO and Multimeter.
2. Study of logic gates AND, OR, NOR and NOT.
3. Generation of Clock Signal.
4. Soldering practice – Components Devices and Circuits – Using general purpose
PCB.
5. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR
Exp No: 1A
Date :
STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

AIM
To study about the Electronic Components and Equipments such as Active and different
types of Passive components are Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors.

TYPES OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ACTIVE

COMPONENT

Definition:

Active components are those that require electrical power to operate. This could include
the power supply, fans, storage device, transistors, diodes and other integrated circuits.

TRANSISTORS
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals.

TYPES OF TRANSISTORS
1. Bipolar Junction Transistor
2. Field Effect Transistor
DIODES
An electronic device with two active terminals, an anode and a cathode, through which
current passes more easily in one direction (from anode to cathode) than in the reverse

direction. Diodes have many uses, including conversion of AC power to DC power, and the
decoding of audio-frequency signals from radio signals.

TYPES OF DIODES
1. PN Junction Diode
2. PIN Diode
3. Zener Diode
4. Tunnel Diode

PASSIVE COMPONENTS

Definition:

A passive component is a module that does not require energy to operate, except for the
available Alternating Current (AC) circuit that it is connected to. A passive module is not
capable of power gain and is not a source of energy. A typical passive component would be a
chassis, inductor, resistor, transformer, or capacitor.

Types of active and passive components

Sl.No Active Components Passive Components

1 Transistors Resistor
2 Op-Amps Capacitor
3 Diodes Inductor
 PASSIVE COMPONENTS

RESISTORS

Resistors are the most common components in electronic circuits. Its main function is to
reduce the high current to the desired value and also to provide desired voltage in the circuit.
The resistors are manufactured to have a specific value in ohm. The physical size of resistor
determines how much power can be dissipated in the form of heat. However there is co-relation
between resistor physical sizes and its resistance value. They are manufactured in variety of
standard values and power settings.
There are two types of resistors:
 Fixed resistor
 Variable resistor
Fixed resistor has a resistance value that does not change where as a variable resistor
having variable resistance range with 4 lines or color code. They indicate the resistance value in
ohms out on a larger resistor; the resistance value is printed on the body of the resistor.
The important feature of resistor is that its effect is same for both AC and DC circuits.

TYPES OF RESISTORS
 Wire wand resistors
 Carbon Composition resistors
 Film resistors
 Surface mount resistors
 Fusible resistors

CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a passive two terminal component which stores electric charge. This
component consists of two conductors which are separated by a dielectric medium. The
potential difference when applied across the conductors polarizes the dipole ions to store the
charge in the dielectric medium. The unit of capacitance is Farad and it is denoted as F. The
circuit symbol of a capacitor is shown below:
Symbolic representation Disc capacitor Polarity representation

Consider the capacitor below:

The capacitor on the left is of a ceramic disc type capacitor that has
the code 473J printed onto its body. Then the
4 = 1st digit, the 7 = 2nd digit,
the 3 is the multiplier in pico-Farads, pF and the letter J is the
tolerance and this translates to:

47pF * 1,000 (3 zero's) = 47,000 pF , 47nF or 0.047 uF

the J indicates a tolerance of +/- 5%

The capacitance or the potential storage by the capacitor is measured in Farads which is
symbolized as ‘F’. One Farad is the capacitance when one coulomb of electric charge is stored
in the conductor on the application of one volt potential difference.

The charge stored in a capacitor is given by

Q = CV

Where Q - charge stored by the capacitor

C - Capacitance value of the capacitor
V - Voltage applied across the capacitor
 TYPES OF CAPACITORS
Ceramic capacitor
Tantalum capacitor
Silver Mica Capacitor
Polystyrene Film Capacitor
Polyester Film Capacitor
Metalized Polyester Film Capacitor
Polycarbonate capacitor
Polypropylene Capacitor
Glass capacitors

Design of capacitor Symbolic representations

INDUCTOR

An inductor (also choke, coil or reactor) is a passive two-terminal electrical component

that stores energy in its magnetic field. For comparison, a capacitor stores energy in an electric
field, and a resistor does not store energy but rather dissipates energy as heat. The unit of
inductance is Henry and it is denoted as H.
Any conductor has inductance. An inductor is typically made of a wire or other conductor wound into a
coil, to increase the magnetic field. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, creating a
time-varying magnetic field inside the coil, a voltage is induced according to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's law change in current that created it. Inductors are one of
the basic components used in electronics where current and voltage change with time, due to the ability
of inductors to delay and reshape alternating currents.
TYPES OF INDUCTORS
Air core inductor
Radio frequency inductor
Ferromagnetic core inductor
Laminated core inductor
Ferrite-core inductor
Toroidal core inductor
Variable inductor

Design and Symbolic representation

Result:
Thus the above study experiment electronic components and equipments was studied clearly.
Exp No: 1B
Date : STUDY OF RESISTOR COLOUR CODING

Aim:
To find the value of given resistors using colour coding chart.

Apparatus Required:
1. Resistors-various ranges
Theory:
Resistors:
Resistors have three principal ratings: resistance in ohms, tolerance in percent, and
power dissipation in watts. Most of the resistors we have in the lab can dissipate ¼ watt and
have tolerances of +or - 5 %.Resistance values are coded on the resistors with color bands. The
first two bands give two significant digits of the value, the third band is a multiplier expressed
as a power of 10, and the fourth band is the tolerance. The table below shows the color code.
For example, red-red orange-gold is 22 KΩ + or - 5 %. Sometimes ¼ watt is not enough for a
circuit application and then a physically larger resistor is required.

PROCEDURE:
1. Find the nominal value and the tolerance of each resistance using the color codes
2. Calculate the resistor values and using the digital Multimeter as an ohmmeter, we can
cross check and record the resistance of each.

Tabular Column:
Resistor Values:

SI.NO RESISTANCE VALUE BY RESISTANCE VALUE BY

COLOURCODING MUTIMETER
 Result:
Thus the value of the resistors is obtained by using the colour coding technique.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a resistor?
2. What is the function of a resistor?
3. How will you find out the resistor value?
4. What is tolerance?
Exp No: 1C Date
:
MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL PARAMETER(PEAK-PEAK, RMS TIME
PERIOD AND FREQUENCY) USING CRO

Aim:
To study the electronic components and equipments including the resistor and color
coding and to measure the various AC signal parameters (Peak-peak, RMS, Time Period and
frequency) using CRO
Apparatus Required:
SI. NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1 CRO 200MHZ 1

2 Function generator 20MHZ 1

3 Connecting probe - 2

1. CRO
2. Function generator
Formula used:
1. Peak to peak voltage V(p-p) = No. of divisions X Volts/Divisions
2. Maximum Voltage Vm = V(p-p) / 2 (V)
3. Root Mean Square Voltage VRMS = Vm / √2 (V)
4. Time period (T) = No. of divisions X Time/Divisions (Sec)
5. Frequency (f) = 1/T (Hz)
AC Sine Waveform

Vm

V(p-p)
Time (Sec)

T
Tabular Column:
Peak to peak Voltage measurement

SI. NO TIME(ms) AMPLITUDE(V) Frequency

Theory:
A sinusoidal signal is a general sine function. An electrical signal is a voltage or current
which conveys information, usually it means a voltage. The term can be used for any voltage or
current in a circuit. The voltage-time graph above shows the various properties of an electrical
signal. In addition to the properties labelled on the graph, there is frequency which is the
number of cycles per second. The diagram shows a sine wave but these properties apply to any
signal with a constant shape.

 Amplitude is the maximum voltage reached by the signal.

It is measured in volts, V.
 Peak voltage is another name for amplitude.
 Peak-peak voltage is twice the peak voltage (amplitude). When reading an
Oscilloscope trace it is usual to measure peak-peak voltage. The peak-to-peak value
of the voltage is simply the difference between the largest voltage (usually
positive) and the smallest voltage (usually negative).
 Time period is the time taken for the signal to complete one cycle, it is measured in
seconds (s), but time periods tend to be short so milliseconds (ms) and micro seconds
(µs) are often used. 1ms = 0.001s and 1µs = 0.000001s.
Frequency is the number of cycles per second it is measured in hertz (Hz), but
frequencies tend to be high so kilohertz (kHz) and megahertz (MHz) are often used.
1kHz = 1000Hz and 1MHz = 1000000Hz.
RMS value is the effective value of a varying voltage or current. It is the equivalent
steady DC (constant) value which gives the same effect

Procedure:
1. AC signal is given as an input to CRO.
2. The CRO display is noted.
3. From the display the various parameters like peak-peak voltage, maximum voltage
and time period are noted.
4. By using the formulas, the RMS value and frequency are calculated.
Result:
Thus the various AC signal parameters (Peak-peak, RMS, Period and frequency) were
measured using CRO.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by AC supply?
2. What is peak to peak voltage?
3. What is rms voltage?
4. What is maximum voltage?
5. What is Frequency?
6. How is the time period measured?
Exp No: 2
Date : STUDY OF LOGIC GATES

AIM
The purpose of this experiment is to get familiar with the elementary Logic gates and
to know the use of them for implementing logic circuits.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

S. No. COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION QTY

1. AND GATE IC 7408 1
2. OR GATE IC 7432 1
3. NOT GATE IC 7404 1
4. NOR GATE 2 I/P IC 7402 1
5. IC TRAINER KIT - 1
6. PATCH CORD - 14

THEORY

Digital electronics is found in everything from computers to CD players and watches. It

is based on the binary number system. Instead of voltages which vary continuously, as in analog
electronics, digital circuits involve voltages which take one of only two possible values. In our
case these are 0 and 5 volts (TTL logic), but they are often referred to as LOW and HIGH, or
FALSE and TRUE, or as the binary digits 0 and 1.The basic building blocks of digital
electronics are logic gates which perform simple binary logic functions (AND, OR, NOT, etc.).
From these devices, one can construct more complex circuits to do arithmetic, act as memory
elements, and so on. In this lab, you will look at a few basic devices to see what they can do.
Logic gates and other digital components come in the form of integrated circuits (ICs) which
consist of small semiconductor \chips packaged in a ceramic or plastic case with many pins.
The ICs are labeled by numbers like 74LSxx, where xx is a number identifying the type of
device.
PIN DIAGRAM of IC`s
 Picture Representation of an IC

LOGIC GATES

NOT GATE (IC 7404)

In digital logic, an inverter or NOT gate is a logic gate which implements logical negation.
The 7404 chip contains six inverters. An inverter simply converts binary 1 to 0 and vice versa.

NOT gate (7404) TRUTH TABLE

IN OUT
1
IN OUT
0
AND GATE (IC 7408)

The AND gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical conjunction - it behaves
according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results only if both the inputs to the
AND gate are HIGH (1). If neither or only one input to the AND gate is HIGH, a LOW output
results. In another sense, the function of AND effectively finds the minimum between two
binary digits, just as the OR function finds the maximum.

AND gate (7408)

TRUTH TABLE

A B OUT
A out 0 0
0 1
B 1 0
1 1
OR GATE (IC 7432)
 The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunction - it behaves
according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if one or both the inputs to
the gate are HIGH (1). If neither input is HIGH, a LOW output (0) results. In another sense, the

function of OR effectively finds the maximum between two binary digits, just as the
complementary AND function finds the minimum.

OR GATE (7432)
TRUTH TABLE

A B OUT
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

NOR GATE (IC 7402)

The NOR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical NOR - it behaves according
to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if both the inputs to the gate are LOW
(0). If one or both input is HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results. NOR is the result of the
negation of the OR operator.

NOR GATE (7402)

TRUTH TABLE

A B OUT
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
 PROCEDURE

1. Insert a 7404 chip into the breadboard and connect pin 7 to ground and pin 14 to 5V.
(Make sure that all of the pins are properly seated in the sockets rather than bent
underneath.)
2. Connect one input to a switch, so you can easily set it to 1 or 0.
3. Connect the corresponding output to a LED indicators provided.
4. Verify the truthtable of NOT GATE.
5. Repeat the above procedure for the others gates

RESULT:

Thus different types of logic gates were studied and its truth table was verified.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What are the universal gates
2. Draw the truth table of AND gate.
3. Draw the truth table of NOT gate.
4. Draw the truth table of OR gate.
5. How many gates will be there in a IC 7404 chip ?
6. What gate does the IC 7408 consist of?
7. What are the 7th and 14th pin in all the gates?
Exp No: 3

Date :
GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL

Aim:
To generate a clock signal in Astable Multivibrator using 555 timer.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Equipment Required Quantity Type/Range

1 555 Timer IC 1 555 Timer
2 Resistance 1 6.8KΩ,3.3KΩ
3 Capacitors 1 0.01µF,0.101µF
4 CRO 1 0-30MHz
5 RPS (0-30)V 1 0-30V
6 Bread board 1
7 Connecting wires

Theory:
Timing resistor is split into Ra and Rb. Pin 7 is connected to the junction of Ra and Rb
along with power supply Vcc. External timing capacitor C charges towards Vcc with time
constant (Ra + Rb)C. During this time, the output at the pin 3 is high.
When the capacitor voltage equals to 2/3 Vcc, the upper comparator trigger the control
flip-flop.

Formula used:
1. Ton = 0.69 ((Ra + Rb)C
2. Toff = 0.69 RbC
3. T = Ton + Toff
Circuit Diagram

+5
V

6.8 KΩ R
A
8 4
7 3
3.3 KΩ R IC 555
VO
B
6 2 1 5 CRO

C=
VC 0.1μf

Tabular Column

Sl.No Amplitude(v) Time period(ms)

 Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. +5 Volts is given to the Vcc terminal.
3. ton , toff values are calculated from the given formula.
4. The graph is drawn.

Result:
Thus a clock signal was generated using 555 timer IC for different values of resistances.
Viva Questions
1. What is a clock signal?
2. What are the applications of Clock signal?
3. What is the purpose of CRO?
4. Can we generate clock signal without using 555 timer?
5. What is the use of triggering signal , Threshold and control voltage?
Exp No: 4 Date :
SOLDERING PRACTICE COMPONENTS DEVICES AND CIRCUITS USING
GENERAL PURPOSE PCB
Aim:
To practice soldering and desoldering for the electronic circuit by assembling and
disassembling the resistor R1 and R2 and capacitor C1 in the given Printed Circuit Board (PCB).
COMPONENT REQUIRED

S.No Component Range Quantity

1 PCB board for given circuit 10w(or)35w 1
2 Soldering iron 60/40 grade 1
3 Solder 1
4 Flux 1
5 Electrician’s Knife 1
6 Nose plier 1
7 Resistors 10kΩ 4
8 Capacitor 0.01µF 2

Given circuit

C1
R1 R2

Drawing

C1
R1 R2

Back side of the PCB board

 C1
R1 R2

Front side of the PCB board

Circuit 2

Procedure:
Soldering
1. The given electronic circuit is studied.
2. The PCB board is cleaned.
3. The tip of the soldering iron is cleaned before heating and also the resistors and
capacitor which is to be soldered is cleaned.
4. The soldering iron is heated and the solder is applied to the tip of it.
5. The resistor (R) leads are bent to fit the holes on the board and they are inserted in
the holes of the board as per the circuit diagram.
6. The hot tip is applied to the joints and the solder is applied.
7. The soldering tip is removed and the resistor is hold tightly till the solder is cooled
and set.
8. The excess component lead is trimmed with side cutter.
9. The above steps are repeated to fix the other resistor and capacitor in the circuit
De-Soldering
1. The tip of the soldering iron is placed on the resistor- board joint until the solder is
melt.
2. When the solder is melted the resistor is removed with a tweezers and the molten
solder is removed.
3. The above steps are repeated to remove the other resistor and capacitor.
4. The resistors and capacitors are cleaned.

Soldering way Solder gun

Result:
Thus the soldering and de-soldering practice is done for the given electronic circuit.

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is a Resistor?
2. What is a capacitor?
3. What is Soldering and De-Soldering?
4. What is a PCB? State the use of PCB?
5. What are the uses of soldering and de-soldering?
EXP NO : 5A
DATE: MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR FOR HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

AIM
To study the ripple factor of a half wave rectifier.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

SL.NO. NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY

EQUIPMENT
1. Transformer 15v-0v-15v 1
2. Capacitor 2
470 µF
3. Resistor 470Ω 1
4. PN junction diode 2
IN 4007
5. Bread Board - 1
-
6. CRO 1

FORMULAE USED:

2
Ripple = -1
Where, Vrms = The rms value of the a.c component of the output voltage
Vdc = The average or d.c value of the output voltage.

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER:

Vdc = Vm/2π
Vrms = Vm/2
Theory:
A rectifier is defined as a electronic device used for converting AC voltage into
unidirectional voltage. A rectifier utilizes unidirectional conduction devices like Vacuum diode
or PN junction diode.
Half wave rectifier:
It converts an ac voltage into a pulsating DC voltage using only one half of the
 applied ac voltage. The rectifying diode conducts during one half of the ac cycle. During
positive half cycle of the input signal the anode of diode becomes positive with respect to
cathode and hence the diode conducts. For an ideal diode the forward voltage drop is zero so the
whole input voltage appears across the load. During negative half of the input signal the anode
of the diode becomes negative with respect to cathode and hence the diode does not conduct.
For an ideal diode the impedance offered by the diode is unity so the whole input voltage drop
across diode. Hence voltage drop across RL is zero.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Half Wave Rectifier

MODEL GRAPH:
 TABULATION:

SI. NO TIME (ms) AMPLITUDE(V)

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the CRO across the load.
3. from the waveform in the CRO screen, note down the amplitude and frequency along with
multiplication factor.
4. Calculate the ripple factor.

RESULT:
Thus the input & output waveforms are drawn for half wave rectifiers and ripple
factor calculated.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Rectifier?
2. What is Half-Wave Rectifier?
3. Define Ripple Factor?
4. What type of output we get from HW Rectifier?
5. What is the value of Ripple factor for HW Rectifier?
6. What is the formulae for Vrms for HW Rectifier?
7. What is the formulae for Vdc for HW Rectifier?
Exp No: 5B
Date :
MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR FOR FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS

AIM:
To study the ripple factor and regulation characteristics of a full wave rectifier.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

SL.NO. NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY

EQUIPMENT
1. Transformer 15v-0v-15v 1
2. Capacitor 2
470 µF
3. Resistor 470Ω 1
4. PN junction diode 2
IN 4007
5. Bread Board - 1
-
6. CRO 1

FORMULA USED:
Ripple Factor, = (Vrms / Vdc)2 - 1
Where, Vrms = The rms value of the a.c component of the output voltage
Vdc = The average or d.c value of the output voltage.

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:

Vdc = 2 Vm/π
2
Theory:
A rectifier is defined as a electronic device used for converting AC voltage into
unidirectional voltage. A rectifier utilizes unidirectional conduction devices like Vacuum diode
or PN junction diode.
 Full wave rectifier:
It converts an AC voltage in to a pulsating DC voltage using both half cycles of the
applied AC voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during positive half cycle
the other conducts during negative half cycle. During positive half cycle of the input signal
anode of the diode D1 becomes positive with respect to cathode and at the same time anode of
the diode becomes negative. Hence D1 conducts and D2 will not conduct during positive half
cycle. During negative half of the input anode of the diode D1 becomes negative and anode of
diode D2 becomes positive. Hence D1 does not conduct and D2 will conduct. The load current
flows through D2 and voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the CRO across the load.
3. from the waveform in the CRO screen, note down the amplitude and frequency along with
multiplication factor.
4. Calculate the ripple factor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FULL

WAVE RECTIFIER
MODELGRAPH

TABULATION:

SI. NO TIME (ms) AMPLITUDE(V)

RESULT:
Thus the input & output waveforms are drawn for full wave rectifiers and ripple
factor calculated

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Full wave rectifier?
2. What is the formulae for Vdc for FW Rectifier?
3. What is the formulae for Vrms for FW Rectifier
4. What type of output we get from FW Rectifier?
5. What is the value of Ripple factor for FW Rectifier?