APA Style Guidelines & Examples (6th Edition) NAIT Library: Rev. April 2014, AD
APA Style Guidelines & Examples (6th Edition) NAIT Library: Rev. April 2014, AD
NAIT Library
Table of Contents
Books ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Websites .........................................................................................................................................20
Images .........................................................................................................................................22
Podcasts .........................................................................................................................................26
Videos .........................................................................................................................................27
Blueprints ........................................................................................................................................39
You must give credit to every source that you use in your research paper. Brief citations included
in the text of your paper are called “in-text” citations (or “parenthetical” citations because they are
in parentheses, or brackets); APA in-text citations are usually made up of the author, date and
page number(s) of the source cited. Full citations are always included in the APA References list
at the end of your paper; full citations include all the citations elements (for example a book
citation includes the author, title, edition, place, publisher and date). Each in-text citation must
appear in the References list, and each entry in the References list must come from an in-text
citation.
These guidelines will help you to cite your research sources according to the APA style. Included
are examples of both in-text citations and References list citations.
These guidelines are based on the sixth edition (2010, second printing) of the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association and the FAQs on the APA website
(www.apastyle.org/faqs.html#3).
Important: Always ask your instructor what citation style is required for your assignment.
1. When citing books published in the U.S., include the U.S. Postal Service abbreviations
for the state of publication. If the publishing city is outside the U.S., include the city and
country. Do not abbreviate the country.
2. When citing articles or e-books from library databases, include the digital object identifier
(DOI) in the citation (e.g. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500141) and do not include the
URL, date of retrieval or the name of the database. If the DOI is not available, include
the persistent URL of the article or e-book (e.g.
http://libezproxy.nait.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=a9h&AN=22299882&site=ehost-live&scope=site).
If a source has no author or editor, use a few words of the title instead.
Each in-text citation must lead to the full reference list entry for that source.
Reference Lists
The references page is usually located at the end of your written document. However, tables
and/or appendices, if used, come after the references page.
The references page lists only the sources you cited in your paper. Every reference list entry
should have at least one corresponding in-text citation.
Author's first names are NOT included in the entries; include only the initials of given
name(s). For example: Wells, A.
If a work has no author, place the title first and use that to alphabetize it within reference list.
If there is no date, use (n.d.). For a full template explaining how to format your citation when
information is missing, visit APA’s reference template PDF: http://blog.apastyle.org/files/how-
to-cite-something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style---table-1.pdf
The date of publication appears immediately after the first element of the citation (usually the
author’s name). For example, Wells, A. (2005).
Use the hanging indent format: each entry begins flush left, and any additional lines are
indented one-half inch (or five spaces).
Capitalization matters; only the first word of titles and subtitles is capitalized, in addition to
proper names. However, each significant word in the titles of journals, newspapers and
magazines (for example, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences) is capitalized and italicized.
Titles of articles from journals are NOT italicized.
Use only the name of the publishing company (do not include "Company" or "Inc." etc.).
Do NOT insert a hyphen when dividing a web address (URL) at the end of a link.
Canada. Dept of Finance. (2011). Tax expenditures and evaluations 2010 (Cat. No. F1-
eng.asp
gallery.com/html/galleries/painting17.htm
http://libezproxy.nait.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=bth&AN=73345420&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Heuristic. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.m-
w.com/dictionary/heuristic
Kreith, F. & Goswami, D. Y. (Eds.). (2005). The CRC handbook of mechanical engineering (2nd
Label, W. A. (2010). Accounting for non-accountants: The fast and easy way to learn the basics
Morris, E. A. (2009, July 2). The danger of safety [Web log message]. Retrieved from
http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/02/the-danger-of-safety
Shang-Ping, X., Deser, C., Vecchi, G., Jian, M., Haiyan, T., & Wittenberg, A. (2010). Global
warming pattern formation: Sea surface temperature and rainfall. Journal of Climate,
Print Book
Citation elements required and general format:
Author(s) or editor(s). (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book (Edition). City, State
One editor:
Smither, J. W. (Ed.). (1998). Performance appraisal: State of the art in practice. San
Multiple authors:
Murray, R. B., Zentner, J. P., & Yakimo, R. (2009). Health promotion strategies through
Multiple editors:
Baker, A., Dutton, S., & Kelly, D. (Eds.). (2004). Composite materials for aircraft
Astronautics.
No author or editor:
New concise world atlas. (2007). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Two authors named in the text of your paper (use the word “and”
between the authors’ names in the text of your paper; use the ampersand “&” in the in-
text citation brackets):
Research by Smyth and Hanson (2007) indicated “quote here” (p. 59).
OR:
Smyth and Hanson concluded the same (2007, p. 59).
No author:
… according to the British map (New concise world atlas, 2004, p. 15).
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Author(s) (if editor, include (Ed.) after name). (Year). Title of eBook: Subtitle of eBook
Retrieved from
http://www.knovel.com.libezproxy.nait.ca/web/portal/browse/display?_EXT_KNO
VEL_DISPLAY_bookid=2441
Competitive-ebook/dp/B005R4NO6Q/ref=sr_1_3?s=digital-
text&ie=UTF8&qid=1328566689&sr=1-3
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You cite an article, book chapter, or case study found in a source in both the references
list and in an in-text citation.
Author(s) or editor(s) of the chapter or entry or case study. (Year of book). Title of chapter
or entry or case study. In First initial. Last name, & First initial. Last name (Eds.),
Publisher.
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Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, Volume
Citation elements required and general format for journal paginated by issue (each
issue begins with page 1):
Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, Volume
Global warming pattern formation: Sea surface temperature and rainfall. Journal
No Author:
Order in the oil sands. (2008). Petroleum Journal, 174(6), 15-21.
No author:
… as was reported in the final study (“Order in the oil sands,” 2008, p. 17).
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Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Title of Journal, Volume, page number(s).
doi:DOI of article
Citation elements required and general format for journal paginated by issue (each
issue begins with page 1):
Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), page number(s).
doi:DOI of article
Street, M. E., Volta, C., Ziveri, M. A., Viani, I., & Bernansconi, S. (2009). Markers of
2265.2009.03533.x
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Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Title of Journal, Volume, page number(s).
Citation elements required and general format for journal paginated by issue
(each issue begins with page 1):
Author(s). (Year). Title of journal article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), page number(s).
/i.do?id=GALE%7CA235630942&v=2.1&u=naitl_main&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w
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Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of journal article. Title of Newspaper, page number(s).
No author:
Mandel received council support (2010, October 2). Edmonton Journal, p. B4.
No author:
… As reported in the Edmonton Journal (“Mandel,” 2010, p. B4).
OR:
… as reported in 2010 (“Mandel,” p. B4).
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Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Newspaper[Edition
http://search.proquest.com.libezproxy.nait.ca/docview/442171876?accountid=12
654
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Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Magazine,
http://libezproxy.nait.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=31900477&site=ehost-live&scope=site
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Author(s). (Year). Title of case study. HBS No. number of case study. City,
Publishing.
Two authors:
Eisenmann, T., & Herman, K. (2006). Google, Inc. HBS No. 9-806-105. Boston, MA:
Two authors:
Eisenmann and Herman did agree on the research findings (2006, p. 11).
OR:
… as both researchers agreed (Eisenmann & Herman, 2006, p. 11).
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Author(s). (Year). Title of case study. Ivey ID: number of case study. City,
requirements and the Canadian response. Ivey ID: 9B05B009. London, Canada:
Ivey Publishing.
Two authors:
Heisz and Leech concluded similar findings (2005, p. 491).
OR:
… and the American researchers agreed (Heisz & Leech, 2005, p. 491).
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name, & First initial. Last name (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx).
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Author(s). (Year). Title of case study: Subtitle of case study. Title of Journal,
study)
http://libezproxy.nait.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=10508033&site=ehost-live&scope=site
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Author(s). (Year). Title of company profile or industry report. Retrieved from URL of the
http://libezproxy.nait.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=
true&db=bth&AN=73345420&site=ehost-live&scope=site
One author
It was indicated that… (Datamonitor, 2011).
OR:
… as Datamonitor’s industry report concluded last year (2010).
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Author(s). (Year). Title of webpage or document: Subtitle. Retrieved from URL that goes
http://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/dogs-perceive-time.htm
No author:
New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved from
http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp
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Creator(s) of the image or artwork. [Screenname if applicable]. (Year image was created,
D’Arco, M.P. [martinimike]. (2010, November 24). What’s in my fridge November 2010
5204582875/
http://www.vangoghgallery.com/catalog/Painting/508/Starry-Night.html
Diagram, no date:
from http://www.ebfarm.com/planet/sustainability
Artwork, no title:
gallery.com/html/galleries/painting17.htm
Visit NAIT Library’s Attribution Examples for Images guide for more information:
http://www.nait.ca/libresources/instruct/AttributionsComplete.pdf
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from URL
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Author(s). (Year, Month Day of the blog entry). Title of blog entry:
of-safety
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podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from the URL for podcast homepage
from http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/
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PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=6122&xtid=35675
from https://www.nait.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_5108_0_0_43/
http://www.nait.ca/secure/student/library/videoplayer.htm?vname=mp4:/private/1
09743h.mp4&w=640&h=480
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If you are not able to find out all the information identified in the general format, include
only what is available from the source.
Last name, First initials. [Screen name]. (Year, Month Day). Title of streaming video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQ6AYnrKh7c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0M7ibPk37_U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9jc-w49pVs
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Films.
Producer or director:
…as reported in Moore’s (2009) video.
OR:
…as described in Crimson Tide (Unger & Scott, 1995).
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depfisc/2010/taxexp10-eng.asp
Offline:
Canada. Dept of Finance. (2011). Tax expenditures and evaluations 2010 (Cat. No. F1-
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Government department:
Industry Canada. (2010). State of retail: The Canadian report 2010. Retrieved
from http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/retra-comde.nsf/eng/h_qn00281.html
http://www.ec.gc.ca/dd-sd/F93CD795-0035-4DAF-86D1-
53099BD303F9/FSDS_v4_EN.pdf
Government department:
…as reported by Industry Canada (2010).
OR:
…as described by the Sustainable Development Office in the recent government
report (Environment Canada, 2010).
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Statistics Canada. (2007). 2006 community profiles: Edmonton (Catalogue No. 92-591-
pd/prof/ 92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E
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Summary tables from Statistics Canada are static. Use their “date modified” as your date
of publication. You do not need to include the date you retrieved the tables.
If you are not able to find out all the information identified in the general format, include
only what is available from the source.
Statistics Canada. (n.d.). Title of the statistical table: Subtitle of statistical table, CANSIM
Citation information required and general format for Statistics Canada summary tables:
Statistics Canada. (n.d.). Title of the statistical table: Subtitle of statistical table. Retrieved
from URL.
http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=3030045&ta
bMode=dataTable&srchLan=-1&p1=-1&p2=9
Summary table:
Statistics Canada. (2012). Heritage institutions, summary statistics. Retrieved from
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/arts64a-eng.htm
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http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/1147.cfm
http://alberta.ca/acn/201012/29597A8E8DE56-E179-BCBC-
F3873E2D2FEB0194.html
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… as the “distinction between physical and mental injury is elusive and arguably
artificial in the context of tort” (Mustapha v. Culligan, 2008, pa. 8).
AND:
…additionally, “must show that it was forseeable that a person of ordinary
fortitutde would suffer serious injury from seeing the flies in the bottle of water”
(Mustapha, 2008, pa. 18).
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http://www.onepetro.org.libezproxy.nait.ca/mslib/app/Preview.do?
paperNumber=ARMA-2012-129&societyCode=ARMA
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Title of Wikipedia article. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL.
.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flightless_bird
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Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the
communicator and provide an exact date, if possible.
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Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of drawing (Drawing/Plan No. ##, if provided)
Content/doctype30/production/s1409-99-rev5.pdf