EE25

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 MODULE #3
ELECTROMAGNETISM

EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 ELECTROMAGNETISM

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

Dynamically induced emf
Statically induced emf
Self-inductance
Mutual inductance
Coefficient of coupling - derivation
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EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 LECTURE #1
ELECTROMAGNETISM

EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 INTRODUCTION
 Magnet
 material which has both attractive and directive properties
 Freely suspended in air => always points in North – South direction
 Natural magnets
 Found in the form of Iron ore known as Magnetite
 Chemical name - Ferric oxide (Fe3O4)
 Very weak – less practical applications
 Artificial magnets (or) Electromagnets
 Iron , Cobalt, Nickel and silicon steel – magnetic materials
 When these bars are wound with a coil and current is passed though them – they become
electromagnets
 Strength of electromagnet depends on number of turns, current
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 Very strong – used in many practical applications
EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela
 IMPORTANT TERMS
 Magnetic Field
 The space around a magnet in which the magnetic effects are felt
 It is represented by magnetic lines of force
 Magnetic flux (𝜙)
 Entire magnetic lines of force representing a magnetic field
 Unit is Weber (Wb)
 Magnetic flux density (B)
 Flux per unit area
 Unit is Wb/m2 or Tesla (T)
B = 𝜙 / a
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EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

I law: Whenever a magnetic flux linking an electric

circuit changes, an emf is induced in the electric circuit
II law: Magnitude of the induced emf is equal to the rate
of change of flux linkages
Lenz’s law: Direction of the induced emf is such as to
oppose the very first cause of it
𝑑𝜙
𝑒 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡 7

EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 Dynamically induced emf
 Letthe conductor move through a small distance dx in dt seconds
 Then the flux cut by the conductor is
𝑑𝜙 = 𝐵𝑙𝑑𝑥
 Rate at which the flux cut is
𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐵𝑙 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Maximum emf induced in the conductor is
𝐸𝑚 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
 emf induced in the conductor is
𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐸𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 8

EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 Statically induced emf
 emf induced in the conductor is
𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑒 = −𝑁 = −𝑁 = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑡
 Where,
𝑑𝜙 𝜙
𝐿=𝑁 =𝑁
𝑑𝑖 𝐼
 Self inductance of a coil (L) – property of a
coil which always opposes any change in the
value of current flowing through it

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EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 Mutual Inductance
 Mutually coupled coils – part of alternating flux produced in one coil
links the other coil
 Self induced emf in coil 1 is
𝑑𝜙1 𝑑𝑖1
𝑒1 = −𝑁1 = −𝐿1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜙1 = 𝜙11 + 𝜙12
 Mutually induced emf in coil 2 is
𝑑𝜙12 𝑑𝑖1
𝑒12 = −𝑁2 = −𝑀12
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙12
𝑀12 = 𝑁2
𝑑𝑖1 10

EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 Mutual Inductance
 Self induced emf in coil 2 is
𝑑𝜙2 𝑑𝑖2
𝑒2 = −𝑁2 = −𝐿2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜙2 = 𝜙22 + 𝜙21
 Mutually induced emf in coil 1 is
𝑑𝜙21 𝑑𝑖2
𝑒21 = −𝑁1 = −𝑀21
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙21
𝑀21 = 𝑁1
𝑑𝑖2
 Assume 𝑀12 = 𝑀21 = 𝑀
 Mutual inductance b/w any two coils – ability of one coil to induce an emf in the other coil,
when an alternating current flows through one of the coils
𝑑𝜙12 𝑑𝜙21
𝑀 = 𝑁2 = 𝑁1
𝑑𝑖1 𝑑𝑖2 11

EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 Coefficient of coupling - Derivation
 K = > ratio of mutual flux to the total flux
𝜙12 𝜙21
𝐾12 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾21 =
𝜙1 𝜙2
 Assume 𝐾12 = 𝐾21 = 𝐾

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EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 Numericals
 Question 1: Two coils, A and B, are wound on the same ferromagnetic core. There are 300
turns on A and 2800 turns on B. A current of 4A through coil A produces a flux of 800µWb in
the core. Calculate the self-inductances and mutual-inductance of the coils. If this current is
reversed in 20ms, calculate the average emf induced in coils A and B. (Answer: 0.06H, 5.22H,
0.56H, 24V, 224V)
 Solution: K = 1, NA = 300, NB = 2800, IA = 4 A, ØA = 800*10^-6 Wb
LA = ?, LB = ?, M = ?, eA = ?, eAB = ?
𝜙𝐴 800∗10^−6
LA = NA = 300 ∗ = 0.06 𝐻
IA 4
𝜙𝐴𝐵 𝐾𝜙𝐴 1∗800∗10^−6
M = NB = NB = 2800 ∗ = 0.56 𝐻
IA IA 4
𝑀2 0.562
LB = = = 5.22𝐻
K2LA 12∗0.06
𝑑𝑖𝐴 −4 − +4
𝑒𝐴 = −𝐿𝐴 = −0.06 ∗ = 24 𝑉
𝑑𝑡 20∗10−3
𝑑𝑖𝐴 −4 − +4
𝑒𝐴𝐵 = −𝑀 = −0.56 ∗ = 224 𝑉 13
𝑑𝑡 20∗10−3
EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela
 Numericals
 Question 2: Two identical 1000 turn coils, X and Y lie in parallel plains such that 60% of
magnetic flux produced by one links the other. A current of 5A in X produces a flux of
0.05mWb. If current in X changes from +5A to -5A in 0.01 second, what will be the magnitude
of emf induced in Y. Also, calculate the self-inductance of each coil and mutual inductance
between two coils. (Answer: 6V, 0.01H, 0.01H, 0.006H)
 Solution: K = 0.6, NX = 1000, NY = 1000, IX = 5 A, 𝜙X = 0.05∗10^−3 Wb

𝑑𝜙𝑋𝑌 𝐾𝑑𝜙𝑋 −0.05∗10^−3 − +0.05∗10^−3

𝑒𝑋𝑌 = −𝑁𝑌 = −𝑁𝑌 = −1000 ∗ 0.6 ∗ =6𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 0.01

𝜙𝑋 0.05∗10^−3
LX = NX = 1000 ∗ = 0.01 𝐻
IX 5

𝜙𝑋𝑌 𝐾𝜙𝑋 0.6 ∗ 0.05∗10^−3

M = NY = NY = 1000 ∗ 5
= 0.006 𝐻
IX IX
𝑀2 0.0062
LY = 2 = 2∗
= 0.01𝐻
K LX 0.6 0.01 14

EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 Numericals
 Question 3: A coil of 1500 turns carrying a current of 5A produces a flux of 2.5mWb. If the
current is reversed in 0.2 second, find the average value of emf induced in the coil. Also, find
the self-inductance of the coil. (Answer: 37.5V, 0.75H)
 Solution:
N = 1500, I = 5 A, 𝜙𝑖 = 2.5∗10^−3 Wb, 𝜙𝑓 = -2.5∗10^−3 Wb, dt = 0.2s, e = ?, L = ?

𝑑𝜙 𝜙 −𝜙 −2.5∗10^−3 − +2.5∗10^−3
𝑒= −𝑁 = −𝑁 𝑓 𝑖 = −1500 ∗ = 37.5 𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 0.2

𝜙 2.5∗10^−3
𝐿= 𝑁 = 1500 ∗ = 0.75𝐻
𝐼 5

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EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 Numericals
 Question 4: The self - inductance of a coil of 500 turns is 0.25H. If 60% of the flux linked with
the second coil of 10,000 turns, calculate the mutual inductance between the coils. Also find
the emf induced in the second coil when current in the first coil changes at the rate of 100A/s.
(Answer: 3H, -300V)
 Solution:
𝑑𝑖1
N1 = 500, N2 = 10,000, L1 = 0.25 H, K = 0.6, = 100A/s, M = ?, e12 = ?
𝑑𝑡
𝜙1 𝜙1 𝐿1 0.25
L1 = N1 ⇒ = =
I1 I1 N1 500
𝜙12 𝐾𝜙1 0.6∗0.25
M = N2 = N2 = 10000 ∗ =3𝐻
I1 I1 500
𝑑𝑖1
𝑒12 = −𝑀 = −3 ∗ 100 = −300 𝑉
𝑑𝑡

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EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 Numericals
 Question 5: There are two coils having coefficient of coupling 0.8. The current in coil A is 3A
and the total flux is 0.4mWb. The voltage induced in coil B is 85V when the current in coil A is
reduced to zero in 3ms. The number of turns in coil A is 300. Determine LA, LB, M and NB.
(Answer: 0.04H, 0.282H, 85mH, 797)
 Solution: 𝐾 = 0.8, 𝐼𝐴 = 3 𝐴, ∅𝐴 = 0.4∗10^−3 Wb, eAB = 85 V, dt = 0.003s, 𝑁𝐴 = 300

𝐿𝐴 = ? 𝐿𝐵 = ? , 𝑀 = ? , 𝑁𝐵 = ?
𝜙𝐴 0.4∗10^−3
LA = NA = 300 ∗ = 0.04 𝐻
IA 3

𝑑𝑖𝐴 −𝑒𝐴𝐵 −85

𝑒𝐴𝐵 = −𝑀 ⇒𝑀= 𝑑𝑖𝐴 = 0 − 3 = 85 𝑚𝐻
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 0.003

𝜙𝐴𝐵 𝑀 0.085
M = NB ⇒ NB = = = 797
IA 𝜙𝐴𝐵 0.8∗0.4∗10^−3
IA 3
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EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela

 THANK YOU!

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EE25 Basic Electrical Engineering 2020-21 Omsekhar Indela