Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013, Article ID 264549, 5 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/264549

Research Article
A Simplification for Exp-Function Method When the Balanced
Nonlinear Term Is a Certain Product

Hong-Zhun Liu
Zhijiang College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310024, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Hong-Zhun Liu; [email protected]

Received 24 October 2013; Revised 8 December 2013; Accepted 8 December 2013

Academic Editor: Hossein Jafari

Copyright © 2013 Hong-Zhun Liu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The Exp-function method plays an important role in searching for analytic solutions of many nonlinear differential equations. In
this paper, we prove that the balancing procedure in the method is unnecessary when the balanced nonlinear term is a product of
the dependent variable under consideration and its derivatives. And in this case, the ansatz of the method can be simplified to be
with less parameters so as to be easy to calculate.

1. Introduction we get a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE)

In 2006, He and Wu firstly proposed the so-called Exp- 𝑃 (𝑢, 𝑢󸀠 , 𝑢󸀠󸀠 , . . .) = 0, (3)
function method to search for solitary solutions and periodic where the prime, as it is in the following, denotes the
solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDE) [1]. derivation with respect to 𝜂.
This method soon drew the attention of many researchers and The Exp-function method is based on the assumption
was successfully applied to many nonlinear problems [2–31]. that the solutions of (3) can be expressed in the following
Among them, it is worth mentioning that Zhu firstly applied form:
this method to difference-differential equations, which shows
that the method is also effective in this case [8, 9]. After ∑𝑑𝑛=−𝑐 𝑎𝑛 exp (𝑛𝜂)
𝑢 (𝜂) =
Zhu, Dai et al. generalized the Exp-function method to find ∑𝑞𝑛=−𝑝 𝑏𝑛 exp (𝑛𝜂)
new exact traveling wave solutions of nonlinear PDE and (4)
nonlinear differential-difference equations [19]. Recently, Ma 𝑎 exp (−𝑐𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑎𝑑 exp (𝑑𝜂)
et al. extended the Exp-function method to multiple Exp- = −𝑐 ,
𝑏−𝑝 exp (−𝑝𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑏𝑞 exp (𝑞𝜂)
function method for constructing multiple wave solutions
[32, 33]. He elucidated how to solve fractional differential where 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑝, and 𝑞 are positive integers to be determined and
equations with local fractional derivatives via the fractional 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 are constants to be specified.
complex transformation and the Exp-function method [34]. Then we can express the highest order nonlinear and
For convenience, we first introduce the Exp-function linear terms in (3) in terms of (4). In the resulting terms,
method in brief. determine 𝑑 and 𝑞 through balancing the highest order Exp-
function and 𝑐 and 𝑝 by balancing the lowest order one.
1.1. Outline of the Exp-Function Method. Suppose that we Substituting (4) along with the determined 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑝, and 𝑞
consider a (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear PDE in the form into (3), we can obtain an equation for exp(𝜂). Setting all the
coefficients of the different powers of exp(𝜂) to zero leads to
𝐸 (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑡 , 𝑢𝑡𝑡 , . . .) = 0. (1) a set of algebraic equations for 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 , 𝑘, and 𝜔. Determine
values of 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 , 𝑘, and 𝜔 by solving this algebraic equations
Using traveling wave transformation
and put these values into (4). Thus we may obtain nontrivial
𝑢 = 𝑢 (𝜂) , 𝜂 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜔𝑡, (2) exact traveling wave solutions of (1).
2 Abstract and Applied Analysis

1.2. An Open Problem. Among the Exp-function method, the The following three formulas will be used in this section:
balancing computation is laborious but prior. However, we
observe that the balancing procedure of the Exp-function
𝑢󸀠 (𝜂)
method in studied examples always leads to the same case
𝑐 = 𝑝 and 𝑑 = 𝑞 [21]. This fact has partly been proved in (𝑝 − 𝑐) 𝑎−𝑐 𝑏−𝑝 exp (− (𝑐 + 𝑝) 𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + (𝑑 − 𝑞) 𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑞 exp ((𝑑 + 𝑞) 𝜂)
[16, 22]. In [16], Ali has proved it by assuming the highest = 2 exp (−2𝑝𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑏2 exp (2𝑞𝜂)
,
𝑏−𝑝
order linear and nonlinear terms as 𝑢(𝑛) and 𝑢𝑟 𝑢(𝑠) (𝑠 < 𝑛),
𝑞

respectively. In [22], making use of the same approach as was (7)

done by Ebaid proved the fact for nonlinear terms in the
form 𝑢𝛾 (𝛾 ⩾ 2), 𝑢(𝑠) 𝑢𝑘 (𝑠, 𝑘 ⩾ 1), [𝑢(𝑠) ]Ω (𝑠 ⩾ 1, Ω ⩾ 2), 𝑢 (𝜂) ⋅ V (𝜂)
and [𝑢(𝑠) ]Ω 𝑢𝜆 (𝑠, Ω, 𝜆 ⩾ 1), respectively, along with linear
term 𝑢(𝑟) (𝑟 ⩾ 1). Ebaid claimed in the abstract and section 𝑎−𝑐 𝑘−𝑐1 exp (− (𝑐 + 𝑐1 ) 𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑎𝑑 𝑘𝑑1 exp ((𝑑 + 𝑑1 ) 𝜂)
= ,
“Conclusions” of his article that the case 𝑐 = 𝑝 and 𝑑 = 𝑞 is 𝑏−𝑝 𝑙−𝑝1 exp (− (𝑝 + 𝑝1 ) 𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑏𝑞 𝑙𝑞1 exp ((𝑞 + 𝑞1 ) 𝜂)
the only relation that “can be obtained through applying the (8)
Exp-function ansatz for all possible cases of nonlinear ODEs.”
“However, one cannot construct a general form for 𝑢 (𝜂)
the highest order nonlinear term because there are many V (𝜂)
possibilities other than the ones considered” [21]; Aslan
and Marinakis concluded that these authors just took some 𝑎−𝑐 𝑙−𝑝1 exp (− (𝑐 + 𝑝1 ) 𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑞1 exp ((𝑑 + 𝑞1 ) 𝜂)
special cases of the nonlinear term into account and hence the = .
𝑏−𝑝 𝑘−𝑐1 exp (− (𝑝 + 𝑐1 ) 𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑏𝑞 𝑘𝑑1 exp ((𝑞 + 𝑑1 ) 𝜂)
problem still remained open. In this paper, we will construct a (9)
special case to show that Ebaid’s claim is not true; namely, the
case 𝑐 = 𝑝 and 𝑑 = 𝑞 is not the only relation for some special
differential equations and hence the problem is still open. Before presenting our definitions, we recall an important
In what follows, we will discuss the relations of 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑝, and fact that the constants 𝑎−𝑐 , 𝑎𝑑 , 𝑏−𝑝 , and 𝑏𝑞 in the ansatz of
𝑞 in a more effective and concise way. (4) can be assumed to be nonzero during the process of
balancing the linear term of highest order with the highest
order nonlinear term of certain ODE, and so do the constants
2. Main Result 𝑘−𝑐1 , 𝑘𝑑 , 𝑙−𝑝1 , and 𝑙𝑞 in ansatz (6). Hence, in this paper, we
assume that all above eight constants are nonzero.
2.1. Some Terminology. To begin with, we recall some termi-
Therefore, for ansatz (4), we can define the ansatz func-
nology in [35].
tions 𝐿(⋅) and 𝑅(⋅) as follows:
A monomial in a collection of variables 𝑥1 , . . . , 𝑥𝑛 is a
product
𝑎−𝑐 exp (−𝑐𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑎𝑑 exp (𝑑𝜂)
𝛼 𝛼
𝑥1 1 𝑥2 2 . . . 𝑥𝑛𝛼𝑛 , (5) 𝐿 (𝑢) = 𝐿 ( )
𝑏−𝑝 exp (−𝑝𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑏𝑞 exp (𝑞𝜂)
where the 𝛼𝑖 are nonnegative integers. = −𝑐 − (−𝑝) = 𝑝 − 𝑐,
The total degree of (5) is the sum of the exponents: 𝛼1 +
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝛼𝑛 . 𝑎−𝑐 exp (−𝑐𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑎𝑑 exp (𝑑𝜂)
A polynomial is said to be homogeneous if all the 𝑅 (𝑢) = 𝑅 ( ) = 𝑑 − 𝑞.
𝑏−𝑝 exp (−𝑝𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑏𝑞 exp (𝑞𝜂)
monomials appearing in it with nonzero coefficients have the (10)
same total degree.
For instance, 𝑢2 𝑢󸀠 𝑢󸀠󸀠3 is a product of 𝑢 and its derivatives
𝑢 and 𝑢󸀠󸀠 , and its total degree is 6. 𝑢2 + 𝑢󸀠2 + 𝑢𝑢󸀠󸀠 is
󸀠 In particular, we define 𝐿(𝐶) = 𝑅(𝐶) = 0 for arbitrary con-
homogeneous. stant 𝐶.
For example, we have
2.2. Two Introducing Ansatz Function. For convenience, we
assume V(𝜂) is expressed in the form exp (−𝜂) + exp (2𝜂)
𝐿( ) = 1,
exp (−2𝜂) + exp (2𝜂)
∑𝑑𝑛=−𝑐
1
𝑘𝑛 exp (𝑛𝜂) (11)
V (𝜂) = 1
exp (−𝜂) + exp (2𝜂)
∑𝑞𝑛=−𝑝
1
𝑙
1 𝑛
exp (𝑛𝜂) 𝑅( ) = 0.
(6) exp (−2𝜂) + exp (2𝜂)
𝑘−𝑐1 exp (−𝑐1 𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑘𝑑1 exp (𝑑1 𝜂)
= ,
𝑙−𝑝1 exp (−𝑝1 𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑙𝑞1 exp (𝑞1 𝜂) According to the definitions, we can find that in ansatz (4) 𝑐 =
𝑝 equals 𝐿(𝑢) = 0 and 𝑑 = 𝑞 equals 𝑅(𝑢) = 0. Therefore, the
where 𝑐1 , 𝑑1 , 𝑝1 , and 𝑞1 are positive integers to be determined open problem for ansatz (4) is equal to whether the relations
and 𝑘𝑛 and 𝑙𝑛 are constants to be specified. 𝐿(𝑢) = 0 and 𝐿(𝑢) = 0 hold.
Abstract and Applied Analysis 3

2.3. Properties of the Ansatz Functions. Assuming 𝑐 ≠ 𝑝, 𝑑 ≠ 𝑞, Proof. By contradiction, suppose that 𝐿(𝑢) ≠ 0. Then we have
𝑐1 ≠ 𝑝1 , and 𝑑1 ≠ 𝑞1 in ansatz (4) and (6), from (7), we obtain 𝑖2 𝑖𝑚
𝐿 (𝑢𝑖1 (𝑢󸀠 ) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (𝑢(𝑚) ) )
𝐿 (𝑢󸀠 ) = 2𝑝 − (𝑐 + 𝑝) = 𝑝 − 𝑐 = 𝐿 (𝑢) ,
𝑖2 𝑖𝑚
󸀠
(12) = 𝐿 (𝑢𝑖1 ) + 𝐿 ((𝑢󸀠 ) ) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝐿 ((𝑢(𝑚) ) )
𝑅 (𝑢 ) = (𝑑 + 𝑞) − 2𝑞 = 𝑑 − 𝑞 = 𝑅 (𝑢) .
= 𝑖1 ⋅ 𝐿 (𝑢) + 𝑖2 ⋅ 𝐿 (𝑢󸀠 ) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑖𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿 (𝑢(𝑚) )
So we have (17)
= 𝑖1 ⋅ 𝐿 (𝑢) + 𝑖2 ⋅ 𝐿 (𝑢) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑖𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿 (𝑢)
𝐿 (𝑢) = 𝐿 (𝑢󸀠 ) = 𝐿 (𝑢󸀠󸀠 ) = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 𝐿 (𝑢(𝑛) ) ,
(13) = (𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑖𝑚 ) ⋅ 𝐿 (𝑢) ,
𝑅 (𝑢) = 𝑅 (𝑢󸀠 ) = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 𝑅 (𝑢(𝑛) ) ,
𝐿 (𝑢(𝑠) ) = 𝐿 (𝑢) .
for arbitrary nonnegative integer 𝑛.
And from (8) and (9), we have Balancing linear and nonlinear terms requires
i2 𝑖𝑚
𝐿 (𝑢 ⋅ 𝜐) = (𝑝 + 𝑝1 ) − (𝑐 + 𝑐1 ) 𝐿 (𝑢𝑖1 (𝑢󸀠 ) . . . (𝑢(𝑚) ) ) = 𝐿 (𝑢(𝑠) ) . (18)

= (𝑝 − 𝑐) + (𝑝1 − 𝑐1 ) So we obtain
(𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑖𝑚 − 1) ⋅ 𝐿 (𝑢) = 0. (19)
= 𝐿 (𝑢) + 𝐿 (𝜐) ,
Since 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑖𝑚 − 1 ≠ 0, we arrive at the result 𝐿(𝑢) = 0.
𝑅 (𝑢 ⋅ 𝜐) = (𝑑 + 𝑑1 ) − (𝑞 + 𝑞1 ) This is a contradiction.
The result 𝑅(𝑢) = 0 can be obtained in a similar way; here
= (𝑑 − 𝑞) + (𝑑1 − 𝑞1 )
we omit the details.
= 𝑅 (𝑢) + 𝑅 (𝜐) ,
𝑢 (14) Remark. Since our forms of the linear and nonlinear terms
𝐿 ( ) = (𝑝 + 𝑐1 ) − (𝑐 + 𝑝1 ) are in a more general setting, Theorem 1 covers the results
𝜐 presented by Ali and Ebaid, respectively.
= (𝑝 − 𝑐) − (𝑝1 − 𝑐1 )
2.5. A Simplification for the Exp-Function Method. According
= 𝐿 (𝑢) − 𝐿 (𝜐) , to Theorem 1, if the balanced nonlinear term is a product,
𝑢 ansatz (4) can be reduced to the following equivalent form:
𝑅 ( ) = (𝑑 + 𝑞1 ) − (𝑞 + 𝑑1 )
𝜐 𝛼0 + 𝛼1 exp (𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝛼𝜏 exp (𝜏𝜂)
𝑢= , (20)
= (𝑑 − 𝑞) − (𝑑1 − 𝑞1 ) 1 + 𝛽1 exp (𝜂) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝛽𝜏 exp (𝜏𝜂)
where 𝜏 is a free positive integer with 𝜏 ⩾ 2 and 𝛼𝑖 and
= 𝑅 (𝑢) − 𝑅 (𝜐) .
𝛽𝑖 are constants to be specified. Ansatz (20) is concise and
Hence, we have easy to calculate and makes the Exp-function method more
straightforward.
𝐿 (𝑢𝜅 ) = 𝜅 ⋅ 𝐿 (𝑢) , 𝑅 (𝑢𝜅 ) = 𝜅 ⋅ 𝑅 (𝑢) , (15) For example, Naher et al. applied the Exp-function
method to constructing the traveling wave solutions of
for any integer 𝜅. the (3+1)-dimensional modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsev
equation in the form [25]
2.4. Theorem and Proof. In this section, we assume the 𝑢𝑡 + 𝛼𝑢2 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑦𝑦 + 𝑢𝑥𝑧𝑧 = 0. (21)
balanced nonlinear term is a product of dependent variable
𝑢 and its derivatives; namely, The traveling wave transformation
𝑖2 𝑖𝑚 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑢 (𝜂) , 𝜂 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑉𝑡 (22)
𝑢𝑖1 (𝑢󸀠 ) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (𝑢(𝑚) ) , (16)
carries (21) into an ODE
where 𝑖𝑗 (𝑗 = 1, . . . , 𝑚) are nonnegative integers. The fact that −𝑉𝑢󸀠 + 𝛼𝑢2 𝑢󸀠 + 3𝑢󸀠󸀠󸀠 = 0. (23)
the product (16) is a nonlinear term implies 𝑖1 +𝑖2 +⋅ ⋅ ⋅+𝑖𝑚 ⩾ 2.
In other words, the total degree of (16) is at least 2. Since the nonlinear term 𝑢2 𝑢󸀠 is a product of 𝑢 and 𝑢󸀠 , we can
immediately assume ansatz (4) in the form
Theorem 1. Suppose that the balanced nonlinear term in (3) 𝛼0 + 𝛼1 exp (𝜂) + 𝛼2 exp (2𝜂)
is a product of 𝑢 and its derivatives in the form of (16) and the 𝑢= , (24)
balancing linear term is 𝑢(𝑠) , where 𝑠 is a nonnegative integer; 1 + 𝛽1 exp (𝜂) + 𝛽2 exp (2𝜂)
then the Exp-function ansatz (4) admits 𝐿(𝑢) = 0 and 𝑅(𝑢) = which is equivalent to the case 𝑐 = 𝑝 = 1 and 𝑑 = 𝑞 = 1 and
0. in accord with Naher’s (namely, (3.8) in [25]).
4 Abstract and Applied Analysis

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