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English
Quarter 4 – Module 1b:
Using Appropriate Grammatical Signals or
Expressions Suitable to Each Pattern of Idea
Development: Problem-Solution and Cause-Effect
 WHAT’S NEW

The activities below will help you familiarize the next topic.
Task 1
Instructions: Given this sample paragraph, identify the underlined group of
words/statements whether cause or effect. Be guided with the number for your
answers.
In recent decades, 1. cities have grown so large that now about 2. 50% of the
Earth’s population lives in urban areas . There are several reasons for this occurrence.
First, the 3. increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century 4. resulted in the
creation of many factory jobs, which tended to be located in cities. These jobs, with
their promise of a better material life, 5. attracted many people from rural areas.
Second, there were many schools established to educate the children of the new
factory laborers. 6. The promise of a better education 7. persuaded many families to
leave farming communities and move to the cities. Finally, 8. as the cities grew, 9.
people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as sports
stadiums, theaters, and museums. For many people, these facilities made city life
appear more interesting than life on the farm, and 10. therefore drew them away from
rural communities.
Source: Lumen English Composition 1 Corequisite,
Module 4: Writing Workshop—Writing in College

Answers:

1. _ _ 6. _

2. _ 7. _

3. _ 8. _

4. _ 9. _

5. _ 10.

Task 2
Instructions: Given this sample paragraph, identify the underlined group of
words/statements whether a problem or solution. Be guided with the number for
your answers.
 1. It seems like there has been a surge in teen pregnancies these days. 2.
Teen pregnancies make it very difficult for young mothers to pursue their dreams
and meet the demands of an infant. 3. Fortunately, most teen pregnancies can be
easily prevented by using birth control; 4. however, even birth control is not 100%
effective. 5. The most effective way to prevent teen pregnancies is abstinence,
which is 100% effective.

Source: https://brainly.ph/question/5823345

Answers:
1. _ _
2. _
3. _
4. _
5.

WHAT IS IT

There are several different organizational strategies designed for specific

types of body paragraphs, including cause-effect, problem-solution, comparison-
contrast and chronological.

But this module aims to focus on problem-solution and cause and effect.

Let us go deeper on the topic to help you understand clearly on the 2

strategies by reading comprehensively the brief discussion of the topic and by
performing diligently the succeeding activities below.

Let us start by answering the guide question: What is the importance of

using the appropriate grammatical signal or expressions in the following situation?
a) Problem-Solution; b) Cause-Effect

A problem-solution paragraph or text identifies a problem, or problems,

and recommends a plausible solution(s). Using the different kinds of grammatical
signals or expressions, one can easily express clarity what makes it a problem,
and how one becomes a solution.

In addition, a problem in general is an unsatisfactory situation that causes

troubles or difficulties. Therefore, it needs a solution, which is a way to deal with
the situation so that the troubles or difficulties are removed. In the aspect of
speaking or writing, the problem-solution pattern of development is used to deal
with the topics that pose problems and present solution in a logical manner
through the appropriate use of grammatical signals or expressions.
 What are grammatical signals/expressions? Grammatical signals are
writing devices that serve to maintain text coherence. They signal relationship
between sentence by means of back reference through the use of pronominal
forms, determiners, repetition of key words, ellipsis, parallelism, synonyms, and
super ordination. (Saraka, 1988:111)

The image below contains some examples of signal words or expressions for
problem-solution pattern:
 Image source: slideplayer.com

Let us look at the next image below. It shows a brief sample of a problem-
solution text. Be sure to answer the guide questions found at the right side of
the picture. These will help you familiarize the text and identify the problem to be
able to come up with the best solution.

Guide Questions:
1. What is going on?
2. What do we need to know?
3. What is the problem?
4. What should we do about it?
5. What is the solution?
Image source:

Image source: blendspace.com

SITUATION PROBLEM

Native American tribes had to Since they could not build

move from place to place to follow the permanent homes …
migrating herds.
 EVALUATION

Native American tribes are

innovative people.

SOLUTION

… they invented the tepee

which allowed them to move their
homes from place to place.

Take a moment to understand the illustrations above. The diagram simply

shows the different parts of the problem-solution text structure. Using the
grammatical signal “since” helps one to determine what is the problem stated in
the text.

This time, we move on to cause and effect pattern of idea development and
its significance in our day-to-day life whether in writing or speaking.

Cause and Effect is a pattern of idea development that discusses either the
reasons for an occurrence or predicted consequences of an occurrence. (slideplayer.com)

Furthermore, a cause and effect are a kind of relationship between two

things wherein one thing makes something else happen. An example to this is, if
we eat too much food and do not exercise, we gain weight. The explanation to this
statement is that, eating food without exercising is the “cause” and weight gain is
the “effect”.

There is a lot of situations that express multiple causes and multiple effects.
Looking for the reason why things happen (cause/effect) is a basic human drive.
That is why, understanding the cause/effect text structure is essential in learning
the basic ways the world works.

Why do you think this topic is important? Writers use this text structure to
show order, inform, speculate, and change behavior. This text structure uses the
process of identifying potential causes of a problem or issue in an orderly way both
in speaking and writing. Thus, it is often used to teach social studies and science
concepts to show things or ideas clearly.

Some grammatical words that signal cause and effect relationship are the
following: because, so, so that, if… then, consequently, thus, since, for, for this
reason, as a result of, therefore, due to, this is how, nevertheless, and accordingly.

We move on to the simple illustrations below to understand well on the

process of identifying how and why something happens.
 CAUSE EFFECT
Therefore, students are not allowed to chew gums inside the classr
Chewing of gum inside the
classroom is a distraction.
 CAUSE

Mary studied hard for her

Chemistry exam.

EFFECT

As a result, she got an A+ in her final

grade.

The given illustration simply shows causality. Causality is influenced by

which one event, process, state, or object contributes to the production of another
event, process, state, or object where the cause is partly responsible for the effect,
and the effect is partly dependent on the cause. Wikipedia
The underline group of words are the grammatical signals or expressions
used in showing cause and effect relation.

WHAT'S MORE

In this section, you will now apply what you have learned from the
discussion and examples given. The activity below will ask you how deep your
understanding on the topic is.
Activity 1: Use the correct grammatical signal or expression to show a cause-and-
effect pattern of idea. You may choose from the words inside the box.

Due to Since Because

Accordingly As a result This is how

1. She made one big mistake, , she lost her job.

2. He did not complain to the police, , the police take no
action.
3. the bad weather, the match was cancelled.
4. They cannot go to the cinema it is too late.
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5. you asked nicely, I will let you use my phone.

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Activity 2: Connect the statements in column A with the statements in column B
to show a problem-solution pattern of idea. Identify the grammatical signal or
expressions found in each statement by writing your answer on the space before
the number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Sarah missed the bus, a. so she called my dad to
bring her the extra set.
2. My mom locked her keys b. therefore, they asked
in the car, their parents to turn the
heat up.
3. Since my family was late for c. he bought a lunch.
the movies, d. we had to wait for a
later show.
4. Because Michael forgot his e. as a result, her mom
lunch at home, had to driver her to school.
5. Children got cold under
the blankets of their bed,

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

You are now ready to give your insights and reflection that will help you
grow and develop understanding more deeply with the topic, so that you can work
continuously for self – improvement.

Directions: Hello, young explorers! You have just finished your wonderful journey
reading the selection. It is time for you to write your reflection in your notebook by
finishing up the unfinished statements below.

I have learned that

I have realized that

I will apply
 WHAT I CAN DO

By this time, you are now ready to perform your practical task in this
lesson. You are on your own to figure out which of the skills you learned in the
previous activities you will use to meet the standards set in this given task.
The first part of the task below is to test your skill on identifying the
problem and coming up with a good solution with the proper use of grammatical
signals or expressions.
Remember that "Signal words" give hints about what is about to happen in
what you are reading. Understanding them is a key to comprehension. Reading
and making up examples which use them is a good way to understand them at
whatever level of abstraction a student is prepared to comprehend.
https://www.iwu.edu>students>reading_signal_words

Task 1: Problem-Solution Story Elements

Instructions: For each passage below, write the problem and solution in the
correct column. Be sure to use the appropriate grammatical signals
for every idea expressed in each passage by choosing your answers
from the
box below. *Copy the table in your notebook for your answers.

as a result, because since nevertheless so

accordingly, so that thus if… then cause

PASSAGE PROBLEM SOLUTION

1. John did not know what

to
take to school for Show and
Tell. He asked his mother
for an idea. She suggested he
 would take the ribbon his
dog won at the pet parade.
2. Emily knew she had to
get to school on time, but
her mother said she could not
drive her. Emily decided
to leave early and walk to
school.
3. Mrs. Anderson wanted a
fresh pineapple for her cake.
The store near her did not
have any fresh ones, she
went to another store and
bought it there.
4. Robert was afraid the
flooding river would reach
his home. His parents were
away, and he was watching
with his little sister. He
saddled his horse, and he
and his sister rode to the top
of the hill.
Adapted from: https://www.k12reader.com/worksheet/story-elements-problem-and-solution/view/

Task 2: Find the Cause and Effect

Instructions: Read each sentence below. Underline the cause and box the effect.
 ASSESSMENT

Instructions: Circle the grammatical signals found in each pattern of idea.

Identify what pattern of idea (Cause and Effect or Problem- Solution) is expressed in
each statement. Write your answers on the space provided before the number.

Example: Cause and Effect a. Chelsea slipped on a drink because

someone
spilled on the floor.

1. Dad lit the grill because we all wanted to eat hamburgers.

2. I spilled my milk during lunch, so I used paper towels to clean
it up.
3. Tim forgot his Math book, so he was not able to finish his work.
4. A hungry bird lands close to a chrysalis, as a result the pupa
wiggles the chrysalis to scare away predators.
5. Air pollution will get worse, unless the government officials will
strictly enforce the Clean Air Act.
6. Due to the rain, the roses that Mama planted are blooming now.
7. Lizards, larger insects, and birds like to eat butterflies, as a
solution, butterflies use camouflage, large eye spots, and
mimicry to avoid being eaten.
8. Brent called a tow truck after his car broke down.
9. My shoelace was untied therefore I tripped and fell.
10. My sister left her homework; consequently, her teacher gave
her a conduct remarks.
 ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

Instructions: Describe the picture below expressing a problem-solution pattern

of idea. Do not forget to use grammatical signal or expressions to
make the idea comprehensible.

Instructions: Describe the picture below expressing a cause-and-effect pattern of

idea. Do not forget to use grammatical signal or expressions to
make the idea comprehensible.
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